Index

Sport, Gender and Mega-Events

ISBN: 978-1-83982-937-6, eISBN: 978-1-83982-936-9

Publication date: 29 November 2021

This content is currently only available as a PDF

Citation

(2021), "Index", Dashper, K. (Ed.) Sport, Gender and Mega-Events (Emerald Studies in Sport and Gender), Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. 247-255. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-83982-936-920211024

Publisher

:

Emerald Publishing Limited

Copyright © 2022 by Emerald Publishing Limited


INDEX

Acarajé
, 150, 156–157

and Copa Race–Class–Gender disorder
, 157–159

Adams, Nicola (British boxer)
, 14–15

Advantage theory
, 47–48

Africa Cup of Nations
, 1

Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome
, 33–34

Asian Games
, 1, 6

Asociación de Clubes de Fútbol Femenino (ACFF)
, 194

Athlete. See also Male elite athletes

activism
, 135

elite
, 36–37

female
, 33–34, 134–136

Inter* athletes
, 239

in particular
, 33–34

passports
, 240

Trans* athletes
, 37, 239

Athletics South Africa (ASA)
, 39

Australian Grand Prix. See Formula One

Baianas
, 15, 17, 150, 156–157, 239–240

Baianas Lives Matter
, 155–156

Barcelona
, 188

Barr body test
, 36

‘Biological men’
, 47

Biological passport
, 37

Black, Asian and minority ethnics (BAME)
, 172

Black Brazilian women
, 239–240

Black feminism
, 17

in Brazil
, 151, 153, 155

Black feminists
, 154–155

Blanchard, Alana (surfer)
, 136

Brazil

Black feminism in
, 151, 153, 155

gender metaphor in Brazilian
, 151–152

Bronze, Lucy (England)
, 137

Carneiro, Sueli
, 154

Carnival
, 172

Chand, Dutee (Indian sprinter)
, 38–39

Climate change, environment and
, 244

Club Deportivo Tacón
, 192–193

Colonial/Modern Gender System
, 45

Combat sports
, 8–9

Commonwealth Games
, 1, 6, 12

Competition
, 2–3

Competitive sports
, 9

Copa Race–Class–Gender disorder
, 157–159

Coping strategies
, 77

Cost
, 3

Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS)
, 38–39

COVID-19 pandemic
, 1, 240–241

Critical feminist research approach
, 207–209

Cultural performance
, 171

efficacy of
, 166

Dean, Christopher
, 163–164

Dichotomous sex
, 35

Differences of sexual development (DSD)
, 34, 39

women with
, 40

Direct costs
, 3

Discrimination, ongoing
, 241–242

Diversity
, 156

Do Nothing Bitch (DNB)
, 140–141

Elaborated Social Identity Model (ESIM)
, 94–95, 103

Elite athletes
, 36–37

Elite sport
, 33

Ellie Soutter (snowboarder)
, 74

Emotion management
, 76

English disease
, 93

Environment and climate change
, 244

Equality
, 39–40

gender
, 21–22

Equestrian sport
, 14

Estudos Feministas (Feminist Studies)
, 154

Ethical relativism
, 59, 63–64

European Athletic Championships
, 35

Events
, 2–3

‘Everyday resistance’ concept
, 152–153

Fair competition
, 33

Fair fights
, 98

Fairness
, 39–40

promise of fairness and inclusive policies
, 49–50

in sport mega-events
, 37–39

Familiarisation
, 209

Fan ID
, 170

Fan(s)

