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Fertility, female labor participation and income in East Asia

Yoko Nakagaki (JICA Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan)

International Journal of Development Issues

ISSN: 1446-8956

Publication date: 3 April 2018

Abstract

Purpose

This study aims to apply two recently discovered relationships that describe fertility recovery in developed countries to East Asia: the U-shaped relationship between fertility and FLP (female labor participation) and the inverse-J-shaped relationship between fertility and income.

Design/methodology/approach

It uses a panel data set of 176 countries including 13 East Asian countries from 1990 to 2014. Pooled ordinary least squares, fixed-effects and random-effects models are tested.

Findings

The main findings are the following points concerning East Asia: The U-shape and the inverse-J-shape are confirmed, suggesting that fertility recovery could be realized if both FLP and income are high enough and increasing; in the region, the U-shape is peculiar. Lower-income countries’ data move from the upper-right to the bottom, whereas higher-income countries’ data move from the upper-left to the bottom; no country in the region has reached the stage where both FLP and income are high enough.

Originality/value

This is the first paper on East Asia to show the U-shape and the inverse-J-shape concerning fertility recovery and the peculiarity of the U-shape in East Asia. It explains the background of low fertility using the relationship between fertility, FLP and income.

Keywords

  • East Asia
  • Fertility
  • Female labour participation
  • Inverse-J-shape
  • Per capita GDP
  • U-shape

Citation

Nakagaki, Y. (2018), "Fertility, female labor participation and income in East Asia", International Journal of Development Issues, Vol. 17 No. 1, pp. 69-86. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJDI-06-2017-0106

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Publisher

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Emerald Publishing Limited

Copyright © 2018, Emerald Publishing Limited

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