Citation

(2020), "Index", Scott, J. (Ed.) The Emerald Guide to Talcott Parsons (Emerald Guides to Social Thought), Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. 203-213. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-83982-654-220201014

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Emerald Publishing Limited

Copyright © 2020 John Scott

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INDEX

Index

Aberle, David Friend

, 12

abstraction. See analytical realism

action frame of reference

, 33, 34ff., 43, 53, 55, 71, 79, 107, 125, 175, 184

action system

, 51, 73–79

activation of commitments. See commitments

Actor, Situation and Normative Pattern 49ff.

adaptation (A function)

, 60, 77, 90, 105–106, 108ff., 113, 119, 125, 129, 132, 133, 136, 141, 169, 171, 176, 179

See also allocation, situational need

affective orientation. See cathectic orientation

affectivity-neutrality

, 65, 87–90, 97, 98, 107ff., 113, 142

allocation

, 77–78, 106

See also adaptation

Allport, Gordon W.

, 14

American Society

, 20, 158

analysis. See analytical realism

analytical elements

, 44–45, 50, 52, 112, 140, 148, 184

analytical realism

, 33

analytical theory

, 46, 49, 52, 53, 104, 118, 148

ancient Israel

, 162

anomie

, 41, 43, 62, 95, 96

Arabia

, 161

archaic societies

, 160–161

Arunta society 159

ascription-achievement. See quality-performance

associational forum

, 144, 171–172, 173

associational relations and collectivities

, 128, 142, 144

Assyria

, 161

attitude set of pattern variables

, 87ff., 107

authority

, 27, 40, 58, 59, 60, 61, 63, 83, 85, 139, 150, 171

Ayers, Clarence

, 6

Babylon

, 161

Bales, Robert Freed

, 103, 105, 109, 111, 118

Barber, Bernard

, 16

behavioural system (biological organism)

, 80, 125–127, 145, 176, 178–179

Bellah, Robert

, 16, 157, 158, 181

Bernard, Claude

, 121

Bierstedt, Robert

, 9

biological organism. See behavioural system

boundary maintenance

, 51, 76, 95, 124

bourgeoisie

, 164, 165

Brentano, Lujo

, 7

bureaucracy

, 27, 139, 160

Byzantium

, 164

Cannon, Walter

, 51, 57, 60, 121

capitalism

, 24ff., 165, 185

Capitalism According to Sombart and Max Weber

, 24

cathectic orientation

, 56, 80, 87, 116, 145

See also modes of expression, telic orientation

charisma

, 152

chiefdoms

, 160

China

, 101, 161

Christianity

, 163

citizenship

, 166, 170, 172, 173

civil religion

, 147, 167–168, 173

civil society. See associational forum

coercion

, 40, 41, 47, 58, 139, 149

cognitive orientation

, 56, 80, 87, 116, 145, 176

See also rational action

Cohen, Albert K.

, 16, 168

collective consumption

, 144

collectivity

, 84, 94, 127, 128, 139

commitments

, 19, 93, 128, 130, 131, 140, 142, 144, 146, 149, 150, 152, 153, 155, 169

common ends

, 41

Commons, John

, 6

communal relations and collectivities

, 128, 142, 144

communicative relations, nexus of

, 173

Comte, Auguste

, 4, 181

conceptual scheme

, 32, 51

conceptual scheme of action. See action frame of reference

contract, institution of

, 135, 137, 171

Cooley, Charles Horton

, 4, 6, 115, 185

cultural institutions

, 85

cultural system

, 47, 75, 122, 125–127, 145, 147, 175–177

culture. See cultural system

cybernetics

, 19, 121, 126, 147, 179

Davis, Kingsley

, 9, 12

democratic revolution

, 165–166

descriptive frame of reference

, 32

See also descriptive generalisations

descriptive generalisations

, 44, 52, 158, 184

See also analytical theory

deviance amplification

, 94

Dubin, Robert

, 118, 176

Durkheim, Emile

, 7, 29, 35, 42, 115, 142, 159, 185

economic aspect of action

, 39, 45, 57, 60, 129, 172

economic system. See economy

economy

, 26, 83, 91, 129, 132, 133ff., 140, 148, 155, 171

Economy and Society

, 19, 133, 185

educational revolution

, 168–169

ego 116–117

, 178

See also cognitive orientation

Egypt

, 161

Eisenstadt, Shmuel

, 158

element abstraction

, 44, 45

See also analytical elements, part abstraction

Ellwood, Charles

, 4

emergent properties

, 44, 45

empirical generalisations. See descriptive generalisations

energy

, 126, 141, 180

England (Britain)