Fan zones
, 170

at football mega-events
, 93–94

presence and absence of
, 99–101

violence
, 7

Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA)
, 1, 149

FIFA Men’s World Cup
, 4, 6–7

FIFA Women’s World Cup
, 6–7

General
, 143

Rights
, 141

Scandal
, 168

Female

athletes
, 33–34, 134–136

sport mega-events
, 188

sports and athletes
, 9

Feminism

black
, 17

liberal
, 17

multiple
, 18

multitude of
, 16–17

neoliberal
, 11, 18

post-feminism
, 8–9, 18, 135–136

postcolonial
, 17–18

Third-wave feminism
, 11

Feminist

commentators
, 201–202

sport studies
, 135–136

sports media scholars
, 136–137

thematic analysis
, 136

FIFA Men’s World Cup
, 163

Brazil (2014)
, 21

in Qatar (2022)
, 242

Russia (2018)
, 10–11, 106–107

FIFA Women’s World Cup
, 57

‘Dare to Shine’
, 133–134

France (2019)
, 133–135

methodology
, 136–138

Rapinoe, Megan
, 134–135

self-disclosure as statement
, 140–141

self-empowerment and politics
, 141–143

from self-love to equal love
, 138–139

theoretical framework
, 135–136

FIFA Women’s World Cup Now (live Twitter show)
, 57

Fischer, Nilla (Sweden)
, 137

Flintoff, Freddie (cricket player)
, 74

Flints Crew at Spartak Moscow
, 97–98

Fluidity
, 17

Football

cultural role
, 93

fan violence at
, 93–94

FIFA Men’s World Cup, Russia (2018)
, 106–107

football-related disorder
, 98

gender (dis)order and
, 151–152

historical
, 93

masculinity, football and violence
, 92

mega-events
, 91

participation
, 1–2

pay
, 134–135

presence and absence of fan violence at football mega-events
, 99–101

UEFA Championships, France (2016)
, 101–106

Football Association (FA)
, 74

Football Banning Orders (FBOs)
, 94

Football hooliganism
, 93, 107–108

evolution in England
, 92

at mega-events
, 94–95

policing and policy
, 94–95

in Russian Federation
, 96–99

subcultural violence and nationalism
, 95–96

Football World Cup (FWC)
, 92, 163–164, 221–222

Carnival
, 172

cultural performance
, 171

diversity programme
, 177–178

effectiveness of technological performance
, 165–166

efficacy of cultural performance
, 166

efficiency of organisational performance
, 165

feeling
, 163–164

getting power
, 166–169

harder, faster, better, stronger
, 174–176

investigating football fan performances
, 164–165

Iranian women
, 177

organisational performance and efficiency
, 170

perceptions of Russia
, 173

public debate in Russia
, 178

in Russia
, 164

shared experience
, 180–181

sport mega-events
, 176, 181

technological performance
, 170–171

traditional values
, 179–180

Forest fights. See Fair fights

Formula One
, 113–114

as (gendered) ‘glamorous’ event
, 116–117

drivers
, 113

grid girls
, 120

macho racers
, 117–120

as mega-event
, 113, 115–116

ornamental females
, 120–124

and spectacle
, 115–116

Fox Sports
, 57

Free testosterone (fT)
, 43–44

Gama, Sara (Italy)
, 137

Gender
, 33, 45, 47, 239

binary
, 118

differences in sports media
, 222–225

equity
, 221–222

gender equality, sport mega-events and search for
, 187–188

gender trouble and sport mega-events
, 13–15

gender/nationality, intermingling of
, 225–227

identity in (Golf) sport media
, 204–206

(in)equality
, 16

inequality in Spanish sports
, 189–190

lack of media exposure
, 222–223

linguistic depiction
, 224–225

marking
, 13

metaphor in Brazilian
, 151–152

sexism
, 120

sport and
, 6–10

sport mega-events, gender and mediatisation
, 10–13

stereotypes
, 45–46

theorising gender and sport mega-events
, 15–18

verification
, 39–40

visual depiction
, 223–224

Gender (dis)order

Acarajé and Copa Race–Class–Gender disorder
, 157–159

Baianas, Acarajé and mega-events gendered order
, 156–157

Baianas Lives Matter
, 155–156

black feminism in Brazil
, 153–155

everyday resistance
, 152–153

football
, 151–152

Gender stereotypes
, 59–60

in sport media
, 60–61

Gendered dynamics
, 113

Gendered evaluations of dominant play
, 64–66

‘Gladiators’ of Spartak Moscow
, 99–100

Glamour
, 20, 113, 116–117

Global Health
, 240–241

Global North
, 242

Global South
, 242, 244

Golf

Ryder Cup
, 202–204

Solheim Cup
, 6, 209–210

Hansen, Caroline Graham (Norway)
, 137

Hashimoto, Seiko (Japan’s Olympic minister)
, 242

Hegemonic masculinity
, 7, 18

Hi-tech racing
, 113

Hooligan(s)
, 91

Hooliganism
, 7, 91

England/’Old Skool’
, 100

football hooliganism evolution in England
, 92

Russian Style
, 98

violence
, 95–96

Human rights
, 243

‘Hybrid’ technology
