Exploring the roles of self-determined motivation and perceived organizational support in organizational change

Purpose – The primary purpose of this study is not only to examine the connections between self-determined motivation, attitudes toward change and participation in change, but also to explore the moderating impact of perceived organizational support on organizational change, and the mediating role of attitudes toward change in the link between perceived competence and participation in change. Design/methodology/approach – The data were collected from one semiconductor manufacturing company (study 1) and one logistics service company (study 2). Employees who experienced organizational change before were invited to finish the survey. The partial least squares-structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) technique and SPSS PROCESS (model 14) were utilized to analyze the data. Findings – The study findings indicated that the perceived autonomy and relatedness were positively connectedwithperceivedcompetence,whichinturnwouldleadtobetterattitudetowardchange.Additionally, itwasfoundthattheperceivedcompetenceandattitudetowardchangewouldpositivelypredictparticipationinchange.Moreimportantly,perceivedorganizationalsupportwouldreinforcethepositiverelationship betweenattitudetowardchangeandparticipationinchange. Originality/value – Although there are many organizational change reports, relatively little attention has been paid notonly to the mediating role of attitudestoward change in the implicationof organizational change but also to the moderating impact of perceived organizational support on the final success of organizational change.


Introduction
Several researchers have placed much emphasis on the key role of self-determined motivation in previous research, probably due to its impact on role identity (G€ untert and Wehner, 2015), job satisfaction (Lam and Gurland, 2008), organizational outcomes (Gagn e and Deci, 2005), psychological well-being (Perreault et al., 2014), learning effectiveness and efficiency (Akbari et al., 2015). For example, an early report by Lam and Gurland (2008) suggested self-determined work motivation positively influences job satisfaction. Another recent review by G€ untert and Wehner (2015) found self-determined motivation positively predicts general role identity and organization-specific role identity. In light of this, although some researchers have intensely concentrated on the pivotal role of self-determined motivation in organizations (Gagne et al., 2000;Sheldon et al., 2003;Shin and Jung, 2021), there is a lack of research looking into the impact of self-determined motivation on organizational change. Specifically, whether self-determined motivation, containing three innate psychological needs: perceived autonomy, perceived relatedness, and perceived competence, facilitates better attitude toward change and participation in change has not yet been fully explored in previous reports.
In addition, recently, there has been growing interest in the roles of perceived organizational support and attitudes toward change in organizational studies, probably because perceived organizational support and attitudes toward change are closely associated with individual performance and organizational outcomes. For example, in a hospitality and tourism management report, Akgunduz and Sanli (2017) revealed perceived organizational support is positively related to job embeddedness, but negatively connected with turnover intention. In another vocational behavior study, Ocampo et al. (2018) showed perceived organizational support is closely related to career adaptability. With particular respect to the role of perceived organizational support in change participation, Fuchs and Prouska (2014) suggested perceived organizational support is one of the critical antecedents of change participation.
More importantly, several reports revealed positive attitudes toward change play a key role in implementing successful organizational change (Drzensky et al., 2012;Ming-Chu and Meng-Hsiu, 2015). Although there are many organizational change reports, relatively little attention has been paid not only to the mediating role of attitudes toward change in the implication of organizational change, but also to the moderating impact of perceived organizational support on the final success of organizational change. To close this research gap, the primary purpose of this study is not only to examine the connections between self-determined motivation, attitudes toward change and participation in change, but also to explore the moderating impact of perceived organizational support on organizational change, and the mediating role of attitudes toward change in the link between perceived competence and participation in change.
In a nutshell, the significance of this study is closely and critically related to three major contributions. Specifically, one main contribution has been made by identifying the key relationship between self-determined motivation, attitudes toward change and participation in change. Another pivotal contribution is made by verifying the mediating role of attitudes toward change in the connection between perceived competence and participation. More importantly, the third major contribution is made by proving the moderating impact of perceived organizational support on the success of organizational change. The theoretical reflections and practical suggestions are provided to facilitate researchers and practitioners to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of organizational change.

