# Fractional order generalized thermoelastic response in a half space due to a periodically varying heat source

Jitesh Tripathi (Department of Mathematics, Dr Ambedkar College, Nagpur, India)
Shrikant Warbhe (Department of Mathematics, Laxminarayan Institute of Technology, Nagpur, India)
K.C. Deshmukh (Department of Mathematics, RTM Nagpur University, Nagpur, India)
Jyoti Verma (Department of Applied Mathematics, Pillai HOC College of Engineering and Technology, University of Mumbai, Rasayani, India)

ISSN: 1573-6105

Publication date: 5 March 2018

## Abstract

### Purpose

The present work is concerned with the solution of a fractional-order thermoelastic problem of a two-dimensional infinite half space under axisymmetric distributions in which lower surface is traction free and subjected to a periodically varying heat source. The thermoelastic displacement, stresses and temperature are determined within the context of fractional-order thermoelastic theory. To observe the variations of displacement, temperature and stress inside the half space, the authors compute the numerical values of the field variables for copper material by utilizing Gaver-Stehfast algorithm for numerical inversion of Laplace transform. The effects of fractional-order parameter on the variations of field variables inside the medium are analyzed graphically. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

### Design/methodology/approach

Integral transform technique and Gaver-Stehfast algorithm are applied to prepare the mathematical model by considering the periodically varying heat source in cylindrical co-ordinates.

### Findings

This paper studies a problem on thermoelastic interactions in an isotropic and homogeneous elastic medium under fractional-order theory of thermoelasticity proposed by Sherief (Ezzat and El-Karamany, 2011b). The analytic solutions are found in Laplace transform domain. Gaver-Stehfast algorithm (Ezzat and El-Karamany, 2011d; Ezzat, 2012; Ezzat, El Karamany, Ezzat, 2012) is used for numerical inversion of the Laplace transform. All the integrals were evaluated using Romberg’s integration technique (El-Karamany et al., 2011) with variable step size. A mathematical model is prepared for copper material and the results are presented graphically with the discussion on the effects of fractional-order parameter.

### Research limitations/implications

Constructed purely on theoretical mathematical model by considering different parameters and the functions.

### Practical implications

The system of equations in this paper may prove to be useful in studying the thermal characteristics of various bodies in real-life engineering problems by considering the time fractional derivative in the field equations.

### Originality/value

In this problem, the authors have used the time fractional-order theory of thermoelasticity to solve the problem for a half space with a periodically varying heat source to control the speed of wave propagation in terms of heat and elastic waves for different conductivity like weak conductivity, moderate conductivity and super conductivity which is a new and novel contribution.

## Keywords

#### Citation

Tripathi, J., Warbhe, S., Deshmukh, K. and Verma, J. (2018), "Fractional order generalized thermoelastic response in a half space due to a periodically varying heat source", Multidiscipline Modeling in Materials and Structures, Vol. 14 No. 1, pp. 2-15. https://doi.org/10.1108/MMMS-04-2017-0022

### Publisher

:

Emerald Publishing Limited

## Introduction

The theory of uncoupled thermoelasticity has two major shortcomings. First, the mechanical state of the elastic body and temperature is assumed to be independent quantities contrary to the physical experiments. Second, the heat conduction equation is parabolic, thus predicting infinite speed of thermal signals, which is contrary to the observations. Biot (1956) developed the coupled theory of thermoelasticity to remove the first shortcoming by assuming the elastic changes and the temperature changes are dependent on each other. The heat conduction equation in this theory is still parabolic in nature predicting infinite speed of propagation of thermal and mechanical signals.

Lord and Shulman (1967) introduced the theory of generalized thermoelasticity, also known as extended thermoelasticity theory. In this theory, they modified the Fourier’s law of heat conduction by introducing a relaxation time parameter. The modified equation is hyperbolic in nature, thus predicting finite wave propagation. The equations of generalized thermoelasticity for the anisotropic case with one relaxation time were derived independently by Dhaliwal and Sherief (1980). A thorough discussion on different theories of generalized thermoelasticity can be found in the paper by Hetnarski and Ignaczak (1999). A two dimensional problem for a thick plate with heat sources in generalized thermoelasticity has been solved by El-Maghraby (2005). Tripathi et al. (2015a, b, 2016a) studied problems on generalized thermoelastic diffusion for a thick circular plate and a half space with axisymmetric heat supply within the context of Lord-Shulman theory. Recently, Tripathi et al. (2016b) discussed problems on generalized thermoelastic half space in the influence of a periodically varying heat source.

