Nourish resilience in digital food supply chain in post COVID landscape: literature swill for past insights and future roadmap

Purpose – The paper aims to enhance the understanding of robust food supply chains (FSC) by exploring the capabilities of various digital technologies and examining their interactions. Findings – This study finding shows that digital technology enhances the resilience of the FSC by improving visibility,traceabilityandadaptability.Thisresilienceprovidesacompetitiveadvantage,ultimatelyenhancing theoverallbusinessperformance. Research limitations/implications – In developing countries, inadequate infrastructure, poor Internet connectivity and diverse stakeholder systems pose challenges to implementing advanced digital solutions in the FSC. Originality/value – This paper is among the first to investigate the impact of digital technology on FSC resilience, exploring visibility, flexibility and collaboration.


Introduction
The influences of climate change push for sustainable development goals, and unpredicted disruptions from COVID-19 have introduced additional stress on the traditional FSC and

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Journal of Industrial Engineering and Operations Management (Prashar et al., 2020).With the help of many participants involved a ledger is created using blockchain.Once data is written, all replicas are updated simultaneously and the original value of that data cannot be changed (Sharma et al., 2021).Updated archives avoid the need to verify things at an intermediate level, which in turn leads to conviction between partners.This conviction results in reduced cost as efficiency is increased by removing redundancy.Blockchain technology, with its decentralised nature, makes it suitable to be used on supply chains where it can help prevent bogus goods from entering the system (Vasanthraj et al., 2023).As we enter an era of digital technology, the Internet of Things (IoT) is a good candidate for enhancing visibility into products, it provides details such as where the product was made, what environmental conditions are like around that product and product quality based on its condition at the time (Tsang et al., 2018).RFID is most common system that is used for data exchange between IoT devices, ensuring food safety (Bouzembrak et al., 2019;Masudin et al., 2021).It evolves as a powerful tool in the situation against counterfeiting and theft, uplifting supply chain transparency.Several researches highlighted application of RFID's in the food cold chain, in which it monitors transport temperatures, estimates shelf life, and safeguards against counterfeit food products.This technology is invaluable in confirming the integrity and quality of goods throughout FSC journey (Masudin et al., 2021).Next technology is Cloud computing which makes computation of services, creating storage, processing power, and applications, with the help of Internet.The collaborative utilisation of IoT and cloud computing enables diverse devices to produce and exchange significant data in a centralised fashion (Wamba et al., 2017).
Food companies need to combine their FSC with digital technology networks to see the whole process from start to finish, connect farms and food goods through real-time data monitoring, and then formulate decisions based on that information (Alabi and Ngwenyama, 2023).FSC must enhance their resilience to withstand disruptions, given their susceptibility due to a vulnerable structure.It is always very important for FSC to use digital technologies (Ali et al., 2023).However, digital technologies should be adopted more during disruptive times to avoid issues in FSC.This paper provides evidence that digital technologies can support resilience within FSC.To fulfil the objectives of this study, two specific research questions have been formulated: RQ1.What is the role of digital technology in the FSC after the COVID era? RQ2.How are digital technologies going to shape the FSC toward resilience?
Hence, this study employed an SLR with bibliometric analysis to investigate the following research enquiries.The bibliometric analysis was carried out on 77 articles chosen from the Scopus and WOS databases.Relevant keywords related to digital technologies were used to identify articles that contribute to the resiliency of FSC.In this article, Part 2 covers the methodology section while Part 3 covers bibliometric analysis.The 4 part presents content analysis, while Part 5 explores the discussion and implications of this study.Moreover, Parts 6 and 7 explore possible conclusions and future directions for the study.