Literature review and hypothesis development Organizational change management and drivers of change
Although there is no universal definition as to the concept of organizational change, Hussain et al. (2018) suggested "the organizational change explains the movement of an organization from the known (current state) state to the unknown (desired future state) state" (p. 123). Actually, successful organizational change is often very difficult, because change management is closely related not only to "the process of continually renewing an organization's direction, structure, and capabilities to serve the ever-changing needs of external and internal customers" (Moran and Brightman, 2000, p. 66), but also to managing different people in organizations. With particular respect to managing people during change, Moran and Brightman (2000) identified three central drivers of organizational change, including purpose, identity and mastery. In the process of organizational change, purpose is important, mainly because "people are goal-oriented" (Moran and Brightman, 2000, p. 66).
Specifically, the new vision and goal are regarded as key intangible forces motivating people to accomplish work requirements during change (Hussain et al., 2018).
In addition, identity refers to personal identification with organizational change. Moran and Brightman (2000) revealed "Change that strikes at the core of a person's sense of who they are will activate powerful motivations to return things to the status quo" (p. 67). In other words, whether people really identify and agree with organizational change plays a key role in determining the successful implementation of organizational change (Todnem, 2005). Finally, mastery is closely connected with personal competence and ability to deal with requirements of organizational changes. Moran and Brightman (2000) indicated since "survival depends on one's ability to manage oneself and the environment effectively" (p. 67), it is critical to provide employees during change with training supports to help them handle possible changes and challenges in the future.
Attitudes toward change and employee participation in organizational change Attitude, which is described as "a psychological tendency that is expressed by evaluating a particular entity with some degree of favor or disfavor" (Eagly and Chaiken, 1993, p. 1), is one of the key factors influencing behavior intention and actual behavior. An early review by Yadav and Pathak (2016) revealed attitudes toward buying green products play a key role in determining purchase intention. Another recent report by Minibas-Poussard et al. (2018) demonstrated that saving attitudes are key predictors of saving behavior. Additionally, Casal o and Escario (2018) showed environmental attitudes are key determinants of pro-environmental behavior.
With particular respect to the role of attitudes toward change in organizational change, many studies have focused on the pivotal impact of employee attitudes toward change in organizational change, mainly because it has been shown to be closely connected with the successful implementation of organizational change (Ming-Chu and Meng-Hsiu, 2015). For example, Kwahk and Lee (2008) suggested "positive attitudes toward behaviorreadiness for changethe extent to which organizational members hold positive views about the need for organizational change, as well as their belief that changes are likely to have positive implications for them and the organization" (p. 475). Additionally, Kwahk and Kim (2008) revealed the more positive attitudes toward change employees have, the less likely they are going to resist organizational change. In an early change management study, Drzensky et al. (2012) indicated beliefs and attitudes toward change played a key role in implementing successful organizational changes. In another management report, Ming-Chu and Meng-Hsiu (2015) added that employees' positive attitudes toward change should be one of the central elements propelling successful organizational change.
Although numerous studies have explored organizational change, limited efforts have been devoted to examining the association between attitudes toward change and participation in change, which generally "refers to allowing employees to have input during the process of organizational change" (Chiang, 2010, p. 160). To clarify the link between these two variables, this study proposes the following hypothesis.
H1. Attitudes toward change will have a positive influence on participation in change.
Additionally, in terms of the connections between perceived competence, user satisfaction, behavioral intention, learning achievement and organizational outcomes, it has been shown perceived competence, which refers to a requirement for "succeeding at optimally challenging tasks and attaining desired outcomes" (Deci et al., 2001, p. 931), is one of the key determinants of readiness for change (Kwahk and Lee, 2008), user satisfaction (Rezvani et al., 2017), behavioral intention (Khan et al., 2018) and learning outcomes (Akbari et al., 2015). Especially for implementing the enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems in organizations, Kwahk and Lee (2008) found perceived personal competence positively impacts readiness for change, which in turn leads to better perceived usefulness of ERP systems. More importantly, in regard to total quality management (TQM) implementation, Iqbal and Asrar-ul-Haq (2018) indicated individual attitudes toward change are closely linked to the successful implementation of organizational change. In the same vein, it is likely employees with higher levels of perceived competence have better attitudes toward change, which in turn will lead to more positive participation in change. Accordingly, this study proposes the following hypotheses.
H2. Perceived competence will have a positive influence on attitudes toward change.
H3. Perceived competence will have a positive influence on participation in change.
H4. Attitudes toward change will mediate the link between perceived competence and participation in change.