Fractional-order differential equations have been the forefront of research due to their applications in many real-life problems of fluid mechanics, viscoelasticity, biology, physics, and engineering. It is a well-known fact that the integer-order differential operator is a local operator but the fractional-order differential operator is non-local. Hence, the next state of a system depends not only upon its current state, but also upon all of its historical states. This is much more realistic and due to this reason, fractional derivative is also known as memory dependent derivative. In recent times, various types of definition and approaches of fractional-order derivatives have become popular amongst many researchers. The reason behind introduction of the fractional theory is that it predicts retarded response to physical stimuli, as is found in nature, as opposed to instantaneous response predicted by the generalized theory of thermoelasticity. The first application of fractional derivatives was given by Abel, who applied fractional calculus in the solution of an integral equation that arises in the formulation of the tautochrone problem. Caputo (1967, 1974) and Caputo and Mainardi (1971a, b) used fractional derivatives and their results found good agreement with the empirical evidences for description of viscoelastic materials. Study on thermoelasticity with fractional calculus was initiated by Povstenko (2004, 2005). A review of thermoelasticity with fractional-order heat conduction equation was given by Povstenko (2009). Povstenko (2010) investigated thermal stresses in an infinite body with a circular cylindrical hole using the heat conduction equation based on Caputo time fractional derivative. Recently, Sherief et al. (2010) developed a new theory of thermoelasticity using fractional calculus and proved the uniqueness theorem. Ezzat and El-Karamany (2011a) solved a problem on fractional-order thermoelasticity for a perfectly conducting medium. Ezzat and El-Karamany (2011b, c) derived theories of fractional-order electro-thermoelasticity and electro-thermoelasticity. Ezzat and El-Karamany (2011d) and Ezzat (2012) solved problems on fractional-order magneto-thermoelasticity involving two temperatures and thermoelectric fluid with fractional-order heat transfer using state space approach. Many researchers (Ezzat, El Karamany, and Ezzat, 2012; El-Karamany et al., 2011; Ezzat, El Karamany, and Fayik, 2012; Ezzat et al., 2013, 2015a, b; Ezzat and El-Bary, 2016; Sherief et al., 2010) studied various problems on fractional-order thermoelasticity. Recently, Tripathi et al. (2016c) have studied a dynamic problem on fractional-order thermoelaticity for a thick circular plate with finite wave speeds. Kanoria and Mallik (2010) discussed a generalized thermo-viscoelastic problem due to application of a periodically varying heat source in the context of three-phase-lag theory. Roychoudhuri and Dutta (2005) studied the thermoelastic interaction without energy dissipation in an infinite solid with distributed periodically varying heat sources. Shaw and Mukhopadhyay (2012) studied a problem of a periodically varying heat source in a functionally graded microelongated medium.

In the present paper, we study a problem on thermoelastic interactions in an isotropic and homogeneous elastic medium under the fractional-order theory of thermoelasticity proposed by Sherief et al. (2010). The analytic solutions are found in Laplace transform domain. Gaver-Stehfast algorithm (Gaver, 1966; Stehfast, 1970a, b) is used for numerical inversion of the Laplace transform. All the integrals were evaluated using Romberg’s integration technique (Press et al., 1986) with variable step size. A mathematical model is prepared for copper material and the results are presented graphically with the discussion on the effects of fractional-order parameter.

## Formulation of the problem

We shall consider a homogeneous isotropic thermoelastic solid half space occupying the region z⩾0. The z-axis is taken perpendicular to the bounding plane pointing inwards. The problem is considered within the context of fractional-order Lord-Shulman theory of generalized thermoelasticity with one relaxation time. We shall assume that the initial state of the medium is quiescent at a temperature T0. The surface of the medium is traction free and subjected to a known temperature distribution. A periodically varying heat source is applied on the domain. Cylindrical polar co-ordinates (r, ϕ, z) are used. Due to the rotational symmetry about the z-axis, all quantities are independent of the co-ordinate φ.

The problem is thus two-dimensional with all functions considered depending on the spatial variables r and z as well as on the time variable t.

The displacement vector, thus, has the form u = ( u , 0 , w ) .