Methodology
The SLR was conducted in this research by following rigorous selection processes, examination, and reporting procedures, SLRs synthesise information from various sources to produce new insights.This technique is becoming popular because of its adherence to comprehensive guidelines, facilitating the evaluation of relevant and accessible research pertaining to a specific subject area (Samadhiya et al., 2023a, b).SLR is a systematic approach which attempts to gather knowledge about a certain issue with data from various sources (Moosavi et al., 2022).This technique uses a systematic method that diminishes partiality in

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Journal of Industrial Engineering and Operations Management actions such as article retrieval, selection, and summarisation.As a result, the findings are made more trustworthy.It also points up those places where research is different from the existing literature may be needed, thus providing chances for further development.

Database for literature review
The Scopus and WOS databases were selected for extraction, as they both represent the most substantial sources of academic research and scholarly articles in the fields of management, engineering and social science (Yadav et al., 2022a, b).The Scopus database was selected because it has a large volume of literature and easy access for academic institutions for SLR in similar fields of research (Ada et al., 2021).The WOS was chosen as a second database for data extraction.This database was selected due to its efficiency, wide use, and coverage of more interdisciplinary areas.This database offers an elaborate retrieving facility for SLR researchers in multiple subject areas (Samadhiya et al., 2023a, b).

Screening of article
The selection of keywords is crucial for screening the article.So before extracting the article from the database, researchers should choose the appropriate keyword.It is necessary for researchers before the extraction of articles from various databases to set screening guidelines for which type of articles should be taken which helps to give the surety to the researcher that extracted articles are relevant to the study and no important information is missed.This article was screened using three search strings.In these search strings, the keywords are linked with Boolean connectors like "OR" and "AND".This helps to produce a closer examination of a particular area of investigation.Typically, in this study, keywords were combined with "AND" to give the keyword phrases and "OR" was used between those words.Using Boolean operators "OR" and "AND," this three-search string was made ("food" OR "food supply" OR "food chain" OR "Food Safety" OR "agro-food supply chain" OR "agrofood " OR "food traceability") AND ("blockchain" OR "Internet of Things" OR "Big Data" OR "Cloud Computing" OR "smart contracts" OR "artificial intelligence" OR "metaverse" OR "digital techno") AND ("COVID-19" OR "COVID" OR "Corona" OR "Pandemic").
2.2.1 Inclusion and exclusion criteria.The inclusion and exclusion criteria were implied to ensure that we only employ research findings that meet the specified criteria (Nabipour and € Ulk€ u, 2021).The Title-Abstract-Keywords" fields in the Scopus and WOS databases provided 1,250 papers through a search.We eliminated all duplicate entries from our dataset, ensuring that documents present in both databases were only included once in our final dataset (Kafa and Jaegler, 2021).This gave us a final sample of 1,023 documents.Documents types are selected as articles, while conference papers, notes, editorials and short survey documents are excluded.To prevent bias, we also exclude review papers from earlier literature reviews.This search yielded 210 publications.Next, articles in the press and non-English articles are excluded, giving a total of 191 articles.Figure 1 shows the selection of articles from two databases.

Selection of related studies
In the first screening, 191 articles were selected based on inclusion-exclusion criteria.Their titles and abstracts were subsequently examined to confirm their relevance to the research area.If it does not deliver appropriate information, their introduction and conclusion are reviewed carefully to evaluate their relevance to the study.Consequently, it was decided that 114 papers irrelevant to the subject matter were eliminated, leading to the remaining 77 papers being selected for further consideration.

Bibliometric analysis
Bibliometric analysis refers to a variety of analytical tools and methods to analyse published research data (Donthu et al., 2021).This is a popular and reliable method of analysing vast amounts of scientific data.This analysis helps to understand how a particular area is developing and reveals new areas of research.Scholars employ bibliometric analysis to see how researchers are working together, to recognise new trends, and to analyse the number of articles published.In recent years many literature reviews in the social sciences, engineering and management have used bibliographic analysis.For example, Samadhiya et al. (2023a, b) conducted bibliographic analysis on the use of blockchain technology in reverse logistics using R-tool.Rejeb et al. (2022) used bibliometric analysis to look at how COVID-19 affected the food industry.The main information extracted from the collected articles using the R-tool is shows in Table 1.The average citations per document for the articles was 16.19.From the collected articles, a total of 261 authors have contributed, out of these, 7 papers have a single author.The average number of co-authors per document is 3.81.

