Corporate entrepreneurship and business performance Themoderating role of organizational culture in selected banks in Pakistan

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between corporate entrepreneurship (CE), organizational culture (OC) and business performance (BP). Additionally, the study has attempted to address themoderating influence of OC on CE–BP relationship. Design/methodology/approach – Data were collected from middle managers of Big Five banks of Pakistan. A two-step approach to structural equation modeling was used. Using confirmatory factor analysis, the measurement model fit was determined. The significance of the theoretical relationship was assessed using structural model. Findings – The results have supported the hypothesized direct andmoderated relationship. Originality/value – The present study extends the body of knowledge in testing the resource-based view of the firm theory and contingency theory through providing empirical evidence on the hypothesized relationships. Additionally, the study has contributed in the existing theory through evaluating the moderating of OC by using interaction effect in partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM).


Introduction
Nations foster their economies through boosting their financial institutions.There are several players that collectively make up the financial sector of Pakistan.Notably, banking sector is the most prominent industry among them.This prominence is due to the fact that 95 per cent of the financial system of Pakistan is based on banking industry (Husain, 2006).Remarkably, 80 per cent of market capitalization is occupied by the Big Five banks in Pakistan (Khalabat, 2011).Therefore, a timely inquiry pertaining to performance of the banking industry is highly required.Business organizations at both international and national level always strive for impressive business performance (BP) results.Improving BP is not only a challenge but also a necessity for every type of business at present, thus making the market more competitive.Researchers and practitioners have mutually agreed that corporate entrepreneurship (CE) is an important consideration in determining BP (Haase and Franco, 2010).
Notwithstanding, despite significant breakthroughs, little work has explored when or under what conditions a CE influences BP, particularly in the multicultural context of Pakistan.Investigating the contextual factors that could affect BP would address this theoretical gap that has been identified.The contribution of this study was to test the moderating role of OC on the relationship between CE and BP.Additionally, empirical research pertaining the contextual factors that could influence BP has largely ignored banking sector despite the contribution of the sector to economic growth.Hence, the present study focused on drew from resource-based view (RBV) (Wernerfelt, 1984;Galbreath, 2005) to test the proposed model in the context of Pakistani banking sector.

Theory and hypotheses development Resource-based theory
As noted earlier, the theoretical underpinning of this study and its hypotheses is the resource-based theory (RBT; Wernerfelt, 1984;Galbreath, 2005).RBT has become a dominant paradigm in the field of entrepreneurship and strategic management (Hitt et al., 2016).RBT postulates that firms strive to distinguish themselves from rivals to gain a sustainable competitive advantage and superior performance (Hitt et al., 2016;Wernerfelt, 1984;Galbreath, 2005).Accordingly, RBT suggests that a firm that implements a value creating strategy, such as CE is more likely to achieve a competitive advantage and better performance than its current or potential competitors that do not implement such strategies.This line of reasoning and thought pattern has long been articulated in the seminal contribution of Barney (1991, p. 102) that: A firm is said to have a competitive advantage when it is implementing a value creating strategy not simultaneously being implemented by any current or potential competitors.A firm is said to have a sustained competitive advantage when it is implementing a value creating strategy not simultaneously being implemented by any current or potential competitors and when these other firms are unable to duplicate the benefits of this strategy.

PRR 2,1
Drawing from RBT, the present study develops hypotheses that identifies significant role of value creating strategies, such as creating new business within established firms or strategic renewal of existing business to improve BP (Zahra, 1991).This study also drew from RBT to hypothesize the main and moderating effect of OC on the relationship between CE and BP.

CE and business performance
The term CE roots four decades back (Kuratko, 2010).Therefore, it is not a new phenomenon for organizations to learn and understand.The current literature rather emphasizes on the implications, uses and outcomes of corporate entrepreneurial activities in the forms of firm behavior and their internal processes.One could comprehend with the serious nature of CE as it provides visible support to businesses for their development and promotions.Businesses around the globe have instigated CE due to several reasons, some of the common evidence suggested includes innovation (Baden-Fuller, 1995), knowledge acquisition (McGrath et al., 1994), strategic rejuvenation (Guth and Ginsberg, 1990), global prominence (Birkinshaw, 1997), optimistic resource allocation (Kuratko and Audretsch, 2009;Borch et al., 1999;Ireland et al., 2003;Covin et al., 2000) and financial viability (Zahra, 1993).No matter for what purpose the business enterprise exercises it, CE appears as a crucial stratagem for every business type (Morris et al., 2011).

