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Purpose – Open Educational Resources (OER) are learning materials openly licensed so that others may retain, reuse, revise, remix or redistribute (the 5Rs) these materials. This paper aims to raise awareness of OER by providing a rationale for using these learning materials and a strategy for educators to get started with OERduringthecollective crisis andbeyond. Design/methodology/approach – Using a broad research base and anecdotes from personal experience, the authors make the case that OER improves student access to learning materials and improves thelearningexperience in both PK-12 andhighereducation contexts. Findings – The authors de ﬁ ne and describe the bene ﬁ ts of OER to provide practical suggestions educators can implementduring thepandemic andbeyond. Practical implications – To support educators in ﬁ nding and using OER, this paper highlights repositories that include a breadth of various learning materials across subject areas and educational contexts. The authors provide speci ﬁ c suggestionsfor ﬁ nding, personalizing andcontextualizing OER. Originality/value – This work not only provides an overview of OER with particular considerations for educators during the COVID-19 pandemic but also makes the case that OER should be integrated into classrooms beyond thepandemic.

According to the most recent What's Hot in Literacy report published by the International Literacy Association (2020, p. 6), "increasing equity and opportunity for all learners" was ranked as one of the top five most important issues to improve student outcomes by 1,443 international survey respondents comprising teachers, higher education professionals, literacy consultants and administrators. Equity in education is an important issue during times of normal operation. During the COVID-19 pandemic, school districts worldwide have made massive shifts to remote learning. With this change, educational news sources are reporting grave disparities in student access to learning, particularly for students with disabilities, those who are homeless and English language learners, along with calls for elected officials, parent leaders and community leaders to come together to rapidly address these issues (Viega, 2020).
While increasing in popularity in higher education, Open Educational Resources (OER) present an underused concept for improving student access to learning in all educational contexts, including prekindergarten through 12th grade . This paper proposes that increasing the use of OER, which are globally available, may help to lessen these disparities and work to close the achievement gap not only in today's collective crisis but also beyond the pandemic. Many educators are unfamiliar with these openly available, free resources. According to a nationwide survey conducted with PK-12 school district leaders in the USA, only 34% of respondents had awareness of OER and Creative Commons licensing (Allen and Seaman, 2017), and only 37% of higher education faculty reported awareness of OER and Creative Commons licensing . This paper aims to raise awareness of OER by defining OER, providing a rationale for using these materials, explaining where to find OER and suggesting ways to incorporate OER into existing teaching practices.
What are Open Educational Resources and Why? Traditionally, learning materials are published under copyright and their use requires either payment or permission of the copyright-holder. OER are learning materials that are openly licensed, which means the copyright-holder has published the material on the internet under a Creative Commons (CC) license that allows others to retain, reuse, revise, remix or redistribute (the 5Rs) these materials (Wiley and Hilton, 2018). OER also includes material in the public domain, which are materials that are no longer under copyright or where the creator dedicates the materials to the public domain and relinquishes copyright (William and Flora Hewlett Foundation, 2013). All of the CC licenses require those who use the resources to credit the original work by providing attribution (Wiley and Hilton, 2018) and the licenses delineate how that work can be used. According to the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation (2013, p. 4): [. . .] the idea behind OER is simple but powerful [. . .] these digital materials have the potential to give people everywhere equal access to our collective knowledge and provide many more people around the world with access to quality education.
Working in the City University of New York (CUNY) system in New York City, the authors observe educational disparities daily. Among students in CUNY, 53% of community college students and 37% of senior college students live in poverty (City University of New York, 2018). Revealing the realities of CUNY students' lives further, in 2019, results from the #RealCollege survey indicated that 48% of students were food insecure in the prior 30 days, 55% were housing insecure in the previous year, and 14% were homeless in the previous year (Goldrick-Rab et al., 2019). Unsurprisingly, students with basic need insecurities often delay or decline purchasing their assigned textbook due to the high cost, which means they have limited to no access to essential learning materials (Hilton, 2016;Jhangiani and Jhangiani, 2017;Martin et al., 2017;Senack, 2014;Stein et al., 2017).
As library faculty at a CUNY senior college in the Bronx, the second author often sees the coping mechanisms students use because they do not have access to their textbooks. Students come to the reference desk hoping to find a copy of their textbook for class on reserve or an older edition in the stacks. The disappointment is palpable when that one copy is checked out or worse, not owned by the Library. As a teacher educator, the first author's students, who are largely working in schools in the Bronx, New York, complain that their PK-12 students aren't able to participate in research at home because they lack access to quality learning materials to do so. This complaint remains despite the fact that public schools spend more than $3bn a year on digital content (Herold, 2016) and $9bn a year on K-12 textbooks and related curriculum resources (Bliss et al., 2013). The disparities in access to resources at our institution and in the surrounding community are clearly evident.