The equations of motion can be written as (Hetnarski and Ignaczak, 1999):

(1) μ 2 u μ r 2 u + ( λ + μ ) e r γ T r = ρ 2 u t 2
(2) μ 2 w + ( λ + μ ) e z γ T z = ρ 2 w t 2

The generalized equation of heat conduction has the form:

(3) k 2 T = ( t + τ 0 α + 1 t α + 1 ) ( ρ c E T + γ T 0 e ) ρ ( 1 + τ 0 α t α ) Q
where T is the absolute temperature and e is the cubical dilatation given by the relation (Povstenko, 2010):
(4) e = u r + u r + w z = 1 r r ( r u ) + w z
(5) 2 = 2 r 2 + 1 r r + 2 z 2

The following constitutive relations supplement the above equations:

(6) σ r r = 2 μ u r + λ e γ ( T T 0 )
(7) σ z z = 2 μ w z + λ e γ ( T T 0 )
(8) σ r z = μ ( u z + w r )

We shall use the following non-dimensional variables:

r = c 1 η r , z = c 1 η z , u = c 1 η u , w = c 1 η w , t = c 1 2 η t ,
τ 0 = c 1 2 α η α τ 0 , σ i j = σ i j μ , θ = γ ( T T 0 ) ( λ + 2 μ ) , Q = ρ γ Q k c 1 2 η 2 ( λ + 2 μ )
where η=(ρcE)/(k), c 1 = λ + 2 μ / ρ is the speed of propagation of isothermal elastic waves.

Using the above non-dimensional variables, the governing equations take the form (dropping the primes for convenience):

(9) 2 u u r 2 + ( β 2 1 ) e β 2 θ r = β 2 2 u t 2
(10) 2 w + ( β 2 1 ) e z β 2 θ z = β 2 2 w t 2
(11) 2 θ = ( t + τ 0 α + 1 t α + 1 ) ( θ + ε e ) ( 1 + τ 0 α t α ) Q

While the constitutive relations (6)-(8), becomes:

(12) σ r r = 2 u r + ( β 2 2 ) e β 2 θ
(13) σ z z = 2 w z + ( β 2 2 ) e β 2 θ
(14) σ r z = ( u z + w r )
here:
β 2 = ( λ + 2 μ ) μ

Combining Equations (9) and (11), we obtain upon using Equation (5):

(15) 2 e 2 θ = 2 e t 2

We assume that the initial state is quiescent, that is, all the initial conditions of the problem are homogeneous.

The thermal and mechanical boundary conditions of the problem at z=0 are taken as:

(16) θ ( r , 0 , t ) = f ( r , t ) , 0 < r <
(17) σ z z ( r , 0 , t ) = 0 , 0 < r <
(18) σ r z ( r , 0 , t ) = 0 , 0 < r <
where f (r, t) is known function of r and t.

Equations (1)-(18) constitute the generalized thermoelastic formulation of the problem on axisymmetric half space.

## Solution of the problem

Applying the Laplace transform defined by the relation:

(19) f ¯ ( r , z , s ) = L [ f ( r , z , t ) ] = 0 e s t f ( r , z , t ) d t

to all the Equations (1)-(18), we get:

(20) 2 u ¯ u ¯ r 2 + ( β 2 1 ) e ¯ β 2 θ ¯ r = β 2 s 2 u ¯
(21) 2 w ¯ + ( β 2 1 ) e ¯ z β 2 θ ¯ z = β 2 s 2 w ¯
(22) 2 θ ¯ = ( s + τ 0 s α + 1 ) ( θ + ε e ¯ ) ( 1 + τ 0 s α ) Q ¯
(23) ( 2 s 2 ) e ¯ = 2 θ ¯
(24) σ ¯ r r = 2 u ¯ r + ( β 2 2 ) e ¯ β 2 θ ¯
(25) σ ¯ z z = 2 w ¯ z + ( β 2 2 ) e ¯ β 2 θ ¯
(26) σ ¯ r z = ( u ¯ z + w ¯ r )
(27) θ ¯ = f ¯ ( r , s )
(28) σ ¯ z z = σ ¯ r z = 0

Eliminating e ¯ between the Equations (22) and (23), one obtains:

(29) { 2 ( s 2 + s ( 1 + τ 0 s α ) ( 1 + ε ) 2 + s 3 ( 1 + τ 0 s α ) } θ ¯ = ( 1 + τ 0 s α ) ( 2 s 2 ) Q ¯

After factorization the above equation becomes:

(30) ( 2 k 1 2 ) ( 2 k 2 2 ) θ ¯ = ( 1 + τ 0 s α ) ( 2 s 2 ) Q ¯
where k 1 2 and k 2 2 are the roots with positive real parts of the characteristic equation:
(31) k 4 ( s 2 + s ( 1 + τ 0 s α ) ( 1 + ε ) ) k 2 + s 3 ( 1 + τ 0 s α ) = 0

The solution of Equation (30) is written in the form:

(32) θ ¯ = θ ¯ 1 + θ ¯ 2 + θ ¯ p
where θ ¯ i is a solution of the homogenous equation:
(33) ( 2 k i 2 ) θ ¯ i * = 0 , i = 1 , 2

and θ ¯ p is a particular integral of Equation (30).

