Index
ISBN: 978-1-83982-597-2, eISBN: 978-1-83982-596-5
ISSN: 0065-2830
Publication date: 4 November 2021
This content is currently only available as a PDF
Citation
(2021), "Index", Taylor, N.G., Kettnich, K., Gorham, U. and Jaeger, P.T. (Ed.) Libraries and the Global Retreat of Democracy: Confronting Polarization, Misinformation, and Suppression (Advances in Librarianship, Vol. 50), Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. 257-264. https://doi.org/10.1108/S0065-283020210000050013
Publisher
:Emerald Publishing Limited
Copyright © 2022 Emerald Publishing Limited
INDEX
“Aboutness”
, 93, 100–101, 103
of information resources
, 93
Academic libraries (see also Public libraries)
, 30, 184, 197, 198–199
and democracy
, 75
and political information
, 187–188
of American South
, 200–201
Activists/activism
, 63, 69, 77, 185, 187
African American (see also Black American)
, 63, 64, 67, 69, 113, 194
Alternative facts (see also Biased/inaccurate news; Disinformation; Fake news; Mal-information; Misinformation; Propaganda)
, 110
American Association of University Professors (AAUP)
, 185
American Libraries magazine
, 215–216
American Library Association (ALA)
, 70, 111, 144, 213
American South
, 184, 186
academic libraries of
, 200–201
challenging stereotypes about
, 185, 201
politics of
, 188–191
Anti-vaccination
, 175, 218, 250
Artificial intelligence (AI)
, 49, 122
Asian Americans
, 67
Associated Press Fact Checker
, 215
Association of College and Research Libraries (ACRL)
, 94, 110
Asylum policy
, 135
implications for right to asylum at US-Mexico Border
, 141–143
legal and historical framework for asylum
, 135–137
in the US
, 137–138
recommendations
, 146
“zero tolerance” policy
, 137, 142
Asylum seekers
, 4, 134, 138
implications for information professionals
, 143–145
information contexts
, 138
information landscapes
, 140–141
information practices
, 138–140
Authoritarianism
, 11, 186
authoritarian populism
, 19
and disinformation
, 251–253
Autocratic behavior
, 2, 248
Biased/inaccurate news (see also Alternative facts; Disinformation; Fake News; Mal-information; Misinformation; Propaganda; Truthiness)
, 48–49
Biden, Joseph
, 62, 73, 75, 77, 78, 188
Black Americans (see also African Americans)
, 2, 71, 235
Black Lives Matter
, 11
Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA)
, 142
Bots
, 51, 249
Brexit (see United Kingdom—EU referendum)
Capabilities approach
, 236–237
fostering
, 18
Cell phones
, 139
Centers for Disease Control (CDC)
, 66, 250
Civic discourse
, 111
Civic education
, 76, 114, 227, 252
Civic engagement
, 3, 110, 115, 227, 228
libraries’ role in promoting
, 113–116, 196
student political engagement
, 184
Civic initiatives
, 227–228
Civic learning (see Civic education)
Civic reinvigoration
, 114
Civil rights (see also Racial justice)
, 69, 197
Climate change
, 13, 214–215, 216
related disasters
, 135
Clinton, Hillary
, 92
Cognitive factors
, 110–111
Columbia Journalism School
, 67
Committee on Work with the Foreign Born (CWFB)
, 114
Communication
, 12, 14, 18, 248, 249
inherently emotional
, 113
mass communication
, 220
online communication
, 15, 67–68
Communitarian intolerance
, 19
Confidence-building measures
, 74–75
Confirmation bias
, 117
Connected Learning Research Network (CLRN)
, 240
Conservative communities
, 70–71
Conspiracy theories
, 175, 213, 247, 250–251
Container collapse
, 93, 102, 104
and misinformation
, 96
Coronavirus (see COVID-19 global pandemic)
COVID-19 global pandemic
, 1, 12, 22, 134, 138, 145, 165, 186–187, 236, 236, 249, 250, 252
consequences of
, 70
ineffective response to
, 72
demands to avoid precautions
, 66
related misinformation
, 52, 55, 174–176, 247, 250
CQ Press Library
, 197–198
Credibility
of sources
, 96
tasks
, 103
Critical race theory (CRT)
, 70–71, 73, 74, 75
Critical theory (see Critical race theory)
