TY  - JOUR
AB  - Proclaims that the hard approach (referred to here as theory E) is the creation of economic value/high returns to shareholders; and that the soft approach (theory O) sees organizations as having many stakeholders, developing employees and their loyalty. Posits that, for organizations to prosper, eventually, theory E must be joined with theory O. Uses an inset with some arguments about change. Gives an example of Asda trying to combine Theories E and O, although, because Wal‐Mart bought Asda in 1999 for eight times its 1991 value, the Asda case could not be tracked over time.
VL  - 5
IS  - 7
SN  - 1363-8483
DO  - 10.1108/EUM0000000006873
UR  - https://doi.org/10.1108/EUM0000000006873
AU  - Kippenberger T
PY  - 2000
Y1  - 2000/01/01
TI  - Two contrasting theories of change: Theory E and Theory O
T2  - The Antidote
PB  - MCB UP Ltd
SP  - 17
EP  - 21
Y2  - 2024/04/23
ER  -