Publishing source
The quantity of papers published in various journals from 2020 to 2024 (January 2024) is displayed in Figure 2. The three top journals that publish the most articles overall include "Sustainability (Switzerland)" (8), "Foods" (3), and "Scientific Reports" (3).In addition to this, the journals "British Food Journal", "Business Strategy and the Environment", "Computers and Industrial Engineering", Frontiers in Communication", "Frontiers of Engineering Management", "international journal of logistics research and applications", "operations management research", "supply chain management" and "transportation research part e: logistics and transportation review" has published 2 papers.In addition to that, 45 more journals are also available, and each has contributed one article to publishing papers on the relevant subject.

Affiliation statistics
The top papers on FSC using digital technologies are shown in Figure 3. Yasar University has published the most research papers, with a total count of 13.Following the University of Muhammadiyah Malang, Shaanxi Normal University has published 7 articles, while Shaanxi Normal University participated in the publication of 6 papers.The analysis of the selected publications shows that digital technologies for the FSC have been widely used and publicised globally.The distribution of research papers by country is illustrated in Figure 4.China is the most active contributor, with the highest 14 publications among the 77 chosen articles.In addition, India, Korea and the United Kingdom are also the leading contributors to the publication of papers on FSC using digital technologies.
The number of articles published by India, Korea and the United Kingdom was 6.We found that all papers from Australia, Brazil, Italy, Turkey, Greece and Guinea are multiplecountry publications (MCP), while papers from Korea, Germany, Spain, Colombia and Latvia are single-country publications (SCP).The tree map in Figure 5 shows the fifty most-used keywords by the author in scholarly articles.Most words are used for COVID-19 and food

Content analysis
After thoroughly examining 77 carefully chosen articles, we did a content-based analysis of the literature.The primary objective of this article is to explore how digital technologies contribute to the resilience of the FSC.In this context, we identify three main clusters, with a focus on key aspects such as visibility, flexibility, and collaboration.

Visibility in FSC through digital technology
Food supply chain visibility is the ability to trace the flow of food from farm-to-table (Al-Talib et al., 2020).Digital technologies are a prerequisite for FSC visibility, besides being attitudes amicable to it.All stakeholders-producers, distributors, retailers and consumers can profit from this (Frank et al., 2019).Comprehensive visibility throughout the FSC is important as it can detect risks in time or even forecast them before they occur (Ali et al., 2023).Digitisation is the process of converting information and processes into digital format.This includes the use of digital tools and technologies to facilitate communication and data management.In different the stages of the supply chain, digitisation may provide real-time data and greater transparency (Iranmanesh et al., 2023).More visibility means developing adaptable strategies.For example, when glitches can be seen, a flexible supply chain can switch to an alternative route or turn on emergency procedures rapidly.Improvement of supply chain may enable managers to lessen the uncertainties around supply and demand (Michel-Villarreal et al., 2021).Moreover, less visibility raises the risk of product recall (Qian et al., 2022).
The use of digital technologies for the visibility of the FSC plays crucial role as it makes sure that the whole process, from the farm to consumers' table, is safe, high-quality, and efficient (Masudin et al., 2021).These technologies in the FSC improve transparency, trackability, and data-driven insights across all phases (Burgos and Ivanov, 2021).Transparency achieved through blockchain builds trust and improves information sharing among FSC stakeholders (Iranmanesh et al., 2023).Iftekhar and Cui (2021) used blockchain in the food supply chain for real-time minoring.Implying blockchain in the FSC ensures that each and every information that reaches the stakeholders is correct and secure also easily accessible.FSC also uses the traceability system helping confirm food safety and quality to sustain customer belief (Masudin et al., 2021).Blockchain is also making sure that each and every transaction and movement in FSC is logged in securely and cannot be distorted (Samadhiya et al., 2024).This enhances transparency and traceability, which identifies the source of contamination or quality issues effortlessly (Casino et al., 2020).