The Hankel transform of a function f ¯ ( r , z , s ) is defined by the relation:

(34) f ¯ * ( q , z , s ) = H [ f ¯ ( r , z , s ) ] = 0 f ¯ ( r , z , s ) r J 0 ( q r ) d r
where J0 is the Bessel function of the first kind of order 0 and q is the Hankel transform parameter.

The inversion of Hankel transform is given by the relation:

(35) f ¯ ( r , z , s ) = H 1 [ f ¯ * ( q , z , s ) ] = 0 f ¯ * ( q , z , s ) q J 0 ( q r ) d q

On applying the Hankel transform to Equation (33), we get:

(36) { D 2 ( k i 2 + q 2 ) } θ ¯ i * = 0 , i = 1 , 2
where D=∂/∂z.

The solution of Equation (36) which is bounded at infinity, can be expressed as follows:

(37) θ ¯ i * = A i ( q , s ) ( k i 2 s 2 ) e μ i z
where μ i = q 2 + k i 2

On applying the Hankel transform to Equation (30), we get:

(38) ( D 2 μ 1 2 ) ( D 2 μ 2 2 ) θ ¯ p * = ( 1 + τ 0 s α ) ( D 2 μ 2 ) Q ¯ *
where μ = q 2 + s 2

The periodically varying heat source Q(r, z, t) in cylindrical co-ordinates is taken in the following form:

(39) Q ( r , z , t ) = Q 0 δ ( r) 2 π r . sin π t τ , 0 t τ= 0 , t > τ
where Q0 is the strength of the heat source and δ (r) is the well-known Dirac’s δ function.

On applying Laplace transform and Hankel transforms to Equation (39), we get:

(40) Q ¯ * = Q 0 π τ ( 1 + e s τ ) ( s 2 τ 2 + π 2 )

The solution of the Equation (38) has the form:

(41) θ ¯ p * = ( 1 + τ 0 s α ) μ 2 μ 1 2 μ 2 2 Q 0 π τ ( 1 + e s τ ) ( s 2 τ 2 + π 2 )

Then the complete solution in the transformed domain is obtained as follows:

(42) θ ¯ * ( q , z , s ) = A i ( q , s ) ( k i 2 s 2 ) e μ i z + ( 1 + τ 0 s α ) μ 2 μ 1 2 μ 2 2 Q 0 π τ ( 1 + e s τ ) ( s 2 τ 2 + π 2 )

On applying the inverse Hankel transform to Equation (42), we get:

(43) θ ¯ ( r , z , s ) = 0 { i = 1 n A i ( q , s ) ( k i 2 s 2 ) e μ i z + ( 1 + τ 0 s α ) μ 2 μ 1 2 μ 2 2 Q 0 π τ ( 1 + e s τ ) ( s 2 τ 2 + π 2 ) } q J 0 ( q r ) d q

On eliminating θ between Equations (22) and (23), we get:

(44) ( 2 k 1 2 ) ( 2 k 2 2 ) e ¯ = ( 1 + τ 0 s α ) 2 Q ¯

On applying Hankel transform to Equation (44), we get:

(45) ( D 2 μ 1 2 ) ( D 2 μ 2 2 ) e ¯ * = ( 1 + τ 0 s α ) ( D 2 μ 2 ) Q ¯ *

Complete solution of Equation (45) compatible with Equations (23) and (37) is as follows:

(46) e ¯ * ( q , z , s ) = i = 1 2 A i ( q , s ) k i 2 e μ i z + ( 1 + τ 0 s α ) μ 2 μ 1 2 μ 2 2 Q 0 π τ ( 1 + e s τ ) ( s 2 τ 2 + π 2 )

Applying the inverse Hankel Transform to Equation (46), one obtains:

(47) e ¯ ( r , z , s ) = 0 ( i = 1 2 A i ( q , s ) k i 2 e μ i z + ( 1 + τ 0 s α ) μ 2 μ 1 2 μ 2 2 Q 0 π τ ( 1 + e s τ ) ( s 2 τ 2 + π 2 ) ) q J 0 ( q r ) d q

