Startup engagement: a strategy framework for established companies

Purpose – Established companies often engage with startups as a way to improve their innovation performance.Whiletherehasbeenextensivediscussiononthereasons,modes,andexpectedoutcomesofthese initiatives,thereisstillaneedtounderstandmoreabouthowcorporateengagementswithstartups(CEwS)evolveandhowtheycanenhanceacompany ’ s innovation capability. This study proposes a framework of engagement strategies, discussing their purposes and implications to understand the subject better. Design/methodology/approach – This study involvedmanagersfrom twelvelarge, establishedcompanies across various sectors. The authors used a multicase approach to analyze their experiences and offer a framework for corporate-startup engagement. Findings – The framework for corporate-startup engagement consists of four main strategies: (1) innovative improvement, (2) R&D expansion, (3) more value to corporate venture capital and (4) ecosystem articulation. The authors found that ecosystem articulation, which combines the potentials of the other three strategies, is the most sophisticated approach. Originality/value – This study offers a systematic view of the CEwS phenomenon, identifying the various modesofengagement,thereasonsforadoptingeachoneandpotentialwaystoadvanceandimprovethem.For managers, the study reveals the CEwS as a lever to build innovation capabilities over time.


Introduction
Corporate engagements with startups (CEwS) is the practice of established companies connecting and working with startups to improve innovation performance.Corporations Startup engagement engage with startups to develop new products, explore market opportunities or share technology and talent to solve business challenges (Kohler, 2016).For a startup, a large corporation can be an essential partner to assess its product-market fit, scale operations, support distribution, enhance options for fundraising or even attract more credibility to the nascent business, leaning on a well-established brand (Corvello, Steiber, & Al€ ange, 2021;Kohler, 2016;Simon, Harms, & Schiele, 2019).
Previous studies on startup engagement have mainly focused on certain aspects, such as describing the processes and modes of engagement (Kohler, 2016;Kruft & Kock, 2019;Weiblen & Chesbrough, 2015), how to choose partners (Allmendinger & Berger, 2020;Freytag, 2019;Prashantham & Birkinshaw, 2008) or the ways to succeed in a particular mode of engagement (Gonthier & Chirita, 2019;K€ otting, 2019;Shankar & Shepherd, 2018).Additionally, most of these studies have focused on technology-based companies (such as digital companies) rather than a more generalizable industry base.Even though the relationship between startups and the corporations is crucially important, there is a gap in how corporate entities strategize to achieve growth and renewal through their relationships with startups over time.Examining only one form of engagement or a single industry does not provide a complete understanding of the effort that established organizations put into engaging with startups.Companies may adopt multiple forms of engagement, and these initiatives evolve dynamically from one experience to another, along with other internal innovation efforts.
In a recent study, Prashantham (2021) dealt with the debate of startup partnering strategies.However, the research focuses on global strategies followed by multinational corporations to engage with startups, taking coordination efforts and search costs as central variables of interest to design distinct strategies for each global region.Our study offers a conceptual framework of the possible strategies underpinning CEwS, exploring their different purposes and implications for the companies.To do so, we developed a multicase approach based on the experience of managers from twelve large established companies of several sectors.

Open innovation: from single inbound projects to ecosystems approach
Open innovation (OI)'s main idea is that partnerships with other companies, research institutes, customers and suppliers can boost a company's innovation process (Brunswicker & Chesbrough, 2018;Chesbrough, 2019;Melo, Salerno, Freitas, Bagno, & Brasil, 2021).Firms look for OI to improve their innovation capability (Enkel & Sagmeister, 2020;Mortara & Minshall, 2011), which requires management skills to cope with different networks to fit different purposes (Huizingh, 2011).In this journey, companies should increase the number of partners and the deepness of each relationship (Brunswicker & Chesbrough, 2018;Hsieh & Tidd, 2012;Huizingh, 2011).Since Chesbrough's seminal work on the subject (Chesbrough, 2003), the practice of OI has been evolving.Initially, it involved mainly inbound product development projects of large manufacturing companies.However, it has expanded to include a broader set of partners and network configurations.Various researchers have highlighted the subject, including Alam, Rooney, and Taylor (2022), Chesbrough (2017Chesbrough ( , 2019)), Huizingh (2011), Mortara and Minshall (2011) and Nambisan and Sawhney (2011).Chesbrough (2017, p. 35) states that "the future of open innovation is more extensive, more collaborative, and more engaged with a wider variety of participants."Therefore, companies need to "engage deeply and extensively with external knowledge networks and communities" (Chesbrough, 2019, p. 40).