Open Educational Resources improve access and learning experiences Some educators have begun to adopt open textbooks and other OER learning materials as a way to increase equity by improving student access, particularly with an eye to those who are struggling with basic need insecurities. As one CUNY faculty member remarked: I mean, our students can't really afford to buy their books 90% of the time, and it never feels fair to make them buy books when it's really hard for them to pay for tuition and pay for rent and pay for childcare and all the things they're trying to pay for .
In a CUNY-wide survey about the student experience of Zero Textbook Cost courses, 96.9% of the students who responded found their course materials to be the same or easier to access than traditional textbooks (Brandle et al., 2019). The #GoOpen Initiative, which supports the transition to OER in PK-12 education in the USA, lists increasing equity, keeping content relevant and high quality, empowering teachers and saving money as the primary reasons to use OER (Office of Educational Technology, 2020). Research on OER use in PK-12 education points to improved differentiation of content based on student needs as these materials can be freely adapted and remixed by teachers (Blomgren, 2018;de los Arcos et al., 2016). Teachers also report adding OER into the mandated curriculum as a way to contextualize the content for students within current world events, issues, and interests, making the curriculum "more accessible, transparent, and flexible" (Blomgren, 2018, p. 61) and promoting culturally sustaining pedagogy (Paris, 2012).
Findings from research and the authors' experiences confirm that teaching with OER increases students' access to learning materials and improves student learning experiences (de los Arcos et al., 2016). Student reflections on the OER used in a teacher education course offered by the first author during fall 2019 confirmed that they found the materials easier to access. As one student commented: I think they were easier because they're on the Internet, so that's an easier source rather than going to a library or getting a book. It's just right there, it's easier to access.
In addition, the teacher candidates indicated that they preferred learning from OER because of the flexibility afforded by the materials. Another student noted: What I think is great is that for a student or for myself, you could just read the article and be done. You can read the article and watch the video and be done. Or you can read the article, the video, read another article, watch another video. You know, there's a lot of options. There are choices. And yeah, I think just for learning, it goes beyond just what a printed academic article can give you.
Exposure to OER enhanced the teacher candidates' learning experience and made the class learning resources more accessible and individualized to their needs. Additionally, they were invited to explore, create, revise and remix OER for K-12 education, including open textbooks, lesson plans, lesson resources and more. Incorporating OER within teacher preparation coursework not only benefits the teacher candidates in the classes but also potentially benefits the future students these candidates will teach. Learning about CC licenses, where to find open teaching and learning materials within coursework, and how to effectively use these materials can increase equity by widening access and supporting learning experiences for their PK-12 students.
Yet, for all of these teacher candidates, this was their first exposure to OER. One student reflected: A survey of teacher education faculty at the authors' institution revealed that only 1% of faculty used OER to share information and deliver content to students, with only two respondents indicating they had their teacher candidates create and share OER with others. These findings are consistent with OER awareness research that shows less than 40% of educators surveyed in the USA indicated an awareness of OER and Creative Commons licenses (Allen and Seaman, 2017;Seaman and Seaman, 2017). Now is the time to raise awareness of OER in all educational contexts to provide more equitable and culturally relevant and sustaining educational experiences for all learners.

Teaching with Open Educational Resources
The rapid rise in online classrooms during the COVID-19 pandemic has led to the adoption of more online resources than ever before (Schaffhauser, 2020). Much of the commercial content that has been made temporarily available for free use during the pandemic will no longer be available to all once the pandemic is over, perpetuating inequitable access to learning materials (Schaffhauser, 2020). Many parents and teachers are turning to the website Teachers Pay Teachers (TPT) during the pandemic. TPT reports that 6,000,000 users, or 85% of US teachers, are on the platform (Hahm, 2020). While some resources on TPT are free, many are not, and the resources are not openly licensed. Resources that are free, but not open, cannot be revised, remixed or redistributed. Teachers often learn about TPT through teacher influencers on Instagram (Reinstein, 2018). While OER does not have the same level of awareness and cachet, it provides more flexibility for teachers than commercial or copyrighted resources.