Critical thinking
, 171
Cultural
capital
, 229
competence
, 53–54, 120
literacy
, 53
norms
, 2
Cultural intelligence (see Cultural—competence)
Currency, relevance, authority, accuracy, purpose test (CRAAP test)
, 116
Customs and Border Protection (CBP)
, 137
Data
analysis
, 192–193
smog
, 116
Democracy
, 1, 2–3, 10–11, 13, 20, 63–64, 164, 186, 226, 233
and academic libraries
, 75
“actually existing” democracy
, 14–16
American democracy
, 63–64, 67
arsenals of
, 213, 252
challenges for library and information practitioners and educators
, 72–73
challenges of theory
, 73
confidence-building measures
, 74–75
characteristics of retreat from
, 11–13
democracy-enhancing ideas for increasing access
, 237–239
democracy-enhancing tools for evaluation and assessment
, 239–240
formal
, 14
formal democratic citizenship
, 16
fractured
, 185
global analysis of
, 10
heuristics
, 65–66
implications for
, 102–103
information brokers for
, 212–213
liberal democracy
, 19
librarians’ role in
, 4
and libraries
, 76–77
and mass media
, 67
and neoliberalism
, 19–23
and online misinformation
, 92–97
past and present challenges to American democracy
, 67
pre- and post-election America
, 72
reimagining libraries’ roles within framework of
, 236–237
roles of mental models, heuristics, and perceptions in decision-making
, 65
and school libraries
, 75
threats to
, 21, 67–68, 252–253
Democracy Index
, 63, 227
Democratic culture
, 10, 228, 236
libraries’ role in promoting
, 227–228
reimagining libraries’ role in enhancing within communities
, 228–229
Democratic politics
, 15
Democratic practices
, 62
Democratization
, 11, 14
Democrats
, 185
Demographics
, 69
Detector Media
, 173
Digital literacy
, 53, 110, 111, 116–117
Digital security
, 171
Digitized information (see also Information—digital)
, 102, 103–104
Disabled individuals
, 185
Disinformation (see also Alternative facts; Biased/inaccurate news; Disinformation; Fake news; Mal-information; Misinformation; Propaganda; Truthiness)
, 50, 110, 112, 164, 248–253
Diversity
, 72, 114, 226, 237, 240
lack of
, 76
Echo chambers
, 118
Economic capital
, 229
Economic insecurity
, 12, 249
Egalitarianism
, 11
Electoral College
, 64
Electoral process
, 12
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
, 214
Equality
, 11, 13, 14, 15, 19, 23, 71, 252
fostering of
, 17–18, 164
inequality
, 12, 14, 17, 54
Equity
, 52, 72, 192, 236
Ethnic/racial minorities (see also African Americans; Asian Americans; Black Americans; Indigenous people; Latinx people)
, 67, 71, 77, 185, 235
European Union (EU) (see also United Kingdom—EU referendum)
, 96
Executive Office for Immigration Review
, 134
Expeditious Appeal Asylum and Exclusion Act
, 136
Facebook
, 113, 176, 186, 250
Fact checking
, 62, 102, 116
Fake news (see also Alternative facts; Biased/inaccurate news; Disinformation; Mal-information; Misinformation; Propaganda; Truthiness)
, 46–48, 95, 110, 112, 164–166, 213
ecology of
, 48
false claims
, 214
misinformation and disinformation
, 50
misleading/ambiguous news
, 49
spread of
, 51–52
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
, 113
Filter bubbles
, 118
Financial de-regulation
, 13
First Draft News
, 121
“5G” wireless data networks
, 175, 248, 250
Flat Earth Wiki
, 218
“Foot Solider Project for Civil Rights”
, 197
Forbes, 216
Fox News
, 216
Fractured democracy
, 185
“Free” market de-politicized politics
, 12
Freedom
, 20–21
of expression
, 135
Freedom to Read Foundation
, 46
Gates, Bill
, 175, 250–251
Gender and sexual minorities
, 69
Drag queen story times
, 219
LGBTQ+ people
, 185
Trans people
, 197
Global warming (see Climate change)
Google
, 186, 213
Google Earth
, 170
Google Maps
, 170
Google search engine
, 93, 98, 191
Google snippet
, 93, 101
Healthcare
, 121
Heuristics
, 65–66, 103
in decision-making
, 65, 95, 101