, 120

Hybridity
, 17

Hyper-masculine nationalist identity
, 100

Hyperandrogenism
, 38, 43–45, 47

IAAF Policy on Gender Verification
, 38

Inclusive masculinity
, 74, 118

Inclusive policies
, 34, 49–50

Indianapolis 500
, 115–116

IndyCar
, 120–121

Infantino, Gianni (FIFA President)
, 133–134

Inter* athletes
, 239

Inter*sex
, 37–38

Inter*sex athletes
, 37–38

Inter*sex people
, 33–34

International Association of Athletics Federation (IAAF)
, 9, 33

International Broadcast Centre (IBC)
, 170–171

International crises
, 1

International Federation of Football Associations (FIFA)
, 190–191

International Olympic Committee (IOC)
, 4, 33, 168, 240

International sport
, 202–203

competitions
, 227–234

Intersex
, 39–40

sports competitions
, 227–234

Iranian women
, 177

Kellner
, 115

Kelly Catlin (cyclist)
, 74

Kłobukowska, Ewa
, 36

“Known hooligans” movement
, 94–95

Ladies European Tour (LET)
, 201

Ladies Professional Golf Association (LPGA)
, 201

Lambert, Elizabeth (University of New Mexico soccer player)
, 61

Le Mans
, 120–121

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans, queer (LGBTQ+)
, 15

rights
, 168

Liberal feminism
, 17

Liberal feminist approach
, 16–17

Linguistic depiction
, 224–225, 233–234

Macho racers
, 117–120

Male elite athletes
, 73

athlete role models and recovery
, 84–87

displaying vulnerability
, 80–82

interpretative analysis
, 75–76

mental health suffering as antithesis of sport
, 77–80

methods and approach to study
, 75–77

nuance of suffering in sport
, 75

sport and mental health
, 74–75

sport as coping mechanism
, 82–84

Marozsan, Dzseinifer (Germany)
, 137

Masculine hegemonic entrenchment
, 205

Masculinity
, 75

aggressive
, 91

football, violence and
, 92

hegemonic
, 117–118

hyper
, 7

inclusive
, 74, 118

Masculinity in sport
, 57–58

McKinnon’s theory
, 49–50

Media

coverage
, 11

framing of sports
, 12

lack of media exposure
, 222–223, 228, 232

mediatisation
, 10–13

representation
, 11

Social media
, 11–12, 60, 134, 223–224

traditional–print and TV
, 243

women athletes in
, 59–60

Mediated reach
, 3

Mediatisation
, 10, 13, 243

of sport events
, 116

Medico-scientific foundation
, 40–45

Mega-event(s)
, 1–3, 12, 241

gendered order
, 156–157

hosting
, 3

masculine hegemony in
, 13–14

meaning
, 6

Mental health
, 75–76

and male elite athletes
, 74–75

suffering as antithesis of sport
, 77–80

Mental toughness
, 75

Minimum pay of female professional players
, 193–194

Monaco Grand Prix
, 115–116

Montreal Summer Olympics (1976)
, 4

Morgan, Alex
, 64–65

Motor-racing events
, 115–116

Motorsport
, 119

Mulheres negras’ movement
, 153

Multiplicity
, 17

National identity

in (Golf) sport media
, 204–206

gender differences in sports media
, 222–225

intermingling of gender/nationality
, 225–227

international, intersex sports competitions
, 227–234

National proxy warriors
, 210–212

National sport federations (NSFs)
, 195

Nationalism
, 91, 93, 95–96

Nationality
, 239

Neo-colonial fetishism
, 35

Neoliberal feminisms
, 18

‘New’ media
, 11

Nongovernmental organisations (NGOs)
, 154

Nuance of suffering in sport
, 75

NVivo software
, 77

‘Off-field’ case study
, 150

Okolofutbola
, 98

‘Old Skool’ typologies of hooligan violence
, 100

Olympic Games
, 5–7, 9–10, 34, 39–40, 58–59, 221–222

Olympic Games–Summer
, 35

general
, 1

Rio (2016)
, 10–11

Tokyo (2020/21)
, 39, 240

Olympic Games–Winter

general
, 1

Sochi (2014)
, 167

Olympique Lyonnais
, 190–191

Olympique Marseille (OM)
, 101

Olympism
, 5

Online academic databases
, 39–40

Organisational performance, efficiency of
, 165

Organised sport
, 6–7

Ornamental females
, 120–124

Pan American Games
, 1, 6

Patrick, Danica (racing driver)
, 136

Perfectionism
, 74–75

Performance

cultural
, 171

gender
, 1

organisational
, 165

technical
, 171

Plurality
, 156

Polycystic ovary syndrome
, 38

Post-feminism
, 8–9, 18, 135–136

Postcolonial feminisms
, 17–18

Primera Iberdrola
, 192

Professional sport
, 48–49

Public perception
, 241

PubMed
, 39–40

Qatar FIFA Men’s World Cup (2022)
, 244

Race
, 45, 47, 239

Racial hierarchies
, 46

Racism

in football
, 107, 139–140

Megan Rapinoe and
, 134–135

in Russia
, 169

Rapinoe, Megan (US footballer)
, 14–15, 64–65, 134–135, 137–139, 141, 239–240

empowerment
, 142–143

most valuable player and top scorer of tournament in FIFA Women’s World Cup
, 134–135