OER provides content that can be downloaded and saved, or retained for later use, as well as adapted or remixed to better meet the needs of the global user. The OER designation means that the content within the resource can also be customized and personalized to a classroom, allowing for greater cultural inclusivity than commercial materials. In raising awareness of OER, this paper intends to extend beyond a rationale and definition to envision where to find and how to teach with these resources. For the purposes of this section, the term "educators" refers to both PK-12 teachers and higher education faculty.

Where educators find Open Educational Resources
When people hear the term OER, textbooks often come to mind. Beginning in 2012, OpenStax created peer-reviewed, openly licensed textbooks for introductory college courses and advanced high school courses, which are freely available in digital formats and are low cost in print. More open textbooks are available through the Open Textbook Library, a referatory of textbooks across disciplines that are available with an open license, which allows for revising and remixing content. The Open Textbook Library also includes reviews by faculty about the textbook, which helps by providing considerations for teaching with that textbook. Open textbooks specifically about education are available at the EdTech Books website. This platform provides books that are freely available to a global audience, many under an open license, though some are only free and cannot be revised or remixed. As these books are published on the EdTech Books platform, they are fully searchable making it easy to find chapters or sections of books relating to educational topics. Public domain books, such as Dewey's Democracy and Education, are also reprinted on the platform, which many faculty find easier to use and assign to students than the Project Gutenberg version of the same text.
OER is more than textbooks, and the broad term "resource" reflects that they range from entire open textbooks to lesson plans to assignments. Repositories, such OER Commons, include OER that vary by material type and format for every subject at every educational level. For example, learning materials for PK-12 teachers include a variety of videos, handouts, unit plans, lesson plans, assessments, rubrics and online lesson modules. Resources for higher education include textbooks, course outlines, online teaching modules and even full online courses. Curriki is a repository aimed at PK-12 and career/technical education resources, providing open access to collections of printable worksheets, lessons and more across major subject areas. Finally, most educators are familiar with Khan Academy as an important learning resource. However, few know that many of the resources included in Khan Academy are openly licensed as Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike (CC-BY-NC-SA). Learning materials under this license may be downloaded, remixed and adapted as long as the user attributes the original source, ensures the materials are not used for commercial purposes and shares any adaptations or remixes under the same CC license. For links to these OER repositories and more, see Table 1.
Librarians and instructional designers have particular expertise in finding and helping educators teach with OER and can assist educators in this process (Katz and Van Allen, 2020;Morgan, 2020;Smith and Lee, 2017). In higher education, OER Librarian positions have been developed to help faculty find and teach with existing OER, as well as create and publish their own OER (Larson, 2019). Resources such as the #GoOpen Launch Packet (https://tech.ed.gov/open/districts/launch/) provide guidance for PK-12 state, district and school-based administrators looking to start the process of transitioning to open learning materials.
The allure of free resources that are more easily accessed by their students may initially draw educators to OER; however, Blomgren (2018, p. 65) notes, "greater awareness for the implications of OER requires a complex understanding and response that is broader and deeper than the concept of free resources". After a bit of experience selecting and using OER, many educators quickly realize that these materials can be repurposed to personalize learning and, subsequently, use their teacher creativity to make the content more relevant, meaningful and innovative for their local context or specific student needs (Blomgren, 2018;de los Arcos et al., 2016;Hayman et al., 2018).

Suggestions for use
DeBarger (2020), Hewlett Foundation Program Officer, tweeted: Right now, parents everywhere are getting a crash course and reminder in why the work of educators is essentialand challenging. We're all looking for help and resources, and realizing that while there's a lot of wonderful stuff online, it takes teachers to bring it alive.
Teachers are critical in the educational process. Simply connecting learners with resources is never sufficient for learning, and this holds especially true during a pandemic. Because of their training, educators are best positioned to determine how to have students interact with learning materials. While educators may find OER aligned with their learning goals, CC licensing provides them the flexibility to modify content even further (depending on the license type). Hayman et al. (2018) found that PK-12 teachers and administrators sought OER training that provided the opportunity to localize and contextualize content and assessment activities. As such, the true power of OER lies in the permissions of the work to be collaboratively adapted and remixed by a global community, resulting in new OER that are more culturally relevant and inclusive for different communities of learners.