Homelessness
, 70
Human rights
, 2, 13, 19, 110, 135–136, 141, 146
Hurricane Maria
, 52, 145
Hybrid warfare
, 165, 166
Identity
, 12
Ideological shift
, 47
Illiberalism
, 19
Immigrants
, 67, 113–114, 134, 185
Anti-immigrant sentiment (see also Xenophobia)
, 134
Immigration Act (1990)
, 136
Immigration and Nationality Act (INA)
, 135
Inclusion
, 72, 228–229, 237
Indigenous people
, 71
Individual freedom
, 19
Information
, 112–113
access to as a “linchpin” right
, 141, 143
avoidance
, 117–118
brokers for democracy
, 212–213
cognitive barriers to processing
, 117–119
in contemporary society
, 110
digital (see also Digitized information)
, 101, 102, 227
disorder
, 110, 112
distortion
, 112
education
, 70
groupishness
, 118
overload
, 118–119
online format vs. physical format (see also Container collapse)
, 92–92
precarity
, 140
science
, 164
Information literacy
, 46, 111, 171, 175, 187, 212, 227, 251, 252
critical information literacy
, 110, 111, 53
and instruction to combat misinformation
, 97–98, 102–103
and need for new approaches
, 116–117
programs
, 164
key for democracy
, 252
radical information literacy skills
, 187
skills
, 95, 217
Information professionals (see also Librarians)
, 52–53, 55–56, 110
Information technology (IT)
, 142
Informed citizenry
, 93–94
InfoWars
, 216
Institutional policies
, 75
Interlanguage
, 77–78
International Federation of Library Associations (IFLA)
, 116, 227
International Research and Exchange (IREX) (see also Learn to Discern project)
, 168
Internet (see also Communication—online communication; Literacy—digital literacy, Media—online media)
, 212, 218, 248–249
Journalism
ethics and standards of
, 173, 219
news
, 54
roles in spreading misinformation
, 219
teachers
, 169
Kleptocracy
, 11
Kyiv International Institute of Sociology (KIIS)
, 168
Laissez-faire
, 19–20
Latinx people
, 69
Learn to Discern project (L2D project)
, 168–169
Learn to Discern in Schools (L2D-S)
, 169–172
Learning
interest-driven learning (see also Civic education; Information—education; Library/libraries—information education and critical theory)
, 227
interactive learning tools
, 212
structured civic learning
, 226
LGBTQ+ people (see Gender and sexual minorities)
“Liberal” press
, 185
Liberalism
, 12, 19
Libguides, see LibGuides
LibGuides
, 110, 120, 195–196
Librarians (see also Information professionals)
, 97–98, 117, 164, 212–213, 220, 236, 252
information brokers for democracy
, 212–213
progressive
, 70–71
role in democracy
, 4, 253
Trump presidency
, 215–218
Librarianship
, 77, 212, 218, 219
Library and information science (LIS)
, 46, 53, 54, 77, 110, 111, 117, 120, 164, 233
Library Bill of Rights
, 72, 114
Library/libraries (see also Academic libraries; Public libraries)
, 1, 3–4, 10, 13–14, 97–98, 115–116, 120, 164, 212, 213, 226–227, 239
and “actually-existing” democracy
, 16–17
and challenging social problems
, 70
and combating misinformation
, 97
contemporary democracy
, 16–17
cross-library approach
, 74–75
democracy-enhancing ideas for increasing access
, 237–239
democracy-enhancing tools for evaluation and assessment
, 239–240
fostering capabilities
, 18
fostering equality
, 17–18, 164
information education and critical theory
, 70
instantiating public spheres
, 18
legal concerns in libraries supporting democracy
, 76–77
locus of community
, 18
Massachusetts Library System
, 120
Of/By/For people approach
, 229–232
programming
, 18, 119–122
and promotion of democracy
, 74
related referenda
, 62
role in promoting civic engagement
, 113–116, 227, 228
role in promoting democratic culture
, 227–228
role reimagining in enhancing democratic cultures within communities
, 228–229
roles reimagining within framework of democracy
, 236–237
types of users
, 5
“Listen, Read, Look, Talk, Argue, Think, and Vote” campaign
, 114
Literacy
critical information literacy