in national politics
, 142–143

outspoken on multiple forums
, 135

#USWNT
, 143

Real Madrid
, 188

Red-Blue Warriors at CSKA
, 97–98

Renard, Wendie (France)
, 137

Resistance concept
, 152–153

Reto Iberdrola
, 192

Rights, scandal
, 4

Rio Games (2016)
, 13

Role congruity theory (RCT)
, 59, 62

Rousey, Ronda (wrestler)
, 136

Rubiales, Luis (president of Spanish Football Federation)
, 192

Rugby World Cup
, 6

Russia

Controversy
, 167–168

Putin
, 99

Russian Federation, football hooliganism in
, 96–99

Russian football hooliganism
, 108

USSR
, 97–98

Ryder Cup
, 202–204

Sanden, Shanice Van De (Holland)
, 137

Sarajevo Winter Olympics (1984)
, 4

Scopus
, 39–40

Self-categorisation theory
, 221–222

Self-disclosure
, 136

as statement
, 140–141

Self-empowerment
, 136

and politics
, 141–143

Self-love
, 136

Semenya, Caster (African athlete)
, 9, 39

Separatism
, 98

Sex
, 35

verification tests
, 33

Sex biology
, 46

Sex integration
, 14–15

Sex regulation
, 39–40

Sex segregation
, 39–40

Sex testing
, 33–34, 39–40

analysis
, 40

author’s position
, 35

current debate on sex testing and fairness in sport mega-events
, 37–39

history of
, 35–37

hyperandrogenism, race and gender
, 45–47

level playing field
, 47–48

medico-scientific foundation and (bio)ethical considerations of current regulations
, 40–45

methods
, 39–40

promise of fairness and inclusive policies
, 49–50

reviewed articles by themes
, 41–43

in sport mega-events
, 33

Sexuality
, 9–10, 239

‘Sexually empowered’ female
, 8–9

Sharapova, Maria (tennis players)
, 136

Shared experience
, 180–181

Snapchat (instant-messaging application)
, 136–137

Social comparison theory
, 225

Social identity theory in action
, 225–227

Social media
, 11–12, 60, 134, 223–224

Social role theory (SRT)
, 59, 62–63

Socioeconomic characteristics
, 190

Sociology of sport
, 1–2

Solheim Cup
, 202

critical feminist research approach
, 207–209

gender and national identity in(Golf) sport media
, 204–206

as Golf
, 209–210

national proxy warriors
, 210–212

Pettersen the ‘Supermum’
, 212–214

Ryder Cup’s little sister
, 214–215

story of 2019 Solheim Cup
, 206

(supra-)national identity and golf
, 202–204

Women’s Golf and
, 201–202

Spanish Football Federation
, 187–188

Sport media
, 12

gender differences in
, 222–225

Sport mega-events. See also Football World Cup (FWC)
, 1–2, 6, 33–34, 58–59, 221, 239, 242–243