Flexibility through digital technology for FSC
Flexibility in view of FSC states the ability of the system to adapt, adjust, and react efficiently to changes and uncertainties in the supply chain environment (Siagian et al., 2021).By using digital technologies in FSC considerably reduces uncertainties by generating real-time data.This enhances flexibility and agility in the supply chain from farm to consumers' table (Michel-Villarreal et al., 2021).This data can allow stakeholders to quickly make changes and survive in the face of a market that might suddenly change or unforeseen disaster.FSC must have flexibility and adaptability so that any disruptions cannot affect its operations (Pimenta et al., 2022).This flexibility enables it to modify steps smoothly and quickly, when any kind of disturbance is there.Real-time data will help the supply chain in being more adaptive to changes in consumer preferences, market demands, or external factors (Wang and Yang, 2022).

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Journal of Industrial Engineering and Operations Management For example, routes can be optimised so transportation costs go down; advanced analytics can shorten delivery times.Digital technologies enable the use of vast data sets for predictions of demand patterns allowing better planning and preventing both overstocking and stockouts (Annosi et al., 2021).Automatic reordering might be triggered by automation when the stock is running low, thus preventing stockouts and enabling a steady supply to be maintained.Automated, real-time supply chains allow for more flexibility than traditional supply chain (Burgos and Ivanov, 2021).Digital technology provide real-time supply chain monitoring and inventory, demand and output (Kauric et al., 2014).In use of digital technologies in a FSC have balancing features like flexibility and visibility.Flexibility is about adaptability and responsiveness; visibility is about transparency and traceability.All are necessary for the system to be efficient and resilient.

Collaboration through digital technology for FSC
All stakeholders participating in the supply chain need real-time information sharing (Annosi et al., 2021).This is important for successful collaboration.By means of effective collaboration, any doubt and unexpected events can be reduced (Al-Talib et al., 2020).Among supply chain partners working together, information is exchanged on resource availability, route optimisation, inventory levels, production schedules and sales forecasting data (Ning et al., 2023).Implementation of digital technologies provides real-time visibility in the entire FSC Which helps all stakeholders to monitor the movement of goods from farm to end user (Vasanthraj et al., 2023).Technologies such as IoT can monitor the location and environmental conditions of shipments in real time; this is better quality assurance and cuts the risk of spoiling (Onwude et al., 2020).IoT devices with GPS modules installed can give out position data in near real-time, to locate where exactly that shipment is at any given moment (Khan et al., 2020).