Connections between perceived autonomy, relatedness and competence
In terms of the pivotal role of perceived relatedness in organizational outcomes, an early review by Gagn e and Deci (2005) suggested "the need for relatedness plays a central role in internalization of values and regulations" (p. 355). Another aging study by Custers et al. (2012) found residents of nursing homes regard perceived relatedness, which refers to a requirement for "a sense of mutual respect, caring, and reliance with others" (Deci et al., 2001, p. 931), as more important than perceived competence and autonomy, especially in caring relationships. Moreover, several reports indicated perceived relatedness plays a key role not only in reducing work strain (Cho and Yang, 2018), but also in predicting job outcomes (Lam and Gurland, 2008), organizational commitment and psychological well-being (Gagn e and Deci, 2005).
With particular respect to the roles of perceived autonomy and relatedness in previous research, several researchers indicated a positive relationship between perceived autonomy, relatedness and competence. For example, an early review by Leung and Matanda (2013) demonstrated perceived autonomy, which refers to a requirement for "experiencing choice and feeling like the initiator of one's own actions" (Deci et al., 2001 p. 931), is closely connected not only with better adoption of self-service technologies, but also with perceived competence (Huang et al., 2017). Another recent report by Martela and Riekki (2018) indicated perceived relatedness is positively associated with perceived competence. Based on previous suggestions, similarly, it is possible employees with higher levels of perceived autonomy and relatedness are likely to have more positive perceived competence. Consequently, this study proffers the following hypotheses.
H5. Perceived autonomy will have a positive influence on perceived competence.

H6. Perceived relatedness will have a positive influence on perceived competence
Perceived organizational support Perceived organizational support, which refers to "the general belief that the organization cares for the contributions and welfare of its employees" (Akgunduz and Sanli, 2017, p. 119), has received much attention in previous research, mainly because it is closely linked to organizational performance. First, an early review by Baranik et al. (2010) demonstrated perceived organizational support is positively connected not only with job satisfaction but also with organizational commitment. Another recent study by Duan et al. (2019) suggested perceived organizational support is highly associated with organizational helping behaviors, which in turn leads to better employee workplace well-being. Second, Akgunduz and Sanli (2017) revealed perceived organizational support plays a key role in determining job embeddedness and turnover intention. Ocampo et al. (2018) added perceived organizational support positively predicts career adaptability. Third, in terms of the central impact of perceived organizational support on organizational change, several reports demonstrated perceived organizational support is one of the key elements propelling successful organizational change. For example, Neves (2009) showed lack of management support leads to failures in organizational change. Additionally, Fuchs and Prouska (2014) showed perceived organizational support and change participation play a key role in determining more positive change evaluation. With particular respect to the role of perceived organizational support in readiness for change, an early management review by Ming-Chu and Meng-Hsiu (2015) demonstrated perceived organizational support is positively connected to readiness for change. More importantly, another recent change management study by Gigliotti et al. (2019) indicated a positive relationship between perceived organizational support and change readiness.
Moreover, in regard to the moderating role of perceived organizational support in prior research, several reports revealed perceived organizational support plays a moderating role in determining individual outcomes (Choi, 2020). For example, Wang et al. (2017) suggested perceived organizational support moderates the link between a person's proactive personality and work engagement. Cheng and O-Yang (2018) indicated "furthermore, perceived organizational support moderates the relationships among job crafting, burnout, and satisfaction" (p. 78). In the context of organizational change, likewise, it is possible perceived organizational support plays a moderating role in determining the link between change attitudes and participation. More precisely, people with higher levels of perceived organizational support are likely to have a more positive connection between attitudes toward change and participation in change. Although there are numerous organizational change reports, limited efforts have been devoted to examining the moderating role of perceived organizational support in organizational change. Accordingly, to further understand the moderating impact of perceived organizational support on the connections between attitudes toward change and participation in change, this study proposes the following hypothesis (see Figure 1).
H7. Perceived organizational support will moderate the link between attitudes toward change and participation in change. Specifically, people with higher levels of perceived organizational support will have a stronger relationship between attitudes toward change and participation in change.

Research methodology
Demographic data for respondents for study 1 A total of 359 employees from one semiconductor manufacturing company took part in study 1. Excluding 7 missing data, 271 males and 81 females participated in this study. As shown in Table 1, married and single employees accounted for 204 and 142 of respondents, respectively, and the majority of employees held a bachelor's degrees (n 5 253; 70%). Moreover, the mean and median ages of participants were 35.87 and 35, respectively. Finally, the mean tenure of participants was 6.03 (with standard deviation 5 5.59).
Demographic data for respondents in the study 2 A total of 179 employees from one logistics service company participated in study 2. Excluding 2 missing data, 98 males and 79 females participated in study 2. As shown in   Table 1.
Demographic data for respondents EJMBE respectively, and the majority of employees held bachelor's degrees (n 5 122; 68%). Moreover, the mean and median ages of participants were 33.97 and 33, respectively. Finally, the mean tenure of participants was 6.27 (with standard deviation 5 6.678).