Applying Hankel transform to Equation (21) and then using Equations (42) and (46), the axial displacement component is obtained as follows:

(48) w ¯ * ( q , z , s ) = B ( q , s ) e q 3 z i = 1 2 A i ( q , s ) μ i e μ i z
where q 3 = q 2 + β 2 s 2

On applying the inverse Hankel transform to Equation (48), we get:

(49) w ¯ ( r , z , s ) = 0 { B ( q , s ) e q 3 z i = 1 2 A i ( q , s ) μ i e μ i z } q J 0 ( q r ) d q

Applying the Hankel transform to Equation (20) and using Equations (42), (46) and (48), we get:

(50) H [ 1 r r ( r u ¯ ) ] = [ B ( q , s ) q 3 e q 3 z μ 2 [ i = 1 2 A i ( q , s ) e μ i z ( 1 + τ 0 s α ) μ 1 2 μ 2 2 Q 0 π τ ( 1 + e s τ ) ( s 2 τ 2 + π 2 ) ]

On applying inverse Hankel transform to Equation (50), one obtains:

(51) u ¯ = 0 { B ( q , s ) q 3 e q 3 z μ 2 [ i = 1 2 A i ( q , s ) e μ i z ( 1 + τ 0 s α ) μ 1 2 μ 2 2 Q 0 π τ ( 1 + e s τ ) ( s 2 τ 2 + π 2 ) } J 1 ( q r ) d q

On using Equations (43), (47), (49) and (51) in Equations (25) and (26), we obtain the stress components as follows:

(52) σ ¯ z z = 0 { 2 B ( q , s ) q 3 e q 3 z + ( μ 2 + q 3 2 ) [ i = 1 2 A i ( q , s ) e μ i z ( 1 + τ 0 s α ) μ 1 2 μ 2 2 Q 0 π τ ( 1 + e s τ ) ( s 2 τ 2 + π 2 ) } q J 0 ( q r ) d q
(53) σ ¯ r z = 0 { ( 1 + q 3 2 ) B ( q , s ) e q 3 z + [ i = 1 2 A i ( q , s ) μ i ( 1 + μ 2 ) e μ i z ] } J 1 ( q r ) d q

After applying the Hankel transform to Equations (27) and (28), the boundary conditions take the form:

(54) θ ¯ * ( q , 0 , s ) = f ¯ * ( q , s )
(55) σ ¯ z z * ( q , 0 , s ) = σ ¯ r z * ( q , 0 , s ) = 0

On applying the boundary conditions (54) and (55) to Equations (43), (52) and (53), the system of linear equations involving unknown parameters A1(q, s),A2(q, s) and B(q, s) are obtained as follows:

(56) i = 1 n A i ( q , s ) ( k i 2 s 2 ) + ( 1 + τ 0 s α ) μ 2 μ 1 2 q 2 2 Q 0 π τ ( 1 + e s τ ) ( s 2 τ 2 + π 2 ) = f ¯ * ( q , s )
(57) 2 B ( q , s ) q 3 + ( μ 2 + q 3 2 ) [ i = 1 2 A i ( q , s ) ( 1 + τ 0 s α ) μ 1 2 μ 2 2 Q 0 π τ ( 1 + e s τ ) ( s 2 τ 2 + π 2 ) ] = 0
(58) ( 1 + q 3 2 ) B ( q , s ) + [ i = 1 2 A i ( q , s ) μ i ( 1 + μ 2 ) ] = 0

On solving the system of linear Equations (56)-(58) unknown parameters are determined and the complete solution of the problem is obtained in the Laplace transform domain.

## Inversion of double transforms

The Laplace transform of a continuous function f(t) is given by:

(59) f ¯ ( s) = 0 e s t f ( t) d t

for t>0 and s=x+iy.

If the solution is given in the Laplace domain, the inversion integral is used to find the original function f(t):

(60) f ( t) = γ i γ + i e s t f ¯ ( s) d t
where the contour must be taken to the right of any singularities of f ¯ ( s ) . The direct integration of Equation (60) is normally difficult and in many cases analytically not possible.

