A practical guide for practitioners seeking to create value with big data


Purpose
Practitioners, despite competing in a difficult environment, struggle to understand or implement researchers’ findings that may support the development of sustainable competitive advantage. Following design science research using a gamification framework, the purpose of this study is to develop Game of Streams, a boundary object fostering practitioners’ capabilities to generate IT-dependent strategic initiatives. The Game of Streams method is available following a creative commons license and has two benefits for practitioners. First, it allows practitioners to ideate IT-dependent strategic initiatives with big data fitting their context. Second, it supports the understanding of a taxonomy originating in academic research about big data, precisely Digital Data Streams.


Design/methodology/approach
Through design science research methodology, the author investigates the research/practice gap. This study created with and for firms Game of Streams, a boundary object using gamification. The author tested this boundary object with different organizations from small- and medium-sized enterprises to multinationals and proved its effectiveness in generating IT-dependent strategic initiatives.


Findings
Game of Streams is enhancing practitioners’ use of research conclusions from academic literature. This study demonstrates that academic literature can impact practice better than before using boundary objects and gamification.


Originality/value
The gamification of research to bridge the research/practice gap is an emerging subject in the literature. This study offers an approach that allows practitioners to actively participate while manipulating research concepts in their context to generate IT-dependent strategic initiatives.


In this article, our goal is twofold: 1. to detail our original approach, Game of Streams, for any practitioner to use; it has been tested five times and demonstrated its potential in generating valuable ideas; and 2. to demonstrate that academia can bridge the gap between research and practice thanks to the creation of boundary objects based on gamified mechanisms following Werbach and Hunter's (2012) approach.
We present in the next section how we developed Game of Streams.

Using gamification to support knowledge transfer about big data and Digital Data Streams
After an introduction on the core concept, namely, DDS and value creation archetypeswe detail how Game of Streams supports IT-dependent strategic initiatives with the use of big data. Practitioners or learners from undergraduates to MBAs in an information system class specifically about big data and Digital Data Streams as well as value creation with data Devise activity cycles 1. Each learner identifies three potential DDS when explained by the instructor ( Figure A4) 2. Each learner identifies three categories of customers when introducing value creation by instructor ( Figure A4) 3. Then the instructor gives them the DDS cube while discussing DDS archetypes 4. Then learners throw the cubes to generate a combinatory space of elements and they have to come with business ideas ( Figure A5) 5. They discuss and choose the better opportunity for them in a collaborative manner Do not forget the fun They manually build the cube as when they were young b ( Figure A2) They may enjoy throwing it and selecting faces ( Figure A3) They discuss and challenge each other to select the better idea for them ( Figure A7)

Deploy the appropriate tools
Non-computer-based gamification. They will use cardboard cube, pen and stickers or glue and scissors for the printable version. They also need an idea sheet (see Figure A5 for an example) and a pen to write their results. A place where small groups (three to five) can work and discuss as team is compulsory Notes: a The author is willing to provide complete rules of the game and more content upon request; b Following this link, you can download and see an accelerated video on the building process of a cube during the case MasterStudentsFR, available at: https://goo.gl/wia5r6

Digital Data Streams and value archetypes
Digital data, such as online customers' feedback or transaction records, have become central in a firm's value creation either enabling new value proposition or empowering existing products and services. Pigni et al. (2016) have advanced a taxonomy of the value propositions firms leveraged to extract value from the increasing flow of digital data generated by an increasingly pervasive use of digital devices. This taxonomy aims to guide practitioners' actions in extracting value from big data. These DDSs refer to a specific aspect of big data relating to the continuous flows of digitally encoded data, available in real-time and describing a related class of events. In their study, the authors identify five different categories of value archetypes representing the generalized blueprints for digitally enabled strategic initiatives (Piccoli and Ives, 2005). Value archetypes represent generalized categories of ways firms used to uniquely combine products, services and DDS to create customer value. Five archetypes were identified by Pigni et al. (2016): 1. DDS generation: firms create value by originating the data stream, either recognizing or stumbling upon valuable digitally represented events, for instance providing the GPS location of a car.
2. DDS aggregation: firms collect, accumulate and repurpose DDSs to create value through information services and platforms, for instance, the aggregation of all GPS locations of the vehicles from a specific area.
3. Service: firms merge and process DDSs to provide new services or to improve existing ones, for instance, the provision of the fastest route considering real-time traffic emerging from smartphone and GPS data.
4. Efficiency: firms merge and process DDSs to optimize internal operations, for instance, the city adapts traffic lights when a vehicle approaches.