current debate on sex testing and fairness in
, 37–39

gender, mediatisation and
, 10–13

gender trouble and
, 13–15

history of sex testing in
, 35–37

and search for gender equality
, 187–188

theorising gender and
, 15–18

Sport(s)
, 1, 39–40

as coping mechanism
, 82–84

and gender
, 6–10

in Latin America
, 150

male elite athletes in
, 74–75

mental health suffering as antithesis of
, 77–80

nuance of suffering in
, 75

SPORTDiscus
, 39–40

Stockholm Consensus
, 37

Stylized exoticism
, 122–123

Subcultural violence
, 95–96

Summer Olympic Games. See also Winter Olympics Games
, 1, 4, 6, 12

in Beijing (2008)
, 242–243

Los Angeles in 2028
, 243

Paris in 2024
, 243

in Rio
, 240–241

(Supra-)national identity and golf
, 202–204

Sydney Games (2000)
, 13

‘Symbolic politics’
, 4–5

T-talk
, 46

Technological performance
, 170–171

effectiveness of
, 165–166

Televisual techniques
, 115–116

Thematic analysis
, 209

Third-wave feminism
, 11, 18

Thorpe, Ian (swimmer)
, 74

Tokyo Olympics (2020/21)
, 240–241

Tokyo Organising Committee
, 240

Torvill, Jayne
, 163–164

Traditional media
, 243

Traditional values
, 179–180

Trans*athletes
, 37, 239

Trans*men
, 37

Trans*people
, 33–34

Trans*persons
, 37–38

Trans*women
, 33–34, 37, 40, 47

Transgender
, 39–40

Tweddle, Beth (British female gymnast)
, 8

Two-sex model
, 33

UEFA Championships, France (2016)
, 92, 101, 106

Union of European Football Associations (UEFA)
, 6, 190–191

United States Women’s National team (USWNT)
, 57, 64–65

Urban transformation
, 3–4

US Women’s National Team (USWNT)
, 19

Ustawki
, 98

Video assistant referees (VAR)
, 170–171

Violence

fan violence at football
, 93–94

football and
, 92

‘Old Skool’ typologies of hooligan
, 100

subcultural
, 95–96

Visitor attractiveness
, 3

Visual content analysis
, 223–224

Visual depiction
, 223–224, 232–233

Visual media portrayals
, 223–224

Visual representation of women athletes
, 232–233

Vulnerability, displaying
, 80–82

Well-being
, 75–76

Western notion of binary sex
, 34

Whiteness
, 9–10

Williams, Serena (tennis players)
, 11–12, 136, 138

Wimbledon Tennis Championships
, 2–3

Winter Olympics Games. See also Summer Olympic Games

in PyeongChang(2018)
, 10–11

in Sarajevo (1984)
, 4

in Sochi (2014)
, 167–168

Women
, 63

athletes in media
, 59–60

barriers for women in sport
, 60–64

category in elite sport
, 33

with DSD
, 40

ethical relativism
, 63–64

football in Spain
, 187

in football management
, 195–196

in Formula One
, 120

gender inequality in Spanish sports
, 189–190

gender stereotypes in sport media
, 60–61

gendered evaluations of dominant play
, 64–66

improvements in professional women’s football
, 192–193

with inter*sex variations
, 33–34

limits of progress
, 193–196

more girls and women playing football
, 193

participation rates in sport
, 57

position in sport
, 8

positive impacts of women’s football mega-events in Spain
, 191–193

role congruity and social role theory
, 62–63

selection of empirical case and sources
, 188–189

sport mega-events and search for gender equality
, 187–188

and sports in Latin America
, 150

football mega-events
, 190–191

Women’s Golf and Solheim Cup
, 201–202

Women’s World Golf Rankings (WWGR)
, 206

Working conditions of female professional players
, 193–194

World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA)
, 37

World Athletics. See International Association of Athletics Federation (IAAF)

World Athletics Championships
, 1, 34

Prelims
Chapter 1 Introduction: Sport, Gender and Mega-Events
Section 1 Problematising Gendered Bodies and Behaviours
Chapter 2 Sex Testing in Sport Mega-Events: Fairness and the Illusive Promise of Inclusive Policies – Situating Inter* and Trans*Athletes in Elite Sport
Chapter 3 Ethical Relativism and Sport Mega-Event Gendered Discourses: Uneasiness towards the Dominant Play of Women in Sport
Section 2 Masculinity, Sport and Mega-Events
Chapter 4 Not Feeling So Mega, but Still Being a Mega Star: Exploring Male Elite Athletes' Mental Health Accounts from a Gendered Perspective
Chapter 5 Security, Locality and Aggressive Masculinity: Hooliganism and Nationalism at Football Mega-Events
Chapter 6 The Formula One Paradox: Macho Male Racers and Ornamental Glamour ‘Girls’
Section 3 Gender, Disruption and Transformation at Mega-Events
Chapter 7 ‘Dare to Shine’: Megan Rapinoe as the Rebellious Star of the FIFA Women's World Cup 2019
Chapter 8 Who Owns the Ball? Gender (Dis)Order and the 2014 FIFA World Cup
Chapter 9 I Gotta Feeling … Let's Turn to the People! The 2018 Football World Cup in Russia
Section 4 Gender, Sport and Mega-Events: Moving towards Equality?
Chapter 10 Sport Mega-Events as Drivers of Gender Equality: Women's Football in Spain
Chapter 11 The Solheim Cup: Media Representations of Golf, Gender and National Identity
Chapter 12 Flag before Gender Biases? The Case for National Identity Bolstering Women Athlete Visibility in Sports Mega-Events
Chapter 13 Conclusions: Sport, Gender and Mega-Events: Looking to the Future
Index