By this method, the inverse f(t) of the Laplace transform f ¯ ( s ) is approximated by:

(61) f ( t) = ln2 t j = 1 K D ( j , K ) F ( j ln2 t )
with:
(62) D ( j , K ) = ( 1 ) j + M n = m min ( j , M ) n M ( 2 n ) ! ( M n ) ! n ! ( n 1 ) ! ( j n ) ! ( 2 n j ) !
where K is an even integer, whose value depends on the word length of the computer. M=K/2 and m are the integer part of the (j+1)/2. The optimal value of K was chosen as described in Gaver-Stehfast algorithm (Gaver, 1966; Stehfast, 1970a, b), for the fast convergence of results with the desired accuracy. This method is easy to implement and very accurate for functions of the type eαt. The Romberg numerical integration technique (Press et al., 1986) with variable step size was used to evaluate the integrals involved. All the programs were made in Matlab environment.

## Numerical results and discussion

To illustrate the above results graphically, the axisymmetric function f(r, t), i.e. the value of the temperature on the surface z=0 of the thermoelastic medium was chosen to be 0 except for the inside of the circular region ra where it has a fixed constant value of θ0, that is:

f ( r , t ) = θ 0 H ( a r ) H ( t)

On taking Hankel and Laplace transform of the above function, we get:

f ¯ * ( q , s ) = a θ 0 J 1 ( q a ) q s

Copper material was chosen for purposes of numerical computations, with the physical data given as (Ezzat and El-Karamany, 2011d):

ρ = 8 , 954 kg . m 3 , η = 8886.73 s . m 2 , k = 386 J .K 1 . m 1 . s 1 , τ 0 = 0.025 , T 0 = 293 K ,
λ = 7.776 × 10 10 N .m 2 , α t = 1.78 × 10 5 K 1 , c E = 383.1 J .Kg 1 . K 1 , μ = 3.86 × 10 10 N .m 2 ,
c 1 = 4.158 × 10 3 m .s 1 , ε = 0.0168 N .m .J 1 , β 2 = 4 , a = 7 , b = 1 , Q 0 = 1

Figures 1-3 exhibit the variations of θ, the radial displacement component u and the axial stress component σzz considered as functions of radial distance r at the boundary of the half space (z=0) for different time instants t=0.05,0.1. The value of α in these figures was taken equal to 0.98. In these figures, solid line represents the solutions for t=0.05 and dashed line represents the solutions for t=0.1.

Figures 4-6 depict the behavior of θ, u and σzz along the radial direction for the different values of fractional-order parameter α and hence shows the variations between the generalized and fractional-order thermoelasticity theories. In all these figures, the solid line represents the solutions for α=0 and dashed lines represent the solutions for α=0.5 and 0.1, respectively.

Figure 1 shows the variation of temperature with radial distance. It is observed that the temperature decreases with radial distance and finally becomes identically 0 at r=7. It is also observed that the values of temperature at t=0.05 are more as compared to its values at t=0.1.

Figure 2 depicts the variation of u with the radial distance. It is observed that u increases with the radial distance upto r=3 and then gradually decreases till r=7. In the complete region, the values of u for t=0.1 are less than its values at t=0.05.

Figure 3 shows the variation of axial stress σzz with radial distance. It is observed that the axial stresses are tensile in the region 0⩽r⩽3.9 then the axial stress component values are compressive in the region 3.9⩽r⩽7.

Figures 4-6 show the variations of θ, u and σzz along the radial direction for different values of the fractional-order parameter α. One can clearly observe that for different values of α, the velocity of the wave propagation changes and an inference can be drawn that the speed of waves is directly proportional to the values of fractional-order parameter α. Hence, an increase in the conductivity of energy in the material is directly related with the fractional-order parameter. Forα ≅ 1, the solutions behave like the generalized theory of thermoelasticity.

## Conclusion

In the present work, a mathematical model of fractional-order generalized thermoelasticity with one relaxation time has been used to solve the problem for a half space with a periodically varying heat source. An unbounded isotropic medium is considered which is subjected to a periodically varying heat source in the context of time fractional generalized thermoelastic model in which the thermo-physical properties are space and temperature dependent. Because of the presence of periodically varying heat source with time, the variations are shown in the temperature, displacement and the stresses. It is also observed that the thermal wave is the faster wave. Due to the presence of one relaxation time in the field equations the heat wave assumes finite speed of propagation. It is concluded that for different values of the fractional-order parameter α, the velocity of the wave changes. The fractional-order parameter seems to be directly proportional to the conductivity of the material. The system of equations in this paper may prove to be useful in studying the thermal characteristics of various bodies in real-life engineering problems by considering the time fractional derivative in the field equations.