Organizational culture and business performance
The literature provides un-ended discussion over importance of OC in facilitating and promoting organizational effectiveness.From the perspective of the RBV theory, the OC is a capability of an organization which is unique in nature and is also inimitable (Barney, 1986(Barney, , 1991;;Hall, 1993;Peteraf, 1993;Wernerfelt, 1984).Suggesting prominent leaders to be able to shape the cultures of their organizations for getting competitive edge (Kuratko and Welsch, 2004).The literature on strategic management widely acknowledges that OC is a factor which is critical in explaining how organizations work and to develop effective strategies for making them more effective (Prajogo and Sohal, 2001).
These researchers beside many others have defined OC in several ways, according to Barney, (1986) no consensus is found in the literature on the definition of the construct.However, numerous scholars explained OC as a system of shared values, norms, beliefs, attitudes and ways of thinking among all organizational members (Mckinnon et al., 2003;O'Reilly and Chatman, 1996).To put it simply, OC is demonstrated as the basic assumptions, values, attitudes and behaviors of all organizational members (Yilmaz and Ergun, 2008).
Similarly, literature also provides enormous support pertaining to the relationship between OC and BP (Ogbonna and Harris, 2000;Lee and Yu, 2004;Scholz, 1987;Denison, 1990;Sadri and Lees, 2001).The present study has attempted to investigate the relationship between OC and BP due to the fact that OC will vary from business to business (Wernerfelt, 1984;Hall, 1993) and should also be inimitable (Barney, 1986).Therefore, with this assertion of RBV the researchers deemed it necessary to further investigate this relationship by proposing following hypothesis: H2.Organizational culture is positively related with business performance.

Role of organizational culture
Moderating role of OC The main objective of the present study was to investigate the moderating effect of OC on the relationship between CE and BP.The choice of OC as a moderating variable was due to the following reasons.First, Covin and Slevin (1991) introduced an integrative model explaining the positive association between entrepreneurial pasture of a company and its environment, strategy, internal factors and organizational performance.Similarly, Guth and Ginsberg (1990) claimed the reciprocal relationship between CE and organizational performance.Whereas, Zahra (1991) claimed that the persuasive evidence is lacking which can support the notion that corporate-entrepreneurism is significantly contributing the performance of an organization.In addition to this, there have been inconsistencies and ambiguities in operationalizing CE by those who have adopted organizational level perspective; the evidence is clearly available is the research work of Jennings and Lumpkin (1989), Karagozoglu and Brown (1988), Morris and Paul (1987), Covin and Slevin (1989) and Covin and Covin (1990), Miles and Arnold (1991) and Zahra (1991).In these research studies, one can underscore and pinpoint significant differences of opinion over CE and firm performance relationship.With reference to these inconsistencies in the past research on the claimed relationship, Baron and Kenny (1986) have recommended that when the relationship between a predictor and a criterion variable is found unexpectedly weak or inconsistent a moderating variable should be introduced.
Second, the present study proposed OC as a potential moderating variable on the relationship between CE and BP by looking into the premise of contingency theory, which suggested that the relationship between two variables is contingent or it depends on the level of a third variable.It is therefore suggested that the introduction of a moderator variable in to the relationship between two variables may allow specific understanding and prevent misleading conclusions regarding the contingency relationships.For the better understanding of inconsistent findings between the organizational strategies and organizational performance relationship, the contingency theory had a primary contribution (Venkatraman, 1989).Third, the rationale for introducing OC as a moderating variable comes from three most prominent CE models.First, the Covin and Slevin (1991) model for CE level of behavior in organizations provides that external, strategic and internal environment have moderating effect on corporate entrepreneurship (entrepreneurialorientation) and BP relationship.Second, the CE model of Zahra (1993) called revised conceptual framework of firm-level behavior have suggested that environmental and organizational factors could influence CE-BP relationship.Lastly, Lumpkin and Dess (1996) have also supported the view that environmental factors such as OC could influence the link between CE and BP.
Finally, the literature on strategic management has specifically suggested that OC has the potential power to moderate the relationship between organizational strategies (such as CE and its components) and BP (Prajogo and McDermott, 2005;Sila andEbrahimpour, 2002, 2005;Zahra and Garvis, 2000).Thus, it was hypothesized as under: H3.The relationship between corporate entrepreneurship and business performance will be stronger when organizational culture is incorporated.