Recently, the field of OI has expanded to include the concept of ecosystems.Pustovrh et al. (2020) associate the OI paradigm with the development of entrepreneurial ecosystems, focusing on the role of accelerators, which have become integral actors in these environments (Veit, Kramer, Kanbach, & Stubner, 2021).Fasnacht (2018) considers OI to be an iterative model that can create an ecosystem, while Costa and Matias (2020) affirm that OI can boost innovation ecosystems.
The term "ecosystem" has been used in a number of fields, such as in innovation and management studies coupled with many complements, such as business, entrepreneurial, ecosystem of partners and others.However, in this study, we define an innovation ecosystem as a collaborative environment where interconnected but interdependent actors, such as the focal firm, customers, suppliers, startups and other organizations work together to create value.Startups, established companies, investors and academic institutions play a vital role (Adner, 2017;Amann, Granstr€ om, Frishammar, & Elfsberg, 2022).Therefore, collaborative arrangements emerge among participants to aid value creation for each stakeholder (Adner, 2006;Gomes, Facin, Salerno, & Ikenami, 2018;Granstrand & Holgersson, 2019).
Indeed, as technology evolves, complementary technologies have required that organizations engage in many relationships, such as customers, suppliers and other partners (e.g.Chesbrough et al., 2014;Rohrbeck, H€ olzle, & Gem€ unden, 2009;Wikhamn & Styhre, 2019).The consequence for the focal firm is that managing OI activities has grown increasingly complex.Thus, in the era of OI, established companies face numerous challenges to perform effectively.Amann et al. (2022) have identified two challenges: the Not-Invented-Here and Not-Sold-Here problems.These problems are associated with negative attitudes towards absorbing external knowledge or sharing internal knowledge externally.As a result, OI initiatives become "innovation theatres" rather than effective engines of renewal.On the other hand, Rigtering and Behrens (2021) have highlighted various factors that can hinder renewal through innovating with partners.These factors include structural barriers (rigid processes, organizational complexity, hierarchy); cultural barriers (risk aversion, lack of entrepreneurial culture); and small, nonmature or centralized innovation department.
Considering the above context, redefining the governance models, program operations and mechanisms to select and attract new actors when it comes to OI strategies within firms becomes imperative.In such a scenario, a focal company plays a crucial role in building new cooperative relationships among the ecosystem's participants and expanding its role.In turn, it facilitates the dynamics of interactions (Jiang, Hu, & Wang, 2019).

Corporate engagements with startups (CEwS)
CEwS is a form of OI where established large companies collaborate with startups to enhance their innovation performance.These corporations engage with startups to create new products, explore market opportunities or exchange technology and talent to tackle business challenges.Companies may use CEwS strategies to become more entrepreneurial or to reinvigorate their organizational culture and working practices (Rigtering & Behrens, 2021).Collaborating with a corporation can be highly beneficial for startups.This partnership can help the startup to test its product-market fit, scale up operations, support distribution, enhance options for fundraising and even attract more credibility to the nascent business by relying on the reputation of a well-established brand.According to Corvello et al. (2021), Kohler (2016) and Simon et al. (2019), such collaborations can be highly advantageous for startups.Furthermore, Al€ ange et al. (2022) state that governments acknowledge the importance of collaborations between large companies and startups for it helps startups grow and established companies revitalize themselves.It also promotes job creation and the development of innovative ecosystems.