Discussion
The purpose of the present study was to address the two research questions using bibliometric and content analysis.A research framework has been established to correlate this question in the context of digital technology used in resilient FSC.This section will explain the details of that framework for better understanding.The FSC's resilience is enhanced by its ability to recover from disruption.It should be noted that the incorporation of digital technologies helped in terms of FSC resilience in contrast to traditional supply chains (Burgos and Ivanov, 2021).Figure 6 shows the framework for the impact of digital technologies used on FSC.
Resilient supply chains are more efficient because they can reduce food waste through optimised inventory management, transport, and distribution processes.This also involves environmental benefits and cost savings throughout the FSC (Galvez et al., 2018).The studies also discuss how food digitalisation increased traceability in the food chain (Yadav et al., 2022a, b).When a company disrupts its FSC, it loses power over its operations and financial interactions with its stakeholders (Rashid et al., 2024).The risk-sharing approach from the stakeholders mitigates the supply chain's agility and dependability, fostering its resilience to disruption.Ivanov and Dolgui (2019) highlighted the importance of using data analytics to increase visibility and forecast accuracy.Big data analytics can help companies retrieve from the effect of several turbulences (Papadopoulos et al., 2017).The flow of information between FSC stakeholders becomes more efficient by using digital technologies in the food industry, which also helps increase supply chain management flexibility.Digital technology establishes a trusted, collaborative environment that ensures an FSC's resilience towards all types of disruptions it could face, including natural disasters, pandemics, political events, or economic crises (Alabi and Ngwenyama, 2023).It also improves its food security because a continuous food flow makes it far less vulnerable to unanticipated actions.A resilient FSC minimises the risks of food shortages and guarantees a steady supply of healthy, safe food, which is particularly essential for public health in crisis times (Sharma et al., 2021).In the FSC, digital technology integration has a particular influence in several domains.Like as a blockchain guarantees the transparency, traceability, and immutability of FSC (Galvez et al., 2018).Blockchain is like a safe ledger, it ensures that no one can tamper with the information.Additionally, IoT and sensors provide real-time updates on perishable goods such as temperature, humidity and other indicators to sustain their shelf life (Yadav et al., 2020).In many investigations, the AI and ML models are employed for predictive analytics, future tendencies forecasting, pattern recognition, and risk management in the FSC (Kazancoglu et al., 2023;Hassoun et al., 2023).
Further, digital technologies through predictive modelling and future trends forecasting enhance flexibility and allow stakeholders to adjust according to the market conditions (Ning et al., 2023).In today's digital age, collaborative platforms such as cloud-based technologies and blockchain allow stakeholders to stay continuously connected and share valuable data.Simply by using digital technology-based traceability solutions, we can now monitor the entire supply chain live in real-time.This enhances efficiency in the overall FSC system (Casino et al., 2020).It could help food companies speed up the recall process as well as save them unnecessary expenses.Faster recalls with increased traceability reduce the chance of contamination, shorten time spent on recalls and are good for consumer trust.Galvez et al., (2018) used blockchain for food traceability and suggested that this technology prevents fraud, improves efficiency, saves time and cost and also improves trust between stakeholders.
IoT and RFID tags are utilised to deliver real-time temperature, inventory, batch tracking, humidity and location-based information.By using this information, it could help organisations optimise their inventory better so they don't lose money.Caro et al. (2018) created two traceability systems that used a blend of blockchain and IoT on Ethereum and Hyperledger Sawtooth, respectively.They saw that blockchain technology gives transparency and

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Journal of Industrial Engineering and Operations Management auditability.K€ ohler and Pizzol (2020) suggested that blockchain and RFID technology, improved transparency to stakeholders and reduce the risk of contamination, and quickly acted to potential issues.This method improves risk management and verifies the transfer of foodstuffs both safe and of high quality.