Data collection for study 1 and 2
The data were collected from one semiconductor manufacturing company in study 1, and from one logistics service company in study 2. More precisely, in study 1, employees who experienced changes during a merger were invited to finish the survey. In study 2, employees who experienced changes regarding implementing new information systems in an organization were requested to finish the survey. In order to allow participants to feel free to complete the survey, study 1 and 2 adopted both online surveys and paper-based surveys to collect the data. After incomplete surveys were screened out, this study finally acquired 359 useable data for study 1, and 179 useable data for study 2.

Common method bias
In order to probe into the existence of common method bias in these two studies (Podsakoff et al., 2003), the Harman's single-factor test was used to examine whether there was any common method bias in the reports. Because the study findings revealed that one single factor in study 1 only explained 43.2% of total variances, and one single factor in study 2 only interpreted 42.3% of total variances, common method bias should not be considered a severe problem.

Instrumentation
We utilized 25 survey items, which were rated on a seven-point Likert scale, to investigate the impact of self-determined motivation and perceived organizational support on organizational change. As shown in Table 3, 12 items, which evaluated the constructs of perceived autonomy, competence and relatedness, were developed from Deci et al. (2001). Sample items of perceived autonomy, competence and relatedness were, "I feel like I can make a lot of input to decide how my job gets done", "People at work tell me I am good at what I do", and "I really like the people I work with". Second, this study adopted four items from Chiang (2010) to evaluate the construct of attitude toward change. Sample items were, "The changes are needed and are for the better", and "I am willing to support any further changes". Additionally, six items, which examined the construct of perceived organizational support, Selfdetermined motivation Items Factor loading S1 S2 S1 S2 S1 S2 S1 S2 S1 S1 S1 S2  Table 3. Confirmatory factor analysis EJMBE were adopted from Eisenberger et al. (1986). Sample items were, "My organization really cares about my well-being", and "My organization cares about my opinions". Finally, this study adopted three items form Chiang (2010) to evaluate the construct of participation in change. Sample item were, "I have been able to participate in the implementation of the changes", and "I have input into the decisions being made about the changes".

Data analysis
The partial least squares-structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) technique was utilized to examine the relationship between self-determined motivation and attitudes toward change and participation in change. Moreover, this study adopted the SPSS PROCESS (model 14) and 5,000 bootstrap samples to evaluate the moderated mediation effect (Hayes, 2013).
Multicollinearity, convergent and discriminant validity for study 1 and study 2 First, the reliability and internal consistency of the survey instrument were assessed using composite reliability (CR) and factor loadings. In Table 3, it was demonstrated that the CR values, in study 1 and 2, were all larger than 0.80. Moreover, because all factor loadings in different constructs were all above 0.70, the reliability and internal consistency of the survey instrument were considered to be acceptable (Fornell and Larcker, 1981). Second, the multicollinearity issue for study 1 and 2 was further addressed by using the variance inflation factors (VIF) for different variables in studies 1 and 2. As shown in Table 3, the values of variance inflation factors (VIF) were all lower than 5, which indicates that multicollinearity is not a severe problem in this study (Hair et al., 2019). Third, the convergent and discriminant validity of the measurement models in both studies were examined using the average variance extracted (AVE) and square root of AVE. Tables 3  and 4 show that the AVE values, in both studies, were in line with the suggested criteria (higher than 0.50), and the square root of AVE on the diagonal exceeded off-diagonal correlation values (Fornell and Larcker, 1981). Consequently, it was shown that the convergent and discriminant validity in both studies were satisfactory and in accordance with the recommended standards.