The importance of partnerships between startups and large companies has increased significantly in the OI field.This increase is due primarily to the recent advancements in digital technologies, which have impacted almost all business fields (Enkel & Sagmeister, 2020;Prashantham & Kumar, 2019;Steiber & Al€ ange, 2020).These partnerships offer a growing opportunity to gain a competitive edge in science-intense fields such as biotech and materials science, which are collectively known as deep techs.Thus, CEwS has become increasingly important in many industries where startups can be a valuable source of technology (Bagno, Salerno, Souza Junior, & O'Connor, 2020;Portincaso et al., 2019;Schuh, Studerus, & Rohmann, 2022).
There are many ways for a company to engage with startups, and no single method can cover all possibilities.This wide range of options makes researching this field challenging (Kruft & Kock, 2019).Collaboration models are often seen as discrete solutions, as Corvello et al. (2021) noted, but no "best" model for engaging with startups exists.Instead, companies need to choose a model that aligns with their characteristics and goals (Onetti, 2021;Weiblen & Chesbrough, 2015).Nonetheless, some of the most popular forms of engagement include corporate venture capital (CVC) investments, corporate incubators, corporate acceleration programs, innovation bootcamps, entrepreneurs' sponsorships, direct cooperation with startups, corporate hackathons, startup-as-supplier initiatives, among many others (Kohler, 2016;Kurpjuweit et al., 2021).
Scholars have proposed several different typologies from this growing list to frame how large corporations and startups engage with each other (e.g.Kruft & Kock, 2019;Onetti, 2021;Shankar & Shepherd, 2018).These frameworks generally rely on dimensions such as the objectives for engagement, paths to meet the desired results, the involvement of equity, localization of the initiative's head office (internal to the company's site or offsite) or the level of commitment between partners.Weiblen and Chesbrough's (2015) typology is the most well-cited of these.It unfolds along with two primary dimensions: equity involvement (present or absent) and the innovation flow (outside-in or inside-out).Thus, four different engagement modes emerge: (1) corporate venturing, which mainly involves CVC, (2) corporate incubation or inside-out programs, which provide internal innovation teams with a startup-like environment to develop their businesses, (3) outside-in, where companies open a problem to the assessment of and propositions from external startups, and (4) platform, or inside-outs, where startups create new products and services over a company's product/ technology platform.In his research, Prashantham (2021) argues that there is a Silicon Valleycentered perspective on startup partnerships, which is limiting.Exploring variables such as institutional strength, sectors or entrepreneurial dynamics in different contexts could add new insights to the understanding of companies' CEwS strategies.

Research method
For this research, multiple case studies were chosen as the methodological strategy.This required a purposive sampling approach instead of random sampling method, which is typical for deductive studies.Similar to other studies in the CEwS field, such as Corvello et al. (2021) and Rigtering and Behrens (2021), the multiple case approach was adopted for several reasons (1) to increase the external validity of the findings, (2) to mitigate observer bias, (3) to obtain enough variation which leads to greater generalizability of results and (4) to increase the likelihood of identifying different engagement strategies by observing the phenomenon in distinct industries.
As a part of our research, we selected cases that could help us create a better theorybuilding by studying similarities and differences (Eisenhardt, 1989(Eisenhardt, , 2021)).To be considered, the organization had to be a large and established company that had implemented at least one identifiable CEwS initiative.Our study used inductive logic, which means that a single case cannot provide a complete understanding of the phenomenon.Instead, we identified patterns within and across cases to develop a more comprehensive understanding.Therefore, theorybuilding comes from (1) categorizing data collected in each case to enable comparisons and (2) identifying convergences, divergences or complementarities among cases (Eisenhardt, 2021;Eisenhardt & Graebner, 2007).To guide our data collection, we reviewed existing theories not to generate potential testable explanations of the phenomenon but to provide appropriate starting points for our research.
As we mentioned earlier, the industrial sector is a significant element of analysis.We contacted managers from companies trying to reach enough diversity in industrial sectors to gain better insights into the contingencies that potentially emerge from the technology/ knowledge basis and industry dynamics.To capture a range of experiences, we included companies from different sectors, including base industry, manufacturing-intensive, scienceintensive, information processing and business services.For this purpose, we used the lenses of Pavitt's (1984) sectoral taxonomy and classic concepts of production systems.