Sample and data collection
To test our hypotheses, we used a sample of 249 Big Five banks operating in Pakistan.A survey method was used to collect data from these banks.Given that the unit of analysis in PRR 2,1 the present study was organizational, branch managers were invited to complete a multipleitem survey.Branch managers were considered as the most appropriate key informant because they are well informed about their bank strategies and could therefore respond to the survey accurately (Sciascia et al., 2014;Zahra and Covin, 1995).To ensure that nonresponse bias was not a major concern in this study, independent samples t-test was performed following Armstrong and Overton's (1977) suggestion.Specifically, respondents were divided into two groups based on those who responded to the first follow-up (early responders) and those who responded after third follow-up (late responders).We assumed that those who responded after third follow-up are most similar to nonrespondents (Armstrong and Overton, 1977).
The results of the independent samples t-test demonstrated that there was no significant difference between the early responders and late responders on CE, OC and BP.As such, it can be concluded that nonresponse bias was not a major concern in the present study.Furthermore, given that self-reporting scales were utilized in this study, Harman's singlefactor test was performed to ensure that common method bias was not a major issue (Podsakoff and Organ, 1986).In particular, an exploratory factor analysis was conducted to examine the un-rotated factor solution, as well as the number of factors.The factor analysis yielded 25 factors with eigenvalues of more than 1, and the first factor explains 34 per cent of the variance.Hence, common method bias was not a serious issue in the present study.

Corporate entrepreneurship
We adapted 48 items from the works of Hornsby et al. (2002) to measure CE.The items in this scale reflect the extent to which develop and implement new ideas into the organization's system.Ratings were completed using a five-point Likert scale ranged from 1 = strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree.Sample item was: "In my organization, developing one's own ideas is encouraged for the improvement of the firm".This scale was adapted in the current study because it has been successfully used in several empirical studies (Hancer et al., 2009;Umrani and Mahmood, 2015).
Organizational culture OC was assessed using 18 items adapted from Denison's (2000) OC survey.Participants were asked to respond to the items regarding the values, beliefs and principles that serve as a foundation for their organization's management system.Ratings were completed on fivepoint Likert scale ranged from 1 = strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree.Sample item was: "Cooperation across different parts of the organization is actively encouraged".High reliability of the competitive intensity scale has also been demonstrated in several empirical studies (Denison et al., 2014;Nazir and Lone, 2008;Zheng et al., 2010), which justify its use in the present study.

Business performance
Four-items were used to assess a broad range of BP indicators.Of these items, three were adapted from the work of Deshpand et al. (1993), and the remaining item was drawn from Jaworski and Kohli (1993).Ratings were based on a five-point Likert scale ranged from 1 = strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree.Sample item was: "Over the past 3 years, our market share has exceeded our largest competitors".This scale was adapted in the current study because it has been successfully used in several empirical studies (Ali et al., 2010;Rettab et al., 2009).

Analytical procedures
The present study used partial least square (PLS) path modeling to test the theoretical model.The rationales for choosing PLS path modeling were as follows: First, PLS path modeling has received widespread application in management and related disciplines (Hair et al., 2012;Kura, 2016;Kura et al., 2015;Real et al., 2014;José and Manuel, 2012).Second, given that the goal of the present study was to predict the dependent variable, we considered PLS path modeling to be a suitable analytical procedure (Hair et al., 2011).Finally, PLS path modeling is considered as the "most fully developed and general system" (McDonald, 1996, p. 240) of the variance-based structural equation modeling (SEM) techniques.Accordingly, the present study utilized SmartPLS 3 software (Ringle et al., 2015).