5.
Analytics: firms merge and process DDSs to enhance decision-making by producing superior insight, typically through dashboards, data mining and data visualization, for instance, the preventive maintenance of a car thanks to feedback and analysis from different sensors.
Value archetypes can be used as generalized categories helping practitioners in situating an opportunity for data exploitation within the context of value propositions. In this sense, understanding the five "value archetypes" can help practitioners better frame their strategic objectives and challenge their current business model to seize opportunities afforded by the emerging DDSs.
As practitioners desire "rich prescriptions to be applied in their specific situations that capture the uniqueness and complexity of their own organizational settings" (Benbasat and Zmud, 1999), we wanted to make them work with the concepts detailed above in their context. This will foster the appropriation of the categories identified in the academic literature. We use a boundary object, known for being useful in bridging gaps between social groups, developed with a gamification framework.
2.2 A boundary object to bridge the research/practice gap "Boundary objects are objects both plastic enough to adapt to specific group and needs and the constraints of the several parties employing them, yet robust enough to maintain a common identity across groups" (Star and Griesemer, 1989). The Game of Streams, and more generally the gamification of learning, constitutes the creation of a boundary object between researchers and learners/practitioners. "Researchers have suggested that effective boundary objects are those which are tangible, concrete, accessible, and up-todate" (Levina and Vaast, 2005). The Game of Streams is aligned with these criteria: Based on the crafting of cubes, it is tangible and concrete.
Based on recently published articles, it is up to date.
Based on game elements, it is accessible to people who ever played.
The use of the boundary object perspective in research focusing on teaching information system to impact practitioners is a promising perspective as the "creation and management of boundary objects are a key process in developing and maintaining coherence across intersecting social worlds" (Star and Griesemer, 1989).

Using gamification to develop a boundary object
Gamification is defined as "the use of design elements characteristic for games in nongame contexts" (Deterding et al., 2011). Gamification is a known approach in multiple domains, especially in education science, that is still emergent in the information system field (Cheong et al., 2014). The willingness to bridge the gap between research and practice or teaching experiences has increased the interest from management research community (Bansal et al., 2012;Burke and Rau, 2010). Gamification is a useful approach in fostering people engagement and learners' contribution to the class (Liu et al., 2017). In this sense, this research is about crafting a gamified artifact and assessing its relevance in bridging the research/practice gap.
To assess this artifact based on gamification, we conduct three case studies.

Testing Game of Streams in real life
While discussing with colleagues about their DDS research, we were convinced that a playful approach would foster practitioners' and learners' knowledge transfer. We also wanted to foster the impact of research allowing practitioners to contextualize it while using collaboration to support engagement and discussion for better learning (Prince, 2004). Thus, we transformed recently published research (Pigni et al., 2016) into a playful experience.
Starting in late 2015, we first discussed and iterated about this Game of Streams and developed the first prototype in six months. The artifact was then tested in 2016 and again in 2017 (see Table 2 cases descriptions for details) and 2019, and finally, the released its version in November 2021 (it does not appear in our case, as it is a trial on the version proposed here and no updates were made from that final experiment). The different iterations of the game were informed by participants' feedback to improve it. We released the final Game of Streams ( Figure A8), presented here, in January 2021. It is available for free under a creative commons license.

Cases to support Game of Streams and gamification
The Game of Streams was designed in 2015 and tested six times. During each of the trials, the agenda was the same. First, the instructor explained the research with a slides-based presentation and questions to the audience.
When the instructor presented the value archetypes (cf. 2.1), one handed out the DDS Cube with the archetypes ( Figure A6). The instructors also asked the learners to consider their own customers, internal or external, as possible targets of their innovation ( Figure A4). Then, when DDSs were introduced, the instructor asked learners to identify potential DDS ( Figure A4) they believed they could exploit.
Learners were then divided into small teams (from three to five persons) and started crafting three cubes: one grouping the DDS, one with their customers and one with the value archetypes printed on. Then, each group rolled the cubes as follows: The approach was considered useful for understanding value archetypes and how to create value with data The fact that different department of the firms were able to work together was also perceived as an important outcome The idea generated was not considered as truly innovative j JOURNAL OF BUSINESS STRATEGY j Each team throws three times the DDS cube, two times the value archetypes cube, two times the customers' cube ( Figure A3) and writes results on their idea sheet ( Figure A5).
Each learner must create two ideas with at least one DDS, for one customer proposing one value.
Each person introduces the first idea to the team and the team selects one first team idea. Each person introduces the second idea and the team selects one second idea.
Then each team selects its preferred idea and enriches it to present to the whole group ( Figure A7).
Each team introduces one idea in 1 min to the overall group.
All group select the best idea from all the teams.
Then instructors bring closure to the class providing and asking for feedback and answering questions.
By doing so, the approach allows idea generation and improvement by the means of the research and a contextualized approach with the use of their business context. In generating several ideas to converge into a smaller amount, they build on previously generated ideas, known for generating novel and potentially successful ideas (Gillier and Bayus, 2020).

Gamification bridges the gap
We observed that this approach worked to foster the engagement of learners. We foresaw that the use of this approach will impact practitioners beyond a classroom experiment. For example, in Case 2, six months after the case, students came back to explain that two of the ideas were evaluated and one of them was passing a feasibility study. We also saw that students were manipulating the cube while speaking with each other. Using this artifact supports communications and discussions about research concepts and allows learners to come up with real-life contextualization of the research. All the contents of Game of Streams can be downloaded and used for free in respect to a creative commons license following this link (See Figure A8): https://recherche.grenoble-em.com/sites/default/files/public/kcfinder/game_of_streams_11_ 2020_chairedos_diffusion_final_english.pdf

Limits and future development
We developed and tested four times in 2022 an online version of the approach because of the pandemic. This was done with French members of an international manufacturer of goods (from washing machines to smartphones) for anyone to use it without having to print a document. We need to compare between cases what may be the differences. We also need a more longitudinal approach to see if the methods impact practitioners not only when practice occurs but also from a long-term perspective.  Figure A5 The guide to idea generation and selection during prototyping Figure A6 The net of the value archetypes cube during prototyping