However, we also selected three cases from the same industry (steel) to gain insights into differences in the CEwS approach in contexts that were supposed to be more similar.At last, twelve companies participated in the research.We assigned fictitious names to the cases that refer to their sectors of activity.Table 1 summarizes the main characteristics of the companies and their CEwS initiatives.A more detailed table about the cases is available in Supplementary Material.
Regarding the interviews, we mainly contacted CEwS program manager or former manager if their experience was still recent (two years or newer).However, we also spoke with managers from third parties, such as innovation intermediaries like consulting companies, who led CEwS implementations on the company's behalf.Before each interview, we examined the company's data from public sources to understand its general trajectory and innovation initiatives.We also reviewed the CEwS manager's professional profile on social networks like LinkedIn.As a result, we synthesized the preliminary information into a document that summed up 7k words.
We conducted the interviews on a semi-structured protocol according to the following groups of questions: (1) The history of the initiative, including when it began, the motivations behind it, and how it was initially structured; (2) any changes in the objectives and purposes for engaging with startups; (3) the process/methods by which the startups were identified and selected, and for how long the subsequent collaborations were instituted and managed; (4) internal organization for engaging with startups: people, structure, support and resources; (5) the main challenges and results so far; and finally, (6) perspectives for the future.The interviews lasted between one and two hours.All of them were recorded and totalized 15.5h.
Following the interviews, we analyzed each case's data considering the protocol building blocks.We created a table with columns representing each data category to ensure we covered all topics with each case.This step allowed us to identify gaps in the topics covered and look for answers.Then, we compared topic areas across all the cases.
Through cross-case comparisons, we were able to gain valuable insights.For instance, we observed that different companies had varied objectives in their engagement programs, which impacted the nature of the collaborations.This scenario allowed us to analyze data and refine our understanding of each case.To ensure the accuracy of our interpretations, we sent each interviewee the individual case narrative of their managed CEwS initiative, along with the previous versions of Figure 1 that contained anonymized cases (except their own).We also briefly explained the framework and encouraged the interviewees to share the material with others on the CEwS program team to gain new perspectives.In addition to the secondary data we have collected, this material sharing helped us to improve triangulation.We then

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asked each interviewee to review all the information about their case and how we placed it in the figure, sending us back any observations for us to consider.We sought saturation criteria, but it took work to ensure.Thus, during the validation cycle and even some months after we concluded the formal research project, we shared our results with dozens of scholars and practitioners at academic and business events and through intentional interviews when appropriate.In these opportunities, people involved in CEwS localized their experiences in our framework and shared ideas, reinforcing the consistency and explanation power of the proposed model.After reviewing all the feedback gotten, we finalized our framework.

A strategy framework for CEwS
The framework used for comparative analysis of the twelve studied cases is illustrated in Figure 1.The figure highlights three primary startup engagement strategies, which are Ainnovative improvement, B -R&D expansion and Cmore value to CVC.Each strategy has distinctions regarding companies' connection points, basic assumptions and primary purpose.At the bottom of the figure, strategy Decosystem articulationcomes as a combination of the above strategies that has matured over time.Here, the term "strategy" primarily refers to the use of one or a combination of startup engagement modes over time to achieve a specific purpose.Often, this purpose is not identifiable when focusing solely on the engagement modes in isolation or connection practices.
It is important to note that the study found various engagement modes among the cases, and these initiatives evolved dynamically over time.Thus, each case represents the strategy that best aligns with the reported initiative at the time of data collection compared to the other cases, which underscores the inductive nature of the study.The following sections will delve into each strategy and explain how the cases support it.
5.1 The CEwS strategies 5.1.1Ainnovative improvement.The innovative improvement strategy addresses a company's need to adopt a rapidly diffusing general-purpose technology to remain competitive in the current business.Many of these are disruptive technologies that might be locally implemented not to foster broad transformations in the business but to offer distinctive leaps of improvement.The startup community is frequently at the forefront of developing specific technology applications and can help a large company in this journey.