, 164, 165, 169

environment, physical

, 179–181

See also adaptation

equilibrium

, 51, 76, 93, 106, 115, 123

ethnicity

, 172–173

evaluative orientation

, 81, 116

See also teleological orientation

Evans-Pritchard, Sir Edward

, 7, 160

evolutionary theory

, 158

expressive orientation and action

, 81–2, 83, 107, 109, 176

See also modes of expression

fact

, 32

fallacy of misplaced concreteness

, 33

Family, Socialization, and Interaction Process

, 19

fascism. See National Socialism

fiduciary

, 130, 131, 140, 145ff., 155, 168, 169

Firth, Raymond

, 7

Fox Renée

, 16

France

, 164, 165

Freud, Sigmund, and Freudian theory

, 15, 56, 59, 62, 79, 93, 104, 115, 117, 178, 185

Friedan, Betty

, 20

Fromm, Erich

, 115

function

, 53–4, 60

See also functional imperative, system needs

functional imperative

, 76–77, 96, 103, 105, 118, 124, 129, 132, 176

functional primacy

, 131, 169

functional problem. See functional imperative

Garfinkel, Harold

, 16

Gay, Edwin

, 8

Gemeinschaft complex

, 143, 172

generalised media. See symbolic media

Gesselschaft complex

, 143

Giddings, Franklin

, 4

Ginsberg, Morris

, 7

goal attainment (G function)

, 107, 108ff., 119, 125, 129, 132, 136, 138, 141, 171, 176, 179

Gould, Mark

, 157

Greece

, 162–163

Hamilton, Walton

, 6

Harvard, Department of Social Relations

, 14, 17

influential researchers at

, 4, 30, 51, 126

health

, 97

Hegel, Georg W. F.

, 25

Henderson, Lawrence J.

, 8, 9, 30–31, 32, 50

historic intermediate empires

, 161–162

Hobbes, Thomas

, 40, 138

Hobhouse, Leonard Trelawny

, 6–7

Holy Roman Empire

, 164

Homans, George Caspar

, 9

homeostasis. See self-regulation

Horney, Karen

, 55, 62, 115

human condition

, 118, 175ff.

id

, 116–117, 178

See also cathectic orientation

idealism

, 34

identity

, 178

identification

, 93, 117

illness

, 97

India

, 161

inducement

, 149, 153

industrial revolution

, 165–166

influence

, 13, 19, 58, 61, 150, 151–152, 153, 155

information

, 126, 141, 149, 159

Inkeles, Alex

, 16

institutional individualism

, 171, 172

institutionalisation

, 26, 78, 147

institutions

, 42, 43, 47, 59, 61, 62–63, 64, 67, 78, 83, 127, 131, 133, 150

See also cultural institutions norms and normative order, regulative institutions, relational institutions

instrumental activism

, 167, 168, 169

instrumental complex

, 83, 96

See also intermediate complex

instrumental orientation and action

, 81–82, 83, 107, 109, 133

integration (I function)

, 60, 62, 77–78, 90, 105–106, 108ff., 119, 125, 130, 132, 136, 141, 142, 169, 171, 176, 179

integrative need

, 54, 62–63

See also integration

intermediate complex of action

, 39, 41, 47, 133, 138

intermediate societies

, 160

internalisation

, 78, 115, 128, 147

intrinsic effectiveness of control

, 149

Islam

, 162, 163, 164

Italy

, 164

Johnson, Harry Morton

, 16

Keynes, (John) Maynard

, 138

kinship

, 50, 65, 83, 91, 100, 134, 143, 159, 170

Kluckhohn, Clyde

, 9, 13–14

Lacan, Jacques

, 20

Laski, Harold J.

, 7

latency 76

, 109, 119, 126, 131, 147, 168, 169, 176

See also pattern maintenance and tension management

law and legal regulation

, 59, 141, 143, 165

legitimation

, 59, 83, 140, 151, 155, 161, 169

Lévi-Strauss, Claude

, 20, 159

Levy, Marion

, 16

Lidz, Victor

, 157, 176, 178

Linton, Ralph

, 84

MacIver, Robert Morrison

, 5

Malinowski, Bronisław

, 7

market relations

, 40, 91, 134, 137, 161, 165, 169, 170

Marshall Lectures at Cambridge (UK)

