Entrepreneurship as Empowerment: Knowledge Spillovers and Entrepreneurial Ecosystems

ISBN: 978-1-83982-551-4, eISBN: 978-1-83982-550-7

Publication date: 14 August 2020

This content is currently only available as a PDF

Citation

(2020), "", Ratten, V. (Ed.) Entrepreneurship as Empowerment: Knowledge Spillovers and Entrepreneurial Ecosystems, Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. 165-171. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-83982-550-720201012

Publisher

:

Emerald Publishing Limited

Copyright © 2020 Emerald Publishing Limited


INDEX

Index

Accelerators
, 12–13, 17–19, 153

Affordances
, 2

Air passenger

consumption behavior
, 130–132

experience
, 129

Air travel
, 128

Airport

airport-related factors
, 138–139

atmosphere
, 138–139

concessionaires
, 131

environment
, 130–131

AirsideEnjoy
, 142, 144

AirsideFear
, 142, 144

AirsideStress
, 142–143

Alpha company
, 133

Ambiguity
, 144

Application of knowledge transfer
, 18

Arousal–non-arousal emotional states
, 131

ASEAN Economic Community (AEC)
, 47

Asosiasi Pengusaha Kecil Jepara association
, 93

Association of knowledge transfer
, 18

Associations
, 153

Available time
, 141

Average variance explained (AVE)
, 142

Awareness of knowledge transfer
, 18

Bartlett’s Test of Sphericity
, 137

Bootstrapping
, 36

Born globals
, 157

Borrowing heavily risk
, 4

Boundary work
, 145

Brands
, 140

Brown Agenda
, 85

Brundtland commission
, 83–86

Business
, 5

creation
, 19

incubation
, 19

strategy
, 47

Businesspeople
, 46, 48, 58–59

Businessperson
, 46, 48–50

Capital
, 46

“Carbon neutral” programs
, 87

Cause-related marketing
, 118

Central and Eastern Europe countries (CEEC)
, 103

markets
, 104

Centre for International Forestry Research (CIFOR)
, 93

Classic assumption test
, 52–53

Clusters
, 5, 17, 120

Coding
, 135

Coefficient of determination test
, 52

Cohort-based entry and exit
, 18

Collaborating down scenarios
, 93

Committing asset risk
, 4

Communal spirit
, 28, 33, 39

Community
, 153

Company’s performance
, 49

Competition level
, 67–68

Competitive intensity
, 7

Competitiveness
, 102–105, 114

Complex structures
, 5

Complexity
, 66, 72

Composite reliability (CR)
, 142

Conservationists
, 89

Consistency
, 34–35

Contingency theory
, 71

Corporate social responsibility (CSR)
, 69–70

Corporate sustainability
, 86

Coworking
, 153

Cronbach’s alpha value
, 52, 142

Cross-cultural research
, 161

Crosstab analysis
, 58–59

Cultural background and identity
, 24

Cultural change
, 88

Cultural dimensions
, 23–24

Cultural environment
, 23

Cultural identity
, 24, 26

correlation of dimensions
, 32

data analysis
, 31–37

in impacting entrepreneurial performance
, 24–25

measures
, 31

methods
, 30–31

operational framework
, 30

theoretical foundation
, 25–30

Data analytics
, 9

Decision-making process
, 13

Deep clusters
, 120

Deliberate strategies
, 7

DEU airport
, 132

Digital entrepreneurial ecosystem
, 13, 156

Digital innovations
, 112

Digital marketing
, 2

Digital platforms
, 2

Digital technology in sport
, 111–112

Discriminant validity
, 36

Diversion
, 129

Dominance–submissiveness emotional states
, 131

Dropbox
, 112

Dynamism
, 66, 71

E-recruitment
, 27

Earth Summit Rio Conference (1993)
, 85–86

Ecological sustainability
, 87

Economic geography
, 16

Ecosystems
, 4, 12–13, 152, 155

Education
, 118, 153

Educational institutions
, 14, 16

Emergent strategies
, 7

Empowerment
, 1–2

Enablers
, 2

Enjoyment
, 141

Enterprises
, 53–55

Entrepreneurial activity
, 157

Entrepreneurial behavior
, 156–157

Entrepreneurial ecosystems
, 2, 5, 11–16, 152

accelerators
, 17–19

entities in
