TY  - JOUR
AB  - The educational restructuring movement began with the publication
of the now famous A Nation at Risk report, which provided
convincing evidence that the quality of American schools was
unacceptably low. Two waves of reform rolled across the country during
the decade. The first emphasised “top‐down” initiatives put
in motion by State governors who identified educators as the problem.
The solution was greater accountability, closer supervision, tighter
regulation, better teacher screening, tougher graduation standards, and
a longer school year. Quickly disenchanted with the insensitivity and
inflexibility of the first wave, a second began later in the decade
which emphasised that educators were the solution, not the problem. The
decade ended with importance given to “bottom‐up” reform
initiatives emphasising deregulation, choice, school‐based management,
and schools within schools.
VL  - 29
IS  - 4
SN  - 0957-8234
DO  - 10.1108/EUM0000000002472
UR  - https://doi.org/10.1108/EUM0000000002472
AU  - Hanson E. Mark
PY  - 1991
Y1  - 1991/01/01
TI  - Educational Restructuring in the USA: Movements of the
1980s
T2  - Journal of Educational Administration
PB  - MCB UP Ltd
Y2  - 2024/04/23
ER  -