## Figures

#### Figure 1

Temperature distribution θ in the middle plane for α=0.98

#### Figure 2

Radial displacement u distribution in the middle plane for α=0.98

#### Figure 3

Axial stress component σzz in the middle plane for α=0.98

#### Figure 4

Temperature distribution θ in the middle plane for t=0.05

#### Figure 5

Radial displacement u in the middle plane for t=0.05

#### Figure 6

Axial stress component σzz in the middle plane for t=0.05

## References

Biot, M.A. (1956), “Thermoelasticity and irreversible thermodynamics”, Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 27 No. 3, pp. 240-253.

Caputo, M. (1967), “Linear model of dissipation whose Q is almost frequency independent-II”, Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 13 No. 5, pp. 529-935.

Caputo, M. (1974), “Vibrations on an infinite viscoelastic layer with a dissipative memory”, Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Vol. 56, pp. 897-904.

Caputo, M. and Mainardi, F. (1971a), “A new dissipation model based on memory mechanism”, Pure and Applied Geophysics, Vol. 91 No. 1, pp. 134-147.

Caputo, M. and Mainardi, F. (1971b), “Linear model of dissipation in an elastic solids”, Rivista del Nuovo Cimento, Vol. 1 No. 2, pp. 161-198.

Dhaliwal, R.S. and Sherief, H. (1980), “Generalized thermoelasticity for anisotropic media”, Quarterly of Applied Mathematics, Vol. 33 No. 1, pp. 1-8.

El-Karamany, A.S., Ezzat, M.A. and El-Karamany, A.S. (2011), “On fractional thermoelasticity”, Mathematics and Mechanics of Solids, Vol. 16 No. 3, pp. 334-346.

El-Maghraby, N.M. (2005), “A two dimensional problem for a thick plate and heat sources in Generalized thermoelasticity”, Journal of Thermal Stresses, Vol. 28 No. 12, pp. 1227-1241.

Ezzat, M.A. (2012), “State space approach to thermoelectric fluid with fractional order heat transfer”, Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 48 No. 1, pp. 71-82.

Ezzat, M.A. and El-Bary, A.A. (2016), “Unified fractional derivative models of magneto-thermo-viscoelasticity theory”, Archives of Mechanics, Vol. 68 No. 4, pp. 285-308.

Ezzat, M.A. and El-Karamany, A.S. (2011a), “Fractional order theory of a perfect conducting thermoelastic medium”, Canadian Journal of Physics, Vol. 89, pp. 311-318.

Ezzat, M.A. and El-Karamany, A.S. (2011b), “Theory of fractional order in electro-thermo-elasticity”, European Journal of Mechanics – A/Solids, Vol. 30 No. 4, pp. 491-500.

Ezzat, M.A. and El-Karamany, A.S. (2011c), “Theory of fractional order in electro-thermoelasticity”, European Journal of Mechanics, A/Solids, Vol. 30 No. 4, pp. 491-500.

Ezzat, M.A. and El-Karamany, A.S. (2011d), “Fractional order heat conduction law in magneto-thermoelasticity involving two temperatures”, ZAMP, Vol. 62 No. 5, pp. 937-952.

Ezzat, M.A., El-Karamany, A.S. and El-Bary, A.A. (2015a), “On thermo-viscoelasticity with variable thermal conductivity and fractional-order heat transfer”, International Journal of Thermophysics, Vol. 36 No. 7, pp. 1684-1697.

Ezzat, M.A., El-Karamany, A.S. and El-Bary, A.A. (2015b), “Thermo-viscoelastic materials with fractional relaxation operators”, Applied Mathematical Modelling, Vol. 39 Nos 23-24, pp. 7499-7512.

Ezzat, M.A., El Karamany, A.S. and Ezzat, S.M. (2012), “Two-temperature theory in magneto-thermoelasticity with fractional order dual-phase-lag heat transfer”, Nuclear Engineering and Design, Vol. 252, pp. 267-277.

Ezzat, M.A., El Karamany, A.S. and Fayik, M.A. (2012), “Fractional order theory in thermoelastic solid with three-phase lag heat transfer”, Archive of Applied Mechanics, Vol. 82 No. 4, pp. 557-572.

Ezzat, M.A., El-Karamany, A.S., El-Bary, A.A. and Fayik, M.A. (2013), “Fractional calculus in one-dimensional isotropic thermo-viscoelasticity”, Comptes Rendus – Mecanique, Vol. 341 No. 7, pp. 553-566.

Gaver, D.P. (1966), “Observing stochastic processes and approximate transform inversion”, Operations Research, Vol. 14 No. 3, pp. 444-459.