Personalizing content. According to Blomgren (2018, p. 59), "educators want textbooks but also desire a variety of resources to support individualizing and personalizing the content covered in the textbooks". One K-12 study indicated that teachers rarely used OER as is but often adapted the materials to accommodate student needs, taking ideas from various sources as inspiration to create tailored student materials (de los Arcos et al., 2016). OER provides the perfect opportunity for personalization given the permissions afforded by a CC license. For instance, educators often fear their students may not have sufficient background knowledge to fully understand content. When using an OER textbook or instructional resource, the specific background knowledge an educator anticipates their students lack may be added to the content through videos, images, hyperlinks, etc. By finding, adapting and remixing OER, educators can create materials that are not only personalized to their students' learning needs but also foster greater equity for accessing content for those with limited background knowledge.
The same principle is true of students' misconceptions and assumptions. Experienced educators are acutely aware of common misconceptions, faulty assumptions, persistent mistakes or places where their students tend to go wrong when working with subject matter. OER allows educators to adapt learning material by embedding reminders and quick checks for understanding for their students to interact with using instructional videos, call out text boxes, multiple choice quizzes, etc. One educator the first author recently worked with designed an OER textbook chapter for her first-grade students to use at home when completing their homework. As the educator often received feedback from parents that they struggled to support their children with their math homework, the teacher was able to embed instructional "how-to" videos for the parents within the textbook making it more accessible to all. As echoed in the teacher candidate's quote earlier in this article, the flexibility of OER affords students the opportunity to individualize their learning experience making it more accessible. In addition, OER affords teachers the creativity and opportunity to personalize content for their students.
Contextualizing content. In the same fashion that adaptations and remixes can be integrated to personalize OER, educators may consider ways to contextualize content to make it more current, relatable and relevant to their students. In a psychology class, Nusbaum (2019) made modifications to an OER psychology textbook with her class by providing examples of the content from their institution. One valuable modification adapted the textbook sections on where psychological treatment may occur to provide information and statistics on their local campus mental health facilities (Nusbaum, 2019). Similarly, educators may adapt OER content to contextualize local or global issues, problems or challenges that interest students. When major events occur in the world or local community, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, it often takes years for published curricula to reflect the event. Savvy educators may adapt OER to make curricular connections to these events, engaging students with the content in an engaging and relevant way that is not possible with traditional curriculum materials.
An explicit goal of our current educational system should be to promote and celebrate the language, literacies and cultural traditions of society and critique the many ways we have students engage with culture, referred to as culturally relevant and sustaining pedagogy (Paris, 2012). Students should not only have opportunities to explore the cultural practices of others but also see themselves represented in the learning materials. Opportunities to adapt and remix OER content for students supports this goal in myriad ways. Teachers may adapt and remix OER to include case studies and anecdotes that more closely represent the places, spaces and communities in which their students feel like they are "cultural insiders". Replacing traditional stories or historical events with more culturally relevant examples or replacing geographical landmarks or organizations with local examples contextualizes the content in powerful ways that help students see the relevance and build on their prior knowledge. Examples of OER adaptations made to address local systems and cultures can be seen in the Teacher Education in Sub Saharan Africa (TESSA) project (Wolfenden et al., 2012). In this project, OER teacher education materials developed in the USA and Western Europe were adapted to African contexts, demonstrating global accessibility, adaptability and use of OER to achieve equity.

Conclusion
Teaching has always been, and always will be, a profession in which educators share resources to benefit their students. Professional learning communities (PLC's) established in PK-12 schools and districts encourage educators to collectively develop lessons, units and assessments tailored to the content and needs of their students. As educators begin exploring and using OER, they often find that they enter into a welcoming, collaborative global community that extends beyond their local teaching circles, mimicking PLC's. Those teaching with OER build personal learning networks (PLN's) through social media and other connected technologies bringing educators, librarians, researchers, instructional designers, parents, etc. together in communities of practices as they select, share, design, adapt and remix OER (Fulantelli et al., 2012;Smith and Lee, 2017). This greater connection among educators not only is especially needed during social distancing requirements and remote learning but also provides support beyond the pandemic.
In this paper, the authors call for educators to adopt OER to increase student access to learning materials and adapt or remix the materials to maximize student engagement and learning experiences during this collective crisis. However, OER use should not end there. Disparities in student access to resources can be lessened through OER. The power, and paradox, of OER is that these learning materials are available for everyone globally but adaptable for anyone locally. Now is the opportune time to introduce educators to OER and advocate for its use over commercially published materials that are being made freely available during the crisis. The potential of OER to improve equity in learning beyond the pandemic is compelling. As the Creative Commons blog notes, "Open education is not a short-term fix to a passing problem-it is a long-term solution to ensuring equitable, inclusive access to effective educational resources and learning opportunities" (Vézina and Cable, 2020, para. 5).