Among our sample companies, the main driver of these CEwS initiatives is the alignment with some elements of the so-called Industry 4.0.This group comprises the cases of steel The most common way of engaging with startups here is through the startup-as-supplier mode (Kurpjuweit et al., 2021).It means that companies can use their existing procurement structure to work with startups.Companies seek support when they identify specific pain points and inefficiencies within the organization.By mapping out these challenges, companies can better understand where they most need to be helped and how startups can provide solutions.
Finding the proper startup requires broad communication with the startup community or performing a screening-and-matching process that actively scans the community in search of the startups best suited to solve each problem.Due to these reasons, this strategy privileges "mature" startups-or scale-ups.According to Log's manager, "there are too high expectations about the startups, but when we look carefully, it is hard to find those that could offer both fast response and reliable solutions to test in our real operations." When a startup engages with a company through an innovative improvement strategy, it works closely with process and manufacturing teams, as well as other background functions of the company.This collaborative effort is crucial to progress with the proposed solutions and move towards the phase of pilot tests and proofs-of-concept.
5.1.2B -R&D expansion.This strategy aims to improve the R&D performance of companies regarding the number of innovations, the scope of innovation projects and the expansion of the product or service portfolio.It enables firms to explore new markets and business models using their existing resources.In this sample, Pharma, Buildmats (R&D-Intensive companies), Infonews and Teleco (information-processing companies) form this group.
Finding and selecting the right startups primarily lies with R&D teams, people who work on new service development and business renewal.These teams are also the main points of contacts for advancing startup engagements.Several modes of engagement are applied, with corporate acceleration being one of the most popular options, which can be with or without equity (Kohler, 2016).Initially, Pharma tends to refrain from collaborating with startups on innovation projects due to the confidential nature of R&D information in this sector.However, an initial engagement with a startup could lead to a further investment or acquisition.On the other hand, Buildmats takes a different approach by selecting some R&D opportunities as open projects.Startups can then contribute modularly in an environment of resource sharing, such as tech labs.This approach may eventually involve Buildmats' clients or key suppliers.However, "things tend to be too structured and formal in this process.We need to have a more organic and horizontal approach to encourage more interactions involving a larger group of people" (Buildmats interviewee).In both cases, the most sough startups are those that specialize in deep techs associated with the company's knowledge base, which often require a long development cycle.
Teleco and Infonews, in this group, are information-processing companies that do not have R&D departments in the same sense that the previous cases mentioned.Despite this, these companies have a high level of modularity of their resource base and lower asset dependency, which makes them very prone to attaching startups' complementary solutions and technologies (mostly Digitechs) to their current value propositions and service portfolios.
5.1.3Cmore value to corporate venture capital.The strategy here is to enhance the startup-engagement approach by expanding the arms of companies' CVC.It involves combining various company's resources, including physical assets and industry-specific knowledge.Thus, CVC programs are still the primary means of searching for and connecting with startups.Elect and Autom are the companies that comprise this group.They have experienced business analysts on board who merge their skills with continuous efforts to provide operational and technical expertise.It helps engage business units downstream and collaborate with invested startups.
Companies often use this strategy to navigate uncertain domains where new technologies could disrupt existing markets or create entirely new ones.Additionally, this is used to motivate business units to focus on longer-term goals instead of becoming too fixated on short-term successes and minor improvements.As an Autom manager once said: "People from within tried everything to innovate, achieving no relevant results; now let's turn out to the startups."An interviewee at Elect also noted that "The biggest challenge is to put innovation and startup opportunities among the priorities of BU managers and get their attention." Startups aiming to comply with these initiatives often seek more than just funding and general advice.The real value lies in commercial, industrial and scaling expertise that larger companies can provide.While it is possible to work with early stage ventures, as seen with Autom, the focus should be on collaborating with mature startups that require significant capital to advance a proven business model.