, 153

future research paths
, 159–161

geographical context
, 16–17

ingredients for
, 154–156

internationalization and
, 156–158

management
, 19–20

managerial implications
, 158

policy implications
, 159

properties
, 15

research questions
, 160

structural components
, 14–15

Entrepreneurial environments
, 17

Entrepreneurial expectancy
, 119

Entrepreneurial orientation (EO)
, 46–49, 64–65

analysis
, 52

classic assumption test
, 52

company’s performance
, 49

formulation of hypothesis
, 49–51

multiple linear regression
, 52

operational definitions of research variables
, 53

population and sample
, 52

relationship between environmental factors and
, 71–72

relationship between organizational factors and
, 72–73

relationship between performance and
, 73–75

research methodology
, 51–53

research results
, 53–59

theoretical framework
, 47–51

theoretical model
, 51

types and sources of data
, 51

Entrepreneurial performance
, 24, 26

communal spirit and
, 28

correlation of dimensions
, 32

family structure and
, 27–28

individualism orientation and
, 28–30

operational framework of cultural identity and
, 30

Entrepreneurs
, 2–3, 6, 12–13, 46, 120, 154, 156

transnational
, 5–6

Entrepreneurship
, 2–3, 13, 152, 155

dimensions of
, 46

networks, learning and
, 6–7

orientation
, 47–49, 55–57

questions for future research
, 7–8

in society
, 3–6

Environment(al)

complexity
, 72

degradation
, 85

dynamism
, 71

hostility
, 66, 72

of organizations
, 65–66

protection
, 85

uncertainty
, 66

European Union
, 156

Expectancy theory
, 119

Exploitation
, 121–122

Exporting
, 157

Externalization of knowledge transfer
, 18–19

Extroversion
, 48, 50

F test
, 52

Failure
, 20

Family orientation theory
, 25

Family structure
, 27–28, 31, 33, 37–38

Fear
, 141

Finance
, 14

Financial measures
, 26

Financial performance
, 68–69

relationship between EO and
, 73–74

Firm’s performance
, 47

extroversion and
, 50

innovativeness and
, 51

internal locus of control and
, 50

need for achievement and
, 49

proactiveness and
, 50

risk-taking and
, 50

self-reliance and
, 50

Firms
, 157

Five-point Likert scale instrument
, 31

Food and beverage consumption (F&B consumption)
, 128

and airport management interviews
, 135

coding and template analysis
, 135

data analysis
, 137–138

focus group
, 135–136

literature
, 128–132

materials and methods
, 132–138

outlets
, 133–134

passenger interviews
, 133

passenger survey
, 136–137, 142–144

qualitative study
, 133, 138–141

results
, 138–144

Food-related decisions
, 131

Formal networks
, 120

Formative model assessment
, 36–37

Function
, 129

Future research
, 7–8

Generativity
, 2

Globalization
, 82

GLOBE research
, 28–29

Green Agenda
, 85

Green furniture scenarios
, 93

Health
, 118

Healthy ecosystem
, 13

Heterogeneity
, 66

Heteroscedasticity test
, 52

High-growth entrepreneurship
, 13

High-quality entrepreneurial ecosystem
, 20

“High-road” strategy
, 92

Holiday mood
, 145

Homoscedasticity
, 52

Horizon 2020 initiatives
, 156

Hostility
, 66, 71

Hypotheses testing procedures
, 37

Ideation
, 121–122

Impulse shopping
, 131

Incubators
, 19, 153

Indicator reliability
, 34

Indigenous people
, 89

Individualism
, 25

orientation
, 28–30, 33–34, 40

Individualistic culture
, 29

Indonesian State Forestry
, 94

Indonesian timber legality assurance system
, 93

Industrial ecology framework
, 87

Industry clusters
, 5

Influencers
, 2

Informal networks
, 120

Information communications technology
, 121

Infrastructure
, 12, 18

Innovation
, 6, 88–89, 121–122

Innovative places
, 6

Innovative service enterprises, liberalization of services–framework for