Results and discussion
The present study used PLS path modeling for the data analysis due to the fact that this approach is experiencing widespread application in academic research (Hair et al., 2012;Lee et al., 2011).Before moving to the testing the reliability, validity and structure paths, various assumptions pertaining to normality and multicollinearity, common method bias were assessed (Hair et al., 2010;Tabachnick and Fidell, 2007;Podsakoff and Organ, 1986).The present study used a two-step process, that is: (1) assessment of measurement model; and (2) assessment of structural model, for evaluating and reporting PLS-SEM results (Hair et al., 2010(Hair et al., , 2014;;Henseler et al., 2009).

Measurement model assessment
According to Hair et al. (2010Hair et al. ( , 2014) ) and Henseler et al. (2009) for assessing measurement model; researchers need to determine individual item reliability and determine internal consistency, content validity, convergent validity and discriminant validity.Individual item reliability.The individual item reliability should be assessed by looking into the outer loadings of each of the measures (items) of each construct (Hair et al., 2012(Hair et al., , 2014;;Duarte and Raposo, 2010;Hulland, 1999).Researchers have provided a rule of thumb for retaining the items whereby they have advised to retain items between 0.40 and 0.70 (Hair et al., 2014).The outer loadings for each of the latent variable of the present study were sufficiently up to 0.5 or more (refer Table I) therefore, the present successfully met individual item reliability criterion.
Internal consistency reliability.Bagozzi and Yi (1988) and Hair et al. (2011) provided a rule of thumb for interpreting composite reliability coefficient suggesting a threshold of 0.7 or above.Table I displays the composite reliability coefficients for each of the latent variable of this study.The composite reliability coefficient, as indicated in Table I, for each of the latent variable ranged from 0.747 to 0.880; this suggesting the adequate internal consistency reliability of the measures (Bagozzi and Yi, 1988;Hair et al., 2011).
Convergent validity.The assessment of convergent validity with average variance extracted (AVE) is recommended by Fornell and Larcker (1981).However, according to Chin (1998) the AVE should be at least 0.50 or more to indicate the convergent validity of a particular construct.The AVE scores provided in Table I indicated that all the constructs of the present study have achieved the minimum of 0.50 AVE; thus, it is concluded that the study demonstrated adequate convergent validity (Chin, 1998).
Discriminant validity.The discriminant validity was assessed following Fornell and Larcker (1981) criterion.As a rule of thumb, Fornell and Larcker suggested to use AVE with PRR 2,1 0.5 value or higher.Furthermore, for ascertaining discriminant validity they have suggested that the square root of the AVE should be higher than the correlations among the latent variables.Table I suggests that the AVE for all the latent constructs was above minimum cutoff of 0.5.Table II indicates that the square root of AVE was higher than the correlations

Structural model assessment
The present study used standard bootstrapping procedure with 500 bootstraps samples and 249 cases to determine the significance of the path coefficients following Hair et al. (2011Hair et al. ( , 2012Hair et al. ( , 2014) ) and Henseler et al. (2009).Table III, Figure 1, provide full estimates of the structural model along with statistics pertaining to moderating variable of OC.Originally, H1 proposed that CE will be positively related with BP. Results provided in Table III and Figure 1 have revealed a significantly positive relationship between CE and BP (b = 0.277, t = 3.58, p < 0.00).Hence, supporting H1.
The results also report a positive relationship between OC and BP with (b = 0.2126, t = 2.1972, p < 0.01).Thus H2 was also supported.Similarly, the results show that OC moderates the CE-BP relationship (b = 0.1807, t = 1.9949, p < 0.02); therefore, H3 was also supported.
Assessment of variance explained in the endogenous latent variable.PLS-SEM structural model assessment recommends another important criterion; that is the R 2 value assessment also called coefficient of determination (Hair et al., 2011(Hair et al., , 2012;;Henseler et al., 2009).According to various scholars, the R 2 value represents the proportion of variation in the dependent variable(s) that could be explained by one or more predictor variable (Hair et al., 2006(Hair et al., , 2010;;Elliott and Woodward, 2007).According to Hair et al. (2010), the acceptable level of R 2 value is subject to the context where a particular research is conducted.However, according to Falk and Miller (1992), R 2 value of 0.10 is acceptable.Accordingly, Chin (1998) suggested that in PLS-SEM, the R 2 value of 0.60 can be considered as substantial, 0.33 as moderate and 0.19 as weak.The R 2 value obtained for the present study was 0.24.This suggests that CE and OC together explain 24 per cent of the variance in the BP.As per Chin's (1998) recommendation the obtained R 2 value is weak.However, as per Falk and Miller (1992), the value is sufficiently above than the minimum acceptable cutoff.
Predictive relevance of the model.Looking into the reflective nature of the endogenous latent variable, the present study used cross-validated redundancy measure (Q 2 ) for assessing the predictive relevance of the model as per the recommendations of Hair et al. (2013), Ringle et al. (2012) and Chin (2010).The predictive relevance is a supplementary assessment which is recommended due to the fact that the goodness-offit (GoF) index is not suitable for model validation as it could not separate the valid and invalid models (Hair et al., 2014;Henseler and Sarstedt, 2013).Henseler et al. (2009) stated that in a researcher model where the Q 2 value(s) is found greater than zero, it is considered that the model has a predictive relevance.Table IV provides IV).This suggests that the model has predictive relevance.