Hetnarski, R.B. and Ignaczak, J. (1999), “Generalized thermoelasticity”, Journal of Thermal Stresses, Vol. 22 Nos 4-5, pp. 451-476.

Kanoria, M. and Mallik, S.H. (2010), “Generalized thermoviscoelastic interaction due to periodically varying heat source with three-phase-lag effect”, European Journal of Mechanics – A/Solids, Vol. 29 No. 4, pp. 695-703, doi: 10.1016/j.euromechsol.2010.02.005.

Lord, H. and Shulman, Y. (1967), “A generalized dynamical theory of thermoelasticity”, Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, Vol. 15 No. 5, pp. 299-307.

Povstenko, Y.Z. (2004), “Fractional heat conduction equation and associated thermal stress”, Journal of Thermal Stresses, Vol. 28 No. 1, pp. 83-102.

Povstenko, Y.Z. (2005), “Stresses exerted by a source of diffusion in case of a non-parabolic diffusion equation”, International Journal of Engineering Science, Vol. 43 Nos 11-12, pp. 977-991.

Povstenko, Y.Z. (2009), “Thermoelasticity that uses fractional heat conduction equation”, Journal of Mathematical Sciences, Vol. 162 No. 2, pp. 296-305.

Povstenko, Y.Z. (2010), “Fractional radial heat conduction in an infinite medium with a cylindrical cavity and associated thermal stresses”, Mechanics Research Communications, Vol. 37 No. 4, pp. 436-440.

Press, W.H., Flannery, B.P., Teukolsky, S.A. and Vetterling, W.A. (1986), Numerical Recipes, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Roychoudhuri, S.K. and Dutta, P.S. (2005), “Thermo-elastic interaction without energy dissipation in an infinite solid with distributed periodically varying heat sources”, International Journal of Solids and Structures, Vol. 42 No. 14, pp. 4192-4203, doi: 10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2004.12.013.

Shaw, S. and Mukhopadhyay, B. (2012), “Periodically varying heat source response in a functionally graded microelongated medium”, Applied Mathematics and Computation, Vol. 218 No. 11, pp. 6304-6313, doi: 10.1016/j.amc.2011.11.109.

Sherief, H.H., El-Sayed, A. and El-Latief, A.A. (2010), “Fractional order theory of thermoelasticity”, International Journal of Solids and Structures, Vol. 47 No. 2, pp. 269-275.

Stehfast, H. (1970a), “Algorithm 368, numerical inversion of Laplace transforms”, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 13 No. 1, pp. 47-49.

Stehfast, H. (1970b), “Remark on algorithm 368, numerical inversion of Laplace transforms”, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 13, p. 624.

Tripathi, J.J., Kedar, G.D. and Deshmukh, K.C. (2015a), “Generalized thermoelastic diffusion problem in a thick circular plate with axisymmetric heat supply”, Acta Mechanica, Vol. 226 No. 7, pp. 2121-2134, doi: 10.1007/s00707-015-1305-7.

Tripathi, J.J., Kedar, G.D. and Deshmukh, K.C. (2015b), “Two dimensional generalized thermoelastic diffusion in a half space under axisymmetric distributions”, Acta Mechanica, Vol. 226 No. 10, pp. 3263-3274, doi: 10.1007/s00707-015-1383-6.

Tripathi, J.J., Kedar, G.D. and Deshmukh, K.C. (2016a), “Generalized thermoelastic diffusion in a thick circular plate including heat source”, Alexandria Engineering Journal, Vol. 55 No. 3, pp. 2241-2249.

Tripathi, J.J., Kedar, G.D. and Deshmukh, K.C. (2016b), “A brief note on generalized thermoelastic response in a half space due to a periodically varying heat source under axisymmetric distribution”, International Journal of Thermodynamics, Vol. 19 No. 1, pp. 1-6, doi: 10.5541/ijot.5000145489.

Tripathi, J.J., Kedar, G.D. and Deshmukh, K.C. (2016c), “Dynamic problem of fractional order thermoelasticity for a thick circular plate with finite wave speeds”, Journal of Thermal Stresses, Vol. 39 No. 2, pp. 220-230, doi: 10.1080/01495739.2015.1124646.

#### Supplementary materials

MMMS_14_1.pdf (17.2 MB)

## Acknowledgements

The authors sincerely thank the referees and the editor for their constructive comments which have improved the manuscript greatly.

## Corresponding author

K.C. Deshmukh can be contacted at: kcdeshmukh2000@rediffmail.com