Selfdetermined motivation
T-values, path coefficients, R-square and SRMR values for study 1 and study 2 This study adopted t-values, path coefficients and R-square values to evaluate the structural model and hypotheses (Hair et al., 2019). Figure 2 shows that the findings of study 1 supported H1, H2, H3, H5 and H6. More precisely, the study findings indicated perceived autonomy (H5; β 5 0.532; t 5 10.906) and relatedness (H6; β 5 0.212; t 5 4.069), which explain a total of 45.1% of variance in perceived competence, were positively connected with perceived competence. Additionally, perceived competence (H2; β 5 0.397; t 5 6.718), which explained a total of 15.8% of variance in attitudes toward change, play a key role in attitudes toward change. More importantly, it was demonstrated that perceived competence (H3; β 5 0.345; t 5 5.557) and attitudes toward change (H1; β 5 0.318; t 5 4.749), which accounted for a total of 30.8% of variance in change participation, had a positive impact on participation in change.
Second, it was shown that the findings for study 2 also buttressed H1, H2, H3, H5 and H6. Specifically, in Figure 3, the study findings revealed that perceived autonomy (H5; β 5 0.530; t 5 9.757) and relatedness (H6; β 5 0.259; t 5 4.629), which explained a total of 50.5% of variance in perceived competence, were positively associated with perceived competence. Additionally, perceived competence (H2; β 5 0.283; t 5 3.103), which accounted for a total of 8.0% of variance in attitudes toward change, were a key determinant of attitudes toward change. Third, it was found that perceived competence (H3; β 5 0.243; t 5 3.952) and attitudes toward change (H1; β 5 0.546; t 5 9.767), which explained a total of 43.3% of variance in change participation, positively predicted participation in change. Finally, the standardized root mean square residual (SRMR) value was adopted to assess the model fit. The SRMR values for study 1 (0.058) and study 2 (0.066) were all less than the suggested criteria (<0.08), which revealed acceptable model fit (Hair et al., 2019;Henseler et al., 2016;Hu and Bentler, 1999).

Moderated mediation effect for study 1and study 2
In order to evaluate the moderated mediation effect for study 1 and 2, hypothesis 4 and 7 were assessed using SPSS PROCESS (model 14) and 5,000 bootstrap samples (Hayes, 2013). In Tables 5 and 6, it was found study findings for study 1 (β 5 0.103, t 5 2.073) and for study 2 (β 5 0.174, t 5 3.051) all supported hypothesis 7, which indicated that perceived organizational support would moderate the relationship between attitudes toward change and participation in change. Moreover, in Tables 7 and 8, the study findings, which supported hypothesis 4, demonstrated attitudes toward change would mediate the link between perceived competence and participation in change, mainly because 95% confidence interval (95% CI) did not contain 0 (Hayes, 2013).

Discussion and implication
Theoretical contributions First, the study results not only indicated perceived relatedness and autonomy are positively related to perceived competence, but also revealed perceived competence plays a key role in determining more positive attitudes toward change, and participation in change.   Selfdetermined motivation suggestions add to the body of knowledge in organizational change by proving the key relationship between self-determined motivation, attitudes toward change and participation in change. Specifically, the change management model, further considering the key connections between perceived autonomy, perceived relatedness and perceived competence in the effectiveness and efficiency of organizational change, will shed more light on how to carry out a successful organizational change (Deci et al., 2001;Iqbal and Asrar-ul-Haq, 2018;Rezvani et al., 2017).
Additionally, the study results indicated attitudes toward change will play a key role not only in mediating the link between perceived competence and participation in change, but also in implementing the successful organizational changes (Drzensky et al., 2012;Iqbal and Asrar-ul-Haq, 2018;Kwahk and Kim, 2008;Ming-Chu and Meng-Hsiu, 2015). The study suggestions contributed to the body of knowledge in the field of organizational change by verifying the pivotal influence of attitudes toward change on organizational change. More precisely, the theoretical framework, incorporating the mediating role of change attitudes into the organizational change model, provides the researchers and practitioners in organizational Values for POS are the mean and plus/minus one SD from mean; ATC: attitude toward change; PA: perceived autonomy; PC: perceived competence; PR: perceived relatedness; POS: perceived organizational support; PIC: participation in change; LLCI: low limit confidence interval; ULCI: upper limit confidence interval Table 6. Moderated mediation model for study 2 Table 7. Conditional direct and indirect effects for study 1 change with theoretical underpinnings to evaluate the mediating role of attitudes toward change in change management.
Finally, the study suggestions, expanding the body of knowledge in change management, revealed perceived organizational support plays a key role in moderating the link between attitudes toward change and participation in change. Specifically, perceived organizational support, one of the key drivers in organizational change, helps institutions and organizations to implement successful organizational change. It is hinted more research is needed to verify the moderating impact of perceived organizational support on the effectiveness and efficiency of organizational change (Cheng and O-Yang, 2018;Fuchs and Prouska, 2014;Ming-Chu and Meng-Hsiu, 2015;Wang et al., 2017).