Role of organizational culture
Testing moderation effect.The product indicator approach using PLS-SEM was used in this study for detecting and estimating the strength of moderating effect of OC on the CE-BP relationship (c.f., Chin et al., 2003;Helm et al., 2010;Henseler and Chin, 2010).The present study adopted product indicator approach due to the fact that the proposed moderating variable was continuous in nature (Rigdon et al., 1998).In addition to this, Cohen's (1988) guidelines were followed for ascertaining the moderating effects.Recalling H3, it was stated that OC moderates the relationship between CE and BP.As expected, the Table III and Figure 1 suggest that the interaction terms representing CE Â OC (b = 0.1807, t = 1.9949, p < 0.02) was significant.Thus, H3 was fully supported.Following the guidelines of Aiken and West (1991), the information from path coefficients was used for plotting the moderating effect of OC on relationship between CE and BP (Figure 2), suggesting improved relationship.
Determining the strength of the moderating effects.The strength of moderating effects could be assessed by comparing the R 2 value (coefficient of determination) of the main model with the R 2 values of the full model incorporating both exogenous and moderating variables (Wilden et al., 2013;Henseler and Fassott, 2010) and the moderating effects' strength could be determined using the underlined formula (Cohen, 1988;Henseler and Fassott, 2010):

with moderator
The values of 0.02, 0.15 and 0.35 are considered as weak, moderate and strong moderating effects sizes, respectively (Cohen, 1988;Henseler and Fassott, 2010).Drawing upon the guidelines of Henseler and Fassott (2010) and Cohen (1988) the strength of the moderating effect of OC was determined.Table V illustrated that the effect size for BP was small (0.02) (c.f., Henseler et al., 2007;Wilden et al., 2013).
According to Chin et al. (2003) a low effect size does not necessarily mean that the underlying moderating effect is insignificant."Even a small interaction effect can be meaningful under extreme moderating conditions, if the resulting beta changes are meaningful, then it is important to take these conditions into account" (Chin et al., 2003, Figure 2. Interaction effect of CE and OC on BP PRR 2,1 p. 211).This has suggested that the moderating role of OC over CE and BP relationship could be meaningful.
Consistent with H1; the PLS path modeling results revealed a positive relationship between CE and BP.This suggests that middle managers perceive that CE is a critical component for enhancing BP.Further, the results of the present study have confirmed the importance of CE to the BP as acknowledged in the existing literature (Heavey and Simsek, 2013;Phan et al., 2009;Zahra and Garvis, 2000;Zahra and Covin, 1995;Simsek and Heavey, 2011).This consistency with prior studies has further strengthened the RBV of the firm that identifies CE as rare, hard to imitate, valuable and hard to substitute entrepreneurial culture that can foster BP (Wernerfelt, 1984).Furthermore, According to Makadok (2011), RBV's emphasis has remained crucial in explaining the role of resources in creating and sustaining competitive advantage.Businesses therefore, need to create their own mechanisms (similar to CE) for selecting distinctive resources that carry greater potential for augmented performance.Accordingly, one of the implications of RBV on BP concerns with organizational capabilities.According to Amit and Schoemaker (1993), organizational capabilities consist of skillful, talented and experienced human resource, information and specific processes that could be channelized for producing high quality innovative outcomes.In-line with that CE is a process (Morris et al., 2011) and these processes are strongly linked with human resources that ultimately help organizations to improve their performance.
Interestingly, the value of available resources is increased by organizational capabilities; these capabilities also help to coordinate for effectively using them (Wernerfelt, 1984;Prahalad and Hamel, 1990).The present study has successfully added in the existing literature on RBV that CE as a critical organizational capability adds value to the BP.The present study has provided empirical evidence to support the above argument by successfully investigating the influence of CE over BP.Convincingly, in the turbulent environment today it is quite hard for banks to grow or even survive without being entrepreneurial (Dess et al., 1999).Therefore, the present study forwards recommendations for policymakers in Pakistan's banking sector to incorporate CE as an important tool for fostering BP.
Second, the present study investigated the direct influence of organization culture over BP and formulated H2.Although a large stream of research over OC and BP is available but the present study elaborates it as per following rationale: First, the direct investigation of influence of OC over BP was necessary as (Kuratko and Welsch, 2004;Barney, 1986;Hall, 1993;Peteraf, 1993;Wernerfelt, 1984) has suggested that culture varies from organization to organization and even from one business unit to another and is inimitable.Second, Al-Swidi and Mahmood (2011) suggested that Denison theory and instrument are effective in investigation of entrepreneurial activates within the banking setup.Third, present study aimed at investigating the effectiveness of Denison theory in the baking industry of Pakistan as the sample was drawn from Pakistan's Big Five banks.Fourth, the cultural