, 18, 133

Marshall, Alfred

, 8, 29, 35

Marshall, Thomas Humphrey

, 171

Marx, Karl

, 7, 23, 25

Mayhew, Leon

, 157

Mayo, Elton

, 9, 10, 15

Mead, George Herbert

, 4, 115

mechanical solidarity

, 142, 143, 170

membership, in a societal community

, 142, 151

meme. See symbol

Merton, Robert King

, 9, 12, 17

Mesopotamia

, 161

modernity and modern societies

, 158, 163, 166

modes of expression

, 38, 43, 56, 81

money

, 19, 92, 137–8, 150, 153, 154, 155, 161, 169

Moore, Wilbert

, 9

moral leadership

, 152

moral norms and moral order

, 41–42, 67, 81, 174

moral orientation and action

, 81–82, 83, 145, 177

See also ritual action

motivational orientation

, 50, 54, 79, 95, 115, 132, 134

Murngin society

, 159

Myrdal, Gunnar

, 173

Nadel, Siegfried F.

, 160

National Socialism, Parsons’s views on

, 12, 50, 138

Netherlands

, 165

norms and normative order

, 36, 37, 43, 55, 57, 59, 61, 67, 74, 127, 142, 150, 162, 168, 170

See also institutions

object set of pattern variables

, 87ff., 99, 107

organic solidarity

, 142, 143

Pareto, Vilfredo

, 9, 29, 31, 35, 50

Parsons Anne

, 11, 20, 29

Parsons, Talcott

advice given on Durkheim

, 7, 10

at Harvard

, 8ff., 105, 111

critics of

, 1, 183

death

, 21, 176

Department of Social Relations

, 14, 71

discovery of Weber

, 7

doctoral dissertation

, 23–24

FBI investigation

, 17–18

influence on sociology at Cambridge (UK)

, 18

life and character

, 2–3, 5ff.

medical interests

, 6, 14–15, 17, 96ff.

on soft power

, 13

political views

, 17

psychoanalytical training

, 15, 115

relations with Sorokin

, 8, 9, 10, 13, 14, 18

studies at Heidelberg

, 7–8, 21, 23

studies at LSE

, 6–7

use of diagrams

, 112–113

war-time activities

, 12–13

work on American society

, 20, 127, 157–158, 167

writing style

, 3, 17, 71–72, 183–184, 186

part abstraction

, 44, 45, 53, 104

See also element abstraction

particularistic-achievement pattern

, 101

particularistic-ascription pattern

, 102–103

pattern maintenance and tension management (L function)

, 108ff., 119, 130, 131, 132, 137, 141, 145, 147, 176

See also latency

pattern variables

, 16, 50, 54, 64, 86ff., 97, 103, 104, 106, 107, 112, 113, 121, 130, 131, 133, 134, 145, 147, 168, 176

personality system

, 56, 74, 79, 103, 115, 122, 125–127, 145, 168, 175–177

persuasion

, 58, 59, 61, 149

phase structure of action

, 110–111, 114

Piaget, Jean

, 178

Platt, Gerald

, 145

political aspect of action

, 40, 45, 60, 129, 138, 171, 172

political support system

, 155

polity

, 129, 132, 133, 138ff., 148, 155, 166, 169, 170

positivism

, 34, 40

power, political

, 13, 19, 40, 47, 67, 92, 139, 148, 150–151, 153, 154, 155, 160, 161, 165, 170

prerequisite, system. See functional imperative

prestige

, 67, 83, 151, 154, 172, 173

primitive societies

, 134, 137, 143, 158–160

problem of order

, 40, 58, 78

professionalism

, 16, 50, 63–65, 97, 152, 169

property

, 84, 135, 159, 168, 171

Psychoanalysis and Social Structure,

, 104

psychoanalysis. See Freud and Freudian theory, Karen Horney

psychology as a science

, 47, 79

quality-performance (ascription-achievement)

, 68–69, 88–90, 97, 99, 107ff., 113, 134, 138, 142, 168, 169, 172

Radcliffe-Brown, Alfred Reginald

, 10

rational action

, 37–38, 56, 81

rationality

, 25, 45–46, 64, 169

Reformation

, 164

regulative institutions

, 85

relational institutions

, 84

religion and religious orientations

, 42, 57, 60, 91, 92, 126, 134, 147, 160, 161, 162, 167, 173, 177

religious pluralism

, 164, 166, 167

Renaissance

, 164

resource mobilisation system

, 155

ritual action

, 37–38, 42, 56, 81

roles

, 59, 60, 84, 89, 127

Rome

, 161, 162, 163

Ross, Edward

, 4

Russell, Bertrand

, 30

Russia

, 166

Salin, Edgar

, 23

Schmoller, Gustav

, 8

Schumpeter, Joseph

, 8, 11, 138

Schutz, Alfred

, 11

seed-bed societies

, 162

self-regulation

, 51–52, 57, 61, 121, 122

sex-role differentiation

, 65–66, 84, 91, 100, 116–117

Shilluk society

, 160

Shils, Edward

, 16, 71, 109, 170

sick role

, 17, 97–98

Simmel, Georg

, 4

situational need

, 54, 62–63, 149

See also adaptation

Small, Albion

, 4

Smelser, Neil J.