, 53
cultural literacy
, 53–54
digital literacy
, 53, 111, 212
information professionals and
, 52–53
media literacy
, 53, 110, 111, 116, 169, 171
metaliteracy
, 54
news literacy
, 54
visual literacy
, 53, 171
Locus of community
, 18
Magazines
, 100
Mal-information (see also Alternative facts; Biased/inaccurate news; Disinformation; Fake news; Mal-information; Misinformation; Truthiness)
, 110, 112
Marginalized communities (see Marginalized groups)
Marginalized groups
, 46–47, 52, 185, 219, 229, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238
Media
, 3
evaluation skills development
, 46
media literacy
, 53, 110, 111, 169, 171
media studies
, 220
online media
, 139
Media Driver
, 173
“Mediaznayko”
, 174
Mental models
in decision-making
, 65, 68
mental models vs. facts
, 65
Migrant Protection Protocols (MPP)
, 134
Ministry of Education and Science
, 172–173
Misinformation (see also Alternative facts; Biased/inaccurate news; Disinformation; Fake news; Mal-information; Propaganda; Truthiness)
, 50, 92, 94, 110, 112, 186, 213, 221
container collapse and
, 96
and Coronavirus
, 174–176
and democracy
, 93
elections impacted by misinformation
, 55, 92, 96–97
impact on elections
, 47, 96–97
informed citizenry
, 93–94
political impact of
, 94–96
and public libraries confronting
, 75–76, 97–101
National Assessment of Education Progress (NAEP)
, 115
National Association of Colored Women (NACW)
, 63
National Conversation Project
, 120
Nationalism (see also White nationalism)
, 12, 186
Neoliberalism
, 19–23, 184
Neutrality
, 217
News
literacy (see also Communication; Media)
, 54, 173–174
media
, 185
misleading/ambiguous news
, 49
Non-governmental organizations (NGOs)
, 139, 174
Non-refoulement
, 136
North Georgia College and State University (NGCSU)
, 111
Oligarchy
, 11
OneWorld Press
, 176
Orange Revolution
, 166
Pandemic-related misinformation (see COVID-19 global pandemic-related misinformation)
Partisanship
, 220
“Plandemic” documentary
, 113, 250
Polarization
, 118, 186
extreme polarization
, 226–227
public libraries confronting
, 75–76
Policy
decisions
, 213
libraries and
, 213
makers
, 185
mechanisms
, 22
public policies
, 19
Political
awareness
, 110
decisions
, 2, 213
equality
, 19
information
, 111, 184–187–188, 194, 198
information literacy
, 110–111, 119–122
impact of misinformation
, 94–96
perceptions
, 192
Political science
, 191
LibGuides designed for
, 195
Politico
, 197
Politics
, 213
“Big man” politics
, 67–68
of American South
, 188–191
Politifact, 215
Popular Referendum
, 67
“Post-truth,” 94
era
, 110
politics
, 94
Postmodern warfare
, 166
Pragmatism
Pragmatic library approach
, 77–78
theory of
, 3
transnational rediscovery of
, 73–74
President of United States (POTUS)
, 184, 185–186
2016 election of
, 47, 48, 64, 92, 94, 96–97, 122, 186, 187, 188, 201, 212, 220
2020 election of
, 1, 55, 66, 68, 73, 74, 122, 186, 187, 188, 191, 196, 197, 201
elections of
, 188–190
Professional
ethics
, 219
organizations
, 116
reporting
, 164
“Progressive left”
, 185
Propaganda (see also Alternative facts; Biased/inaccurate news; Disinformation; Fake news; Mal-information; Misinformation; Truthiness)
, 48
ProPublica
, 144
Proteflazid
, 176
Public health
, 22
Public libraries (see also Academic libraries; Libraries)
, 227, 229, 232, 238
Addison Public Library
, 145
and democracy
, 76
Hartford Public Library
, 145
Public spheres,18
QAnon
, 113, 213, 250
Racial justice
, 69, 71, 120
REFORMA Children in Crisis group
, 144
Refugee (see also Asylum policy; Asylum seekers)
, 136, 169
Regional Press Development (RPD)
, 173–174
Researching Students Information Choices project (RSIC project)
, 93
findings
, 99–101
research design
, 98–99
study
, 98
Return on Investment (ROI)
, 76
Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC)
, 96–97
Roosevelt, Franklin D.