Role of organizational culture
performance assessment is being conducted on the managerial level including middle managers (branch and operations) in the sample; as the culture is created and/or defined by the top-management and is implemented or executed with and through middle managers.
Hence, investigating the status-quo, perception of middle managers has enabled the current study to conclude and recommend potential solutions to both practicing managers and theorists.Fifth, the postulated relationship between OC and BP has remained undecided (inconsistent).Lastly, the research has mainly been conducted in the context of developed countries and to the best of the knowledge of the researchers, there have been no research attempts, investigating the influence of OC over BP in the Big Five banks of Pakistan.Thus, the present study hypothesized that OC is positively related with BP in the banking sector of Pakistan.
Interestingly, consistent with H2, the results of the PLS path modeling have suggested that OC is positively related with BP.In line with RBV of the firm theory (Wernerfelt, 1984) the empirical findings imply that OC plays critical role in enhancing BP.This notion is also supported by the bank branch managers in the Big Five banks of Pakistan empirically.These findings have further confirmed RBV's claim that OC is a source of competitive advantage (Barney, 1986;Denison, 1990).These results have also added value in the existing literature that supported positive link between OC and BP.For example, Gordon and DiTomaso (1992) while extending the work of Denison (1984), reported significant relationship between OC and BP.Similarly, Lee and Yu (2004) in their study found that culture has profound impact on the BP.Further to this, the present study has also contributed in the body of knowledge by investigating the OC-BP relationship in the service (banking) sector and has also contributed by providing empirical support against the findings of Lee and Yu (2004) who reported greater correlation between OC and organizational performance in the manufacturing firms as compared to service firms.Thus, the results of this study have confirmed matching significance of OC-BP relationship in the service sector.
Third, this study's major contribution was to investigate the moderating effect of organization culture on CE and BP relationship under the light of contingency theory.
Consistent with H3, the results of the PLS path modeling reported that OC moderates the relationship between CE and BP.These empirical findings have supported the notion of RBV of the firm theory (Wernerfelt, 1984).According to RBV, OC is a source of competitive advantage (Barney, 1986;Denison, 1990).Second and the most important, it claimed that OC establishes a right fit between strategy adoption such as CE and organization's internal environment (Kanji and Wallace, 2000).Last but not the least, the results of the present study also confirmed the claim that OC has the potential moderating power over organizational strategies and organization performance relationship (Prajogo and McDermott, 2005;Sila andEbrahimpour, 2002, 2005;Zahra and Garvis, 2000).