Theoretical and practical implications
This SLR demonstrates digital technology's role in enhancing resilience within the food supply chain.The incorporation of digital technology carries significant theoretical implications for the FSC, suggesting that enhanced visibility through digital technology enables better risk detection and even prediction, aligning with theories of risk management in FSC literature that emphasise the importance of information flow and transparency in mitigating risks (K€ ohler and Pizzol, 2020).Digitalisation allows real-time access to data so that stakeholders can easily accommodate the changes in the market and become more resilient (Alabi and Ngwenyama, 2023).The experts in FSC can use advanced digital technology like Neural Networks and Machine Learning to learn more about complex systems.By creating the decision support systems, they can reduce food waste and plan the routes properly which also contributes to greater transparency and higher flexibility such that the supply chain uses less fuel resulting in lower CO 2 emissions.Digital technologies not only enhance the efficiency of the FSC, but also make the FSC system more resilient.
Integrating digital technologies into the FSC has significant practical implications.This study has significant implications for investors, policymakers, entrepreneurs, and governments.It underlines the importance of investing in digital technologies and ensuring the resiliency of the FSC.This resiliency provides a competitive edge and improves overall business operations.The FSC stakeholders are also able to proactively manage risks, as they can anticipate potential disruptions.This also results in cost savings and better efficiency, as businesses can avoid costly recalls and FSC failures (Galvez et al., 2018).The use of these technologies ensures seamless communication, and this results in better resource utilisation.It also results in a more efficient route planning process and better coordination of departments across the supply chain.Utilising digital technology can reduce the risk of food spoilage.For example, IoT provides real-time monitoring of environmental conditions during shipment to confirm good's quality and minimise spoilage (Khan et al., 2020).Tempered data is a big issue in supply chains.However, the problem can be solved by using blockchain.The utilisation of blockchain can lead to a reduction in cases of fraud and a corresponding increase in operational efficiency (Casino et al., 2020).These improvements directly save significant amounts of both time and money for all stakeholders involved.This in turn brings about increased satisfaction retention among the customers, who get fresher products.The theoretical implications serve to underscore the alignment of practical implementations with established concepts in FSC management literature.The practical implications also indicate tangible benefits and results arising from introducing digital technologies into the FSC.
Digital technologies are significantly bolstering the resilience and operational efficiency of FSCs, but inadequate infrastructure is the primary barrier to FSC resilience.However, if appropriate digital infrastructure can be established then it can also contribute to making FSCs more resilient.As a real example, reports from international organisations like The International Food Policy Research Institute and The United Nations Industrial Development Organisation prove that businesses taking advantage of digital technology in their FSCs are better able to withstand problems caused by COVID-19 [1], [2].

Conclusion
This paper reviews in significant to detail how digital technologies in the FSC enhance resilience, exploring their role.We examine the Scopus and WOS databases for FSC research IJIEOM articles.Then, we used different criteria to screen the available literature.Finally, we were left with 77 papers that we analysed for further literature evaluation.After that, these selected 77 articles were inspected using several categorisation criteria.The selected articles show that the top publications in the field are the "Sustainability (Switzerland)", "Foods", and "Scientific Reports" and China is the most active contributor, with the highest 14 publications among the 77 chosen articles.Our content analysis highlights the crucial role of digital technologies in the FSC, emphasising their significance and impact.Digital technologies present a revolutionary opportunity for the agri-food sector, offering substantial benefits in terms of traceability, real-time monitoring, food safety, and transparency, thereby enhancing the resilience of the FSC.The growing incorporation of blockchain, IoT, AI, and cloud computing in agri-food processing demonstrates successful applications and anticipates a bright future for the industry.

Limitation and future work
Implementing digital technologies requires financial investment, and smaller businesses may struggle to afford and adopt these technologies.This can create disparities in the resilience of different segments of the FSC.Digital technologies rely heavily on infrastructure, in developing countries, there may be inadequate infrastructure to support advanced digital technologies.Digital technologies offer opportunities for greater transparency and traceability in the food supply chain, but there are challenges in ensuring the accuracy and reliability of the data collected and shared across various platforms.Poor Internet connectivity and a lack of reliable power sources can hinder the implementation of digital solutions in the FSC.Many segments of the FSC involve diverse stakeholders, each using different systems and technologies.Integrating these diverse systems can be challenging.Addressing the limitations require all stakeholders from industry, government, policymaker and technology companies to work together in developing more resilient, efficient and sustainable digital technologies for the FSC.
Exploring the ongoing impact on transaction costs, trust, and supply chain alignment among members of the FSC is crucial for future research.As research within the FSC field evolves rapidly, numerous digital techniques remain in the phase of research and development.The initial costs associated with implementing digital technologies, such as infrastructure, software, and personnel training, pose a significant hindrance for many stakeholders within food supply chain systems.So, there is a pressing need for further research aimed at the development of cost-effective digital solutions that can be seamlessly integrated into FSC systems.
Figure 1.Selection process of articles

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Journal-wise statistics of papers published Figure 4. Most relevant countries by corresponding author Figure 6.Framework for the resilience within FSC

Table 1 .
Main information about the collected article