5.1.4Decosystem articulation.The ecosystem articulation strategy aims to create a collaborative environment with various startups and other partners where all parties can benefit and identify opportunities within complex networks-even if the orchestrating company is not directly involved in the process.The approach combines various engagement modes found in other strategies.The central assumption is that a company's competitiveness is linked to the well-being of the surrounding community.Therefore, the focus shifts from managing innovation uncertainties at the firm level to addressing collective uncertainties faced by loosely coupled partners in ecosystems.In our sample, only the Bank case was seen to be distinctly following this strategy.
The CEwS initiative observed in Bank has gone through various stages of evolution.Initially, the company focused on closed innovation to boost its innovation portfolio.Eventually, startup engagement was added to the mix.Over the span of eight years, an R&D expansion strategy evolved with the addition of new competencies and structures to deal with venture capital, open startup challenges and various other engagement modes.What sets this case apart from others is its distinctiveness in terms of central points: (1) In some instances, multiple modes of engagement may be present, such as CVC and acceleration as observed in Congoods and Pharma, or startup-as-supplier and acceleration in Steel.br.On the other hand, in Bank, all activities fall under the same structure, with highly interconnected actions and (2) interactions and outcomes of these engagements extend beyond the scope of the single company, leading to complex collaborative arrangements among multiple entities that arise in the context of innovation projects.
As per the Bank's interviewee, there are frequent direct interactions and innovation projects taking place among the Bank's ecosystem partners, including corporate clients, startups, suppliers and others.These interactions occur with or without the Bank's participation: "The final intent is to provide benefits and opportunities to all partners in the ecosystem, which can lead to high-value innovations for all networked partners."

Discussion: articulating the strategies for CEwS
There is a growing interest in categorizing the relationships between established companies and startups.However, most studies only provide a descriptive analysis of the programs at an operational level.Furthermore, these studies are often limited to the experience of digitalborn companies or just focus on one engagement mode in isolation.This approach fails to consider the bigger picture of a company's overall approach to innovation, where CEwS plays a significant role.Based on our field research, we have observed that companies tend to engage with startups in multiple ways, and these initiatives evolve dynamically from one experience to another along with other innovation efforts.However, the systemic understanding of this phenomenon is often hindered.Our analysis of the research data and theoretical review suggest that each strategy adopted for engaging with startups has implications for several elements in both extra and intrafirm dimensions.
Observing the cases considering the framework shown in Figure 1, we cannot point to a best CEwS strategy that every organization should pursue.Each company follows the strategy and engagement modes that best fit its needs, context and purpose.That said, discussing the implications of adopting specific strategies is essential.
Engaging with startups through innovative improvement can be very exciting.It all begins through consolidated processes for supplier integration.A company can decrease risks by utilizing operational deficiencies as a platform for startups' contribution.However, it is essential for the company to rely on something other than new technology for operational excellence as this may lead to missing out on the full potential of startup partnering and fall into an exploitation trap.
A crucial point concerns the way CEwS are integrated and managed in organizations.In particular, the CEwS initiatives most associated with the more value to CVC strategy took place at the corporate level (Autom, Elect) and presented networking within the company as one of the most complex challenges to overcome to interact with startups effectively.Initiatives like Congoods, Steel.br,Buildmats or Pharma have failed to integrate well with other innovation-related initiatives within the company.This lack of integration decreases the potential gains from expertise accumulation, resource sharing and the combination of different approaches, in line with Enkel and Sagmeister (2020).In general, problems of internal resistance to the new partnerships, mindset conflicts, inadequate organizational processes and lack of incentives for those who work with innovation were often reported during the interviews.Challenges in driving an R&D expansion strategy were also reported.Teleco's interviewee illustrates this: "I spend about 50% of my time trying to convince other parts of the organization about the initiative." By turn, ecosystem articulation is the most sophisticated strategy that combines practices of other ones.Steiber and Al€ ange (2020) suggest that a company may need to implement a range of different startup collaboration initiatives to achieve and manage a holistic transformation of its business.Enkel and Sagmeister (2020) suggest that various forms of engagement may work together to improve capability development.It is aligned with the trend in OI to shift from bilateral to multiactor and from transactional to collaborative partnerships (Brunswicker & Chesbrough, 2018).