Empirical implications
The primary purpose of this study is not only to examine the connection between selfdetermined motivation, attitudes toward change, and participation in change, but also to explore the moderating impact of perceived organizational support on organizational change, and the mediating role of attitudes toward change in the link between perceived competence and participation in change. First, the study findings, consistent with previous suggestions (Akbari et al., 2015;Deci et al., 2001;Iqbal and Asrar-ul-Haq, 2018;Deci et al., 2001), indicated self-determined motivation will be closely connected with attitudes toward change. That is, individuals with higher levels of perceived autonomy and relatedness are likely to have better perceived competence, which in turn leads to more positive attitudes toward change. It is implied more efforts should be devoted to satisfying individuals' need for autonomy, competence and relatedness. For example, considerably more attention should be paid to offering support for autonomy, relatedness and competence to help employees have better attitudes toward change and participation in change (Deci et al., 2001;Iqbal and Asrar-ul-Haq, 2018;Rezvani et al., 2017).
Moreover, the study findings, consistent with previous reports (Drzensky et al., 2012;Iqbal and Asrar-ul-Haq, 2018;Kwahk and Kim, 2008;Ming-Chu and Meng-Hsiu, 2015), indicated attitudes toward change play a key role not only in mediating the link between perceived competence and participation in change, but also in implementing successful organizational changes. In other words, perceived competence has a positive impact on attitudes toward Selfdetermined motivation change, which in turn will result in better participation in change. Accordingly, to improve outcomes of organizational change, it is critical top management focus on key factors that lead to better attitudes toward change, mainly because change attitudes play a key role in improving the outcomes of organizational change.
Last but not least, the study results are in line with previous suggestions (Cheng and O-Yang, 2018;Fuchs and Prouska, 2014;Ming-Chu and Meng-Hsiu, 2015;Wang et al., 2017), which indicate perceived organizational support has a moderating impact on organizational change. More precisely, perceived organizational support will reinforce the positive link between attitudes toward change and participation in change. It is implied more attention should be paid to improving perceived organizational support, mainly because perceived organizational support facilitates better attitudes toward change and participation in change. For example, to improve the outcomes of organizational change, it is suggested training and management support play a pivotal role in helping people have better attitudes toward change, which in turn leads to better change participation (Akbari et al., 2015).

Limitations and future research
There are several research limitations worthy of further discussion in this report. First, in regard to the control variables, research and sampling design, the study results of selfdetermined motivation should be interpreted with caution, mainly because this study gathered data from one semiconductor manufacturing company (study 1) and another logistics service company (study 2) in Taiwan. Specifically, in study 1, employees who experienced changes during a merger were invited to finish the survey. In study 2, employees who experienced changes regarding implementing a new information system in an organization were asked to finish the survey. Control variables such as types of organizational change, transformational change or trans-organizational change should be incorporated into future research design, and more studies from different countries and industries are needed to verify the generalizability of study findings. Second, employees' previous experiences of change implementation and management were neglected in this report. Specifically, whether prior experience plays a key role in determining successful change implementation has not yet been fully explored in previous change management research. It is suggested that future studies incorporate prior experience of change implementation into the research design. Third, because this study did not address the key impact of employees' tenure and resistance to participation in change in successful organizational change, it is critical for future studies to incorporate these key control variables into the change model to further measure the effectiveness and efficiency of organizational change. Finally, although the connections between self-determined motivation, attitudes toward change and participation in change have been further discussed in this report, this study does not examine the role of training support in organizational change. Specifically, whether training for organizational change is closely linked to attitudes toward change and participation in change deserves more attention in future studies (Akbari et al., 2015). Accordingly, it is critical more efforts be devoted to the impact of training for organizational change on the effectiveness and efficiency of organizational change.
In conclusion, three major contributions can be found in this study. One significant contribution has been made by verifying the central impact of self-determined motivation on attitudes toward change. Another pivotal contribution has been made by proving the mediating role of attitudes toward change in the link between perceived competence and participation in change. Last but not least, the study findings contribute to the body of knowledge in change management by demonstrating the moderating impact of perceived organizational support on the relationship between attitudes toward change and participation in change. In fact, change management plays a pivotal role in determining future organizational competitiveness, mainly because "employees who have experienced poor change management in the past are more likely to resist new changes" (Fuchs and Prouska, 2014, p. 361). Accordingly, it is important to pay more attention to the impact of perceived organizational support and self-determined motivation on organizational change.