Theoretical implications
First, the present study has provided theoretical implications by providing additional empirical evidence on RBV of the firm theory (Wernerfelt, 1984).The theory posits that success of an organization is solely determined by its internal resources, further classifying these resources as assets or capabilities.According to Collis (1994), these assets could be tangible or intangible, whereas, Teece et al. (1997) stated that capabilities are intangible accumulated skill set or knowledge.The theory further adds that for ascertaining sustainable competitive advantage the critical factors for an organization are its resources (Barney, 1991).Hence, organizations need to pay more attention toward their respective resources, their development and appropriate allocation for better utilization.As these PRR 2,1 resources make an organization capable to produce and deliver innovate and high-quality products as well as services.In doing so, these organizations develop a competitive difference (Barney, 1991;Russo and Fouts, 1997).The theory further demonstrated that, to achieve the desired competitive strategic position, organizations should develop their own competencies by looking into factors such as human capital, internal organizational strategies, regulations and useful information sources (Barney, 1986(Barney, , 1991;;Russo and Fouts, 1997).The present study has extended the theory with the examination of the organizational competencies; specifically, the present study has attempted to find possible answers that how Big Five banks of Pakistan look into their internal organizational strategies in the shape of corporate entrepreneurial activities which influence their performance.
Additionally, present study attempted to test the moderating role of OC in the CE and BP relationship.Extant empirical studies with regards to CE and BP relationship (Frese et al., 2014;Heavey and Simsek, 2013;Zahra, 2010Zahra, , 2012;;Davis, 2007;George and Marino, 2011) reported findings that are inconsistent.The present study therefore received mature justification toward incorporating a moderating variable.
The current study attempted to fill these literature gaps by incorporating OC as a moderating variable for enhancing the understanding of the influence of CE on the BP in Pakistan's banking sector.While testing the RBV theory, the research findings suggested that CE had significantly positive influence on BP among the bank managers, lending empirical evidence in support of RBV theory.Based on these findings, it can be asserted that CE plays a substantial role in explaining BP.
Second, as the major purpose of this study was to examine the extent to which CE and BP are in a good fit with the OC and how these relationships influence the overall organizational performance of Pakistan's Big Five banks.This study has delivered theoretical implications by providing additional empirical evidence in the domain of contingency theory.The theory postulates that organizations can choose from many available choices and these choices are dependent upon the environment an organization operates (Schuler, 2000).The theory further posits on the necessity of the "fit" (Venkatraman, 1989), whereby it suggests that there should be an appropriate alignment between organizational strategy and other organizational variables for improving BP (Selto et al., 1995;Van de Ven and Drazin, 1985).
The present study proposed OC as a potential moderating variable on the relationship between CE and BP by looking into the premise of contingency theory, which suggested that the relationship between two variables is contingent or it depends on the level of a third variable.It is therefore suggested that introduction of a moderator variable in the relationship between two variables may allow specific understanding and prevent misleading conclusions regarding the contingent relationships.For better understanding of inconsistent findings between the organizational strategies and organizational performance relationship, the contingency theory holds a primary contribution (Venkatraman, 1989).Thus, the present study has extended the contingency theory by assessing the moderating role of OC on CE and BP relationship in a broader perceptive.

Practical implications
Conclusively, the current study has forwarded numerous practical understandings in connection to CE and relevant practices in Pakistan's banking sector.First, the findings suggested that corporate entrepreneurial practices are important consideration for bank's performance.Banks can take considerable efforts to maximize their performance through fostering middle managers' perceptions of CE.Second, banks in Pakistan can maximize their performance by investing into the managerial practices for example; banks may extend Role of organizational culture their support at managerial level, reward managers on bringing innovative ideas, allocate appropriate time and provide necessary discretion with regards to decision-making, as the present study has empirically proved that these factors are very critical in nature.Third, the results have provided support to the notion that OC is a critical component that could potentially enhance BP of a bank.The contingency theory assumes that the lack of fit between the cultural values practiced by the middle managers in the Pakistani banking sector will hinder improvement initiatives.Hence, the intended organizational strategies of these banks in Pakistan and their OC should be brought into an appropriate fit.Finally, as stated at the outset of this study, in the turbulent environment, it is quite difficult for banks to grow or even survive without being entrepreneurial (Dess et al., 1999).Specifically, corporate entrepreneurial practices help banks to grow and prosper in the competitive environment.
Therefore, the results of the present study suggested that policy makers in the banking sector of Pakistan should give serious consideration in harvesting the entrepreneurial culture for improving their BP and to survive in this competitive era.Specifically, the moderating role of OC suggested that effective alignment between bank's culture and their corporate entrepreneurial practices could potentially foster their BP and could also enhance the perception of middle managers about seriousness of their respective banks with regards to promotion of corporate entrepreneurial culture.Thus, the above results and discussions summarize that CE was a potentially significant predictor of BP in Pakistan's banking sector.Therefore, it is critical to pay-attention to these factors for fostering BP in the service sector.