Selecting the right startups is crucial to advancing CEwS efforts in a company, regardless of the strategy pursued.This task requires skilled personnel but can also be aided by an intermediary (Corvello et al., 2021).In addition to finding the right technology, the maturity of the startups also plays a role.Startups with market-ready technologies tend to prefer looser agreements while early-stage startups may seek closer collaborations, such as joint R&D projects or accelerator programs (Corvello et al., 2021;Simon et al., 2019).In line with Corvello et al. (2021), structured processes led to successful startup-engagement cases.Only partnerships formed to achieve a specific objective showed regularity involving long-term interactions between the partners.
In engaging with startups organizations face challenges related to processes and management that have been identified by Bagno et al. (2020).For example, the CEwS initiative is often assigned to a skilled champion without setting up other internal elements.However, in our study, we have identified dedicated teams responsible for innovation activities (the so-called Innovation Function -Bagno, Salerno, & Dias, 2017; O'Connor,

Startup engagement
Corbett, & Peters, 2018), including CEwS as an essential part of it.These teams, whether as just starting or well-established, played a vital role in making connections between the CEwS initiative and the organization.They were responsible for designing processes, conducting internal connections and mediating conflicts instead of relying on a single champion.
At the ecosystem level of analysis, these organizational concerns tend to find even broader implications.Some companies established dedicated units such as hubs to connect with startups regularly and intentionally in this context.As part of the emerging assignments of these units, the configuration of ecosystem partnerships, value proposition deployment and governing ecosystem alignment are central.These are among the topics of a rapidly growing literature on ecosystem orchestration (e.g.Gomes et al., 2022;Linde, Sj€ odin, Parida, & Wincent, 2021;Toigo, Wegner, Silva, & Zarpelon, 2021).These are promising new lands for getting rich perspectives for CEwS and systematic innovation studies.

Conclusion
This study has presented a conceptual framework that explores the possible strategies of CEwS, and the different purposes and implications for companies.We have investigated several cases of CEwS and their underlying management.Through engaging at the detailed level of qualitative, in-depth interview data and analysis, we gained insights into those partnership arrangements and their role within the broader innovation goals of these companies.It has become almost obligatory for companies to engage with startups to leverage innovation performance and reach digital transformation outcomes.However, it should be noted that startup engagement should only be a part of a company's overall innovation strategy, not the entirety of it.During our research, we could observe many companies that have attempted to adopt startup engagement practices without integrating them into their broader innovation efforts.However, those companies who looked for CEwS to supplement their internal innovation initiatives with startup engagements were the most successful.
As the main contributions, we provide a comprehensive understanding of the CEwS phenomenon through a systematic view.Our proposed framework for CEwS aims to bridge a significant gap by identifying the engagement strategies, the possible starting points and the paths to progress.This framework elucidates the hows and whys of CEwS, enabling a better understanding of the phenomenon and its potential for growth.As Alam et al. (2022) pointed out, "Open innovation is not an end state but a journey in which innovating firms orchestrate the crystallization of an ecosystem."For managers, the study serves as a map to understand the CEwS possibilities, the cautions when adopting certain forms of engagement and the most prominent practices.
Future research should focus on longitudinal cases to further enrich the ongoing debate on CEwS.This action will provide valuable insights into how to overcome implementation challenges and how one strategy can evolve into another.It would also be beneficial to gather the perspective of startups as there is a gap in our understanding of their objectives, processes and outcomes from corporate collaboration (Corvello et al., 2021;Simon et al., 2019).Additionally, taking an ecosystem perspective could offer a promising standpoint for investigating how companies can attract and orchestrate the contribution of diverse partners for value creation.

Table 1 .
The cases Log and Congoods.The focus of the innovation projects, out of which the startup partnering responds for some, is on process innovation and operational efficiencies.As the interviewee of Steel.usonce said, "Hey, we are a Steel company, not Google; we have industrial plants, machinery, hardware.We cannot change the business overnight."In such a context, even though digital technologies like artificial intelligence and the Internet of Things are central to those interests, Steel.gl also engaged with deep tech startups.