Abstract
Purpose
In this paper, the author defines the function
Design/methodology/approach
Andrews introduced to combinatorial objects, which he called singular overpartitions and proved that these singular overpartitions depend on two parameters δ and i can be enumerated by the function
Findings
Using classical spirit of q-series techniques, the author obtains congruences modulo 4 for
Originality/value
The results established in this work are extension to those proved in Andrews’ singular overpatition pairs of n.
Keywords
Citation
Nayaka, S.S., Sreelakshmi, T.K. and Kumar, S. (2022), "Arithmetic properties of singular overpartition pairs without multiples of
Publisher
:Emerald Publishing Limited
Copyright © 2021, S. Shivaprasada Nayaka, T.K. Sreelakshmi and Santosh Kumar
License
Published in Arab Journal of Mathematical Sciences. Published by Emerald Publishing Limited. This article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) licence. Anyone may reproduce, distribute, translate and create derivative works of this article (for both commercial and non-commercial purposes), subject to full attribution to the original publication and authors. The full terms of this licence may be seen at http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcode
1. Introduction
For |ab| < 1, Ramanujan's general theta function f(a, b) is defined as
Throughout the paper, we use the standard q-series notation, and fk is defined as
A partition of a positive integer n is a nonincreasing sequence of positive integers whose sum is n. An overpartition, introduced by Corteel and Lovejoy [2], of a nonnegative integer n is a nonincreasing sequence of natural numbers whose sum is n in which the first occurrence of a number may be overlined.
Recently, G. E. Andrews [3] defined combinatorial objects, which he called singular overpartitions and proved that these singular overpartitions depend on two parameters δ and i can be enumerated by the function
He also proved that
Andrews [3] proves that, for all n ≥ 0,
Chen et al. [5] have generalized (1.7) and proved some congruences modulo 2, 3, 4 and 8 for
In [12, 13], Naika et al. have defined the Andrews' singular overpartition pairs of n. Let
In this paper, we define the function
In this paper, we establish some congruences modulo 4 for
For all integers α ≥ 0 and n ≥ 0,
Let p be a prime ≥ 5,
Let p be a prime ≥ 5,
For all integers α ≥ 0 and n ≥ 0,
For any prime p ≥ 5, α ≥ 0 and n ≥ 0, we have
For any prime p ≥ 5, α ≥ 0, n ≥ 0 and l = 1, 2, …p − 1, we have
For all integers α ≥ 0 and n ≥ 0,
For any prime p ≥ 5, α ≥ 0 and n ≥ 0, we have
For any prime p ≥ 5, α ≥ 0, n ≥ 0 and l = 1, 2, …p − 1, we have
2. Preliminary results
We need the following few dissection formulas to prove our main results,
The following two dissections hold:
Hirschhorn, Garvan and Borwein [14] have proved Eqn (2.1). For proof of (2.2), see [15].
The following two dissections hold:
Eqn (2.3) was proved by Baruah and Ojah [16]. Replacing q by − q in (2.3) and using the fact that
The following two dissections hold:
Xia and Yao [17] gave a proof of Lemma (2.3). Replacing q by − q in (2.5) and using the fact that
The following two dissections hold:
Xia and Yao [18] proved (2.7) by employing an addition formula for theta functions.
The following two dissections hold:
Eqn (2.9) was proved by Hirschhorn and Sellers [19].
The following three dissections hold:
One can see this identity in [20].
(Cui and Gu [21, Theorem 2.2]). For any prime p ≥ 5,
For any prime p and positive integer n,
3. Proof of Theorem (1.1)
Setting i = 2, j = 4, δ = 8 and k = 3 in (1.8), we see that
By the definition of f(a, b) and the well-known Jacobi triple product identity, we get
Substituting (2.7) into (3.2), we have
Equating odd parts of the aforementioned equation, we obtain
Involving (2.11) in (3.4), we get
Employing (2.2) into (3.5), we arrive at
Extracting the terms involving q2n from both sides of (3.6), we have
Using (2.11) in the aforementioned equation, we obtain
Substituting (2.1) into (3.8), we find that
Invoking (2.11) in (3.10), the equation reduces to
Employing (2.8) into (3.11), we obtain
Congruence (1.9) easily follows from the aforementioned equation.
From (3.6), we have
Using (2.11) in (3.6), we found
Substituting (2.5) into (3.14), we obtain
Extracting the terms involving q2n+1 from (3.15), dividing by q and replacing q2 by q, we arrive at
Employing (2.1) into (3.17), we obtain
Extracting the terms involving q2n from both sides of (3.18), we have
Using (2.11) in (3.19), we arrive at
Congruence (1.11) easily follows from (3.20).