, 16, 19, 133, 138

social capital

, 144

social control

, 48, 61, 78, 92–95, 132, 134

social system

, 56, 74, 122, 125–127, 145, 175–177

socialisation

, 48, 61, 78, 92–95, 127, 132, 134

societal community

, 130, 132, 135, 140, 141ff., 151, 155, 162, 163, 164, 166, 170, 171

Societies. Evolutionary and Comparative Perspectives

, 20, 158ff., 182

sociology

American

, 3ff.

as a science

, 47

solidarity

, 83, 94, 109, 130, 135, 142, 143, 144, 145, 162, 170, 172, 185

Sombart, Werner

, 7, 8, 24, 26–27, 35

Sorokin, Pitirim

, 8, 76

specificity-diffuseness

, 64, 87–90, 97, 98, 108ff., 113, 142

Spencer, Herbert

, 4, 29, 181, 182, 185

states

, 139

status

, 66

Stouffer, Samuel

, 15

stratification

, 50, 59, 60, 61, 63, 66–69, 83, 85, 91, 144, 151, 154, 162, 172

structural differentiation

, 128, 129, 133, 139, 141, 143, 150, 160, 166

structural functional theory

, 16, 49ff., 71, 76ff., 118, 122, 128, 158, 185

structure

, 44, 53, 59, 77, 104, 127, 184

subjective orientation

, 54, 174, 184

subsystems

, 19, 113, 118, 121, 124, 132, 155, 168, 182

Sumeria

, 161

Sumner, William Graham

, 4, 6

superego

, 116, 178

See also evaluative orientation

symbol, as equivalent to meme

, 159

symbolic interchanges

, 114, 148, 155

symbolic media

, 19, 59, 149, 150, 155, 182

system needs (system problems)

, 54, 60, 111

system theory

, 19, 51, 76, 121

Taussig, Frank

, 8

Tawney, (Richard) Henry

, 7

teleological orientation

, 56

See also evaluative orientation, ritual action

telic orientation

, 145, 146, 181, 182

See also cathectic orientation

The American University

, 20, 145

The Social System

, 19, 55, 71ff., 103, 104, 109, 142, 176

The Structure of Social Action

, 10, 11, 14, 16, 29ff., 49, 51, 55, 57, 60, 72, 78, 82, 107, 138, 142, 181, 182, 185

The System of Modern Societies

, 20, 158ff.

theory and theoretical system

, 32, 52

Tillich, Paul

, 126

Tolman, Edward

, 16

Tönnies, Ferdinand

, 16, 50, 54, 86, 142

totemism

, 159

Towards a General Theory of Action

, 16, 71–72, 89

traditionalism

, 42, 57, 101

ultimate reality

, 126, 147, 179, 181

ultimate values

, 36, 37–38, 43, 47, 181

unit act

, 35

United States

, 166, 167ff.

universalism-particularism

, 64, 88–90, 97, 98, 99, 108ff., 113, 134, 138, 142

universalistic-achievement pattern

, 100

universalistic-ascription pattern

, 101

value commitments. See commitments

value patterns. See pattern variables

value relevance

, 32

values and value integration

, 41, 45, 91, 127

See also ultimate values

Values in American Society

, 157

variables

, 45, 154–155

See also pattern variables

Veblen, Thorstein

, 5, 6

voluntarism and voluntaristic theory of action

, 30, 35, 123, 125

Warner, (William) Lloyd

, 10, 159

wealth

, 40, 67

Weber, Alfred

, 8

Weber, Max

, 7, 24, 26–27, 29, 35, 39, 68, 96, 134, 158, 162, 165, 185

White, Winston

, 157

Whitehead, Alfred North

, 30, 33, 52

Whyte, William Foote

, 9, 168

Williams, Robin

, 9, 16

Working Papers in the Theory of Action

, 19, 104ff., 121, 129, 176

youth culture

, 65

zone of interpenetration

, 145

Zulu society

, 160