Limitations and future research directions
Beside the robust results provided in the present study, it is essentially important to interpret those findings in-line with the limitations of the study.First, a cross-sectional design was adopted for the present study due to which, casual inferences from the population were not possible.Thus, the future researchers may consider a longitudinal design to test the theoretical body of the constructs over a longer period of time for responsive confirmation of the postulated relationships of the current study.Second, the present study applied self-reported measures.These measures could influence the behaviors, feelings and attitudes of the randomly selected participants hence, there is a possibility of social disability and/or common method variance (Podsakoff et al., 2003;Podsakoff and Organ, 1986).
Although the present study attempted to reduce these issues by ensuring anonymity and improving the items of the scale (Podsakoff et al., 2003(Podsakoff et al., , 2012) ) but still there are chances of the occurrence of these issues.Hence, future researchers may wish to use other strategies to assess OC-BP relationship.Third, it is essential to mention that BP related data provided in the present study was subjective in nature.Although researchers have demonstrated that subjective data are valid and reliable for assessing BP (Kaplan and Norton, 1996) on the contrary, researchers have also argued that subjective measures are susceptible to many types of judgmental biases (Dunlop and Lee, 2004).Although it was not an easy job to get objective data (Detert et al., 2007) however, the objective measure would have strengthened the results further.Therefore, future research is required using objective measures to further ascertain the findings of the present study.Fourth, it is quite difficult to offer generalizability of the results for the present study as the sample of the study was mainly driven from Pakistan's Big Five banks and in particular, covering the four major cities of the country.Consequently, it would be appropriate to include other banks of Pakistan in the sample of the study for better generalization of the findings.Banks may also be studied and PRR 2,1 compared with other financial institutions of the country for thorough understanding of the entire financial sector and its performance prospects.
Fifth, in the present study, the research model explained 24 per cent of the variance.This suggested that other factors may notably elaborate and explore variance toward BP.Therefore, future researchers may possibly consider other factors that could improve BP.Particularly, further investigation of the phenomenon is encouraged in service-based industries such as health care, education, insurance and hotel industries.Finally, the presented study potentially tested moderating influence of the OC on CE and BP relationship.This provides that OC is critical component in facilitating BP through facilitating organizations to enhance their corporate entrepreneurial practices.Therefore, future researchers may put more efforts in determining how OC can help organizations to foster their performance and enhance their entrepreneurial ability.In doing so, the researchers may also attempt to answer the questions such as what type of OC enhances CE that ultimately leads toward improved BP.

Conclusion
While extant research has established a positive relationship between CE and BP, the present study argues that this relationship may depend on contextual factors.Consequently, this study incorporated and tested OC as a boundary condition between CE and BP relationship.Therefore, the primary contribution of the present study lies in having found OC to moderate the relationship between CE and BP.Additionally, this study contributed to scholarship by focusing on Pakistan banking sector, which has been largely ignored by the previous studies despite the contribution of this sector to economic development.The results of this study are also of potential practical significance to bank managers.In particular, the results suggest that when CE and OC interacted together, a superior BP is likely to be achieved.Thus, if all employees share culture that is characterized by empowerment, coordination and integration, capability development and teamwork; their banks are likely to achieve completive advantage and superior performance.
the crossvalidated redundancy Q 2 test results.The cross-validated redundancy value (Q 2 ) as suggested by Chin (1998), Henseler et al. (2009) is greater than zero; (refer Table Figure 1.Structure model

Table I .
the latent variables.Therefore, it could be concluded that all the measures used in the present study have adequate level of discriminant validity. among

Table V .
Strength