From (3.18), we have
Congruence (1.12) follows by extracting the terms involving q2n+1 from (3.21).
From (3.15), we get
Using (2.11) in (3.22), we obtain
Employing (2.1) into (3.23), we reduce that
Extracting the terms involving q2n from both sides of (3.24), we find that
Substituting (2.5) into (3.25), we arrive at
Invoking (2.11) in (3.27), we obtain
Congruence (1.13) follows by extracting the terms involving q2n+1 from (3.28).
Extracting the terms involving q2n+1 from (3.26), dividing by q and replacing q2 by q, we arrive at
Using (2.11) in (3.29), we get
Congruence (1.14) follows from (3.30).
Extracting the terms involving q2n from both sides of (3.24), we have
Employing (2.6) into (3.31), we found
Substituting (2.4) into (3.33), we get
Using (2.11) in (3.35), we find that
Extracting the terms involving q2n from (3.37) and replacing q2 by q, we obtain
Invoking (2.11) in (3.38), we arrive at
Congruence (1.15) follows by extracting the terms involving q2n+1 from (3.39).
From (3.37), we have
Invoking (2.11) in (3.40), we obtain
Congruence (1.16) follows from (3.41).
From (3.34), we arrive at
Using (2.11) in (3.42), we get
From the equations (3.14) and (3.43), we obtain (1.17).
Extracting the terms involving q2n+1 from (3.9), dividing by q and replacing q2 by q, we obtain
Invoking (2.11) in (3.44), we get
Congruence (1.10) follows by extracting the terms involving q2n+1 from (3.45).
From equations (3.45), (3.30) and (3.40), we obtain (1.18).
4. Proof of Theorem (1.2)
Extracting the terms involving q2n from (3.45) and replacing q2 by q, we have
Combining (4.1) and (4.2), we find that
Since
5. Proof of Theorem (1.3)
Replacing n by
Comparing coefficients of qn from both sides of (4.3), we see that for n ≥ 0,
6. Proof of Theorem (1.4)
Setting i = 2, j = 4, δ = 8 and k = 5 in (1.8), we see that
Substituting (2.9) into (6.2), we have
Equating odd parts of the aforementioned equation, we obtain
Involving (2.11) in (6.4), we get
Congruences (1.21) and (1.22) follow from the aforementioned equation.
7. Proof of Theorem (1.5)
From (6.5), we have
Employing Lemma (2.7) into (7.1), it can be see that
Therefore,
Using the aforementioned relation and by induction on α, we arrive at (1.23).
8. Proof of Theorem (1.6)
Combining (7.2) with Theorem (1.5), we derive that for α ≥ 0,
Therefore, it follows that
9. Proof of Theorem (1.7)
Setting i = 2, j = 4, δ = 12 and k = 3 in (1.8), we see that
By the definition of f(a, b) and the well-known Jacobi triple product identity, we get
Substituting (2.7) into (9.2), we have
Equating odd parts of the aforementioned equation, we obtain
Involving (2.11) in (9.4), we get
Substituting (9.6) into (9.5), we deduce that
Congruence (1.25) easily follows from the aforementioned equation.
Extracting the terms involving q3n+1 from (9.7), dividing by q and replacing q3 by q, we arrive at
Congruence (1.26) follows by extracting the terms involving q2n+1 from (9.9).
From (9.9), we can reduce that
Employing (2.10) into (9.10), we get
Congruence (1.27) follows from (9.11).
Extracting the terms involving q3n+1 from (9.11), dividing by q and replacing q3 by q, we have
Congruences (1.28) and (1.29) follow by extracting the terms involving q3n+1 and q3n+2 from (9.9).
From (9.12), we find that
Combining (9.10) and (9.13), we get
Using the aforementioned relation and by induction on α, we have
10. Proof of Theorem (1.8)
From (9.11), we find that
Invoking (2.11) in (10.1), we obtain
Employing Lemma (2.7) into (10.2), it can be see that
Using the aforementioned relation and by induction on α, we arrive at (1.31).
11. Proof of Theorem (1.9)
Combining (10.3) with Theorem (1.8), we derive that for α ≥ 0,
Therefore, it follows that
Acknowledgement:
The authors would like to thank the anonymous referee for his valuable suggestions to improve the quality of our paper.
Funding: This research received no specific grants from any funding agency in the public, commercial or not for profit sectors.
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Acknowledgements
Dedicated to Prof. M. S. Mahadeva Naika on his 62nd birthday.