, 64–65
School libraries
and democracy
, 75
Second World War
, 11
Sense-making approach
, 119
Sexual harassment
, 15
Shared intentionality
, 118
Social capital
, 229
Social infrastructure
, 231
Social justice (see also Racial justice; Civil rights)
, 62, 72, 73–74, 79
Social media
, 92, 95–96, 186, 112, 113, 218, 220, 248, 252–253
Social networks
, 170
Stop Fake program
, 167
Syrian Civil War
, 138
Temporary Protected Status
, 136
Theory of Everything
, 20
Time magazine
, 100
Tribalism
, 12
Trolling
, 110
Trump, Donald
, 62, 64, 95, 184
Trump regime
, 184, 185–187, 201
presidency
, 12–13, 217
“Trumping”
, 186
Truthiness (see also Alternative facts; Biased/inaccurate news; Disinformation; Fake news; Mal-information; Misinformation; Propaganda)
, 110
Twitter
, 186, 250, 251
Ukraine
challenges of training during pandemic
, 176–177
COVID-19 related misinformation
, 174–176
information literacy programs in
, 165–166
IREX and Learn to Discern project (L2D)
, 168–169
Learn to Discern in schools (L2D-S)
, 169–172
other Ukrainian programs
, 172–174
Russian propaganda and misinformation relating to
, 166–167
UN Convention and Protocol
, 135–136
United Kingdom (UK)
EU referendum (Brexit)
, 1, 94, 96–97, 166
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)
, 134
United States
Department of Homeland Security
, 134
Department of Justice
, 142
USAID
, 168
US Capitol attack
, 1, 78, 113, 178, 185, 247–248, 252
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)
, 110, 135
Urban Libraries Council
, 228
URL
, 93, 99, 100–101, 103, 191
Video games
, 174
Virtual museums
, 170
VK.com (Russian social network)
, 176
Wall Street Journal
, 216
Washington Post Fact Checker
, 215
White nationalism
, 185
White supremacy
, 188, 247
World Health Organization (WHO)
, 121
Xenophobia (see also Immigrants—anti-immigrant sentiment)
, 114, 134
Youth
, 227, 234
innovative information and media literacy programs for
, 166, 173
and libraries
, 226
in of/by/for approach
, 239
services programming
, 239
- Prelims
- Introduction: Anticipating 2020 and Beyond: What’s Next for Libraries and Democracy?
- Section 1: What is Democracy?
- Chapter 1: Actually-Existing Democracy and Libraries: A Mapping Exercise
- Chapter 2: A Right to be Misinformed? Considering Fake News as a Form of Information Poverty
- Chapter 3: Facts (Almost) Never Change Minds: Libraries and the Management of Democracy-Supportive Public Perceptions
- Section 2: How the Information Environment Contributes to and Detracts from Democracy
- Chapter 4: Container Collapse and Misinformation: Why Digitization Creates Challenges for Democracy
- Chapter 5: Fighting Fake News: The Cognitive Factors Impeding Political Information Literacy
- Chapter 6: Information Obstacle Course: Seeking the Right to Asylum at the US–Mexico Border
- Section 3: Libraries as Virtual and Physical Spaces for Democracy
- Chapter 7: Beyond Fake News: Learning from Information Literacy Programs in Ukraine
- Chapter 8: “Politic Talks” in Academic Libraries of the South to Address a Global Democracy Recession in the United States: An Exploratory Website Analysis
- Chapter 9: Raking the Forests: Information Literacy, Political Polarization, Fake News, and the Educational Roles of Librarians
- Chapter 10: Libraries Of, By, and For the People: Reimagining Strategies to Enhance Democratic Culture within LIS Spaces and Programming
- Afterword: Reverse the Retreat: Countering Disinformation and Authoritarianism as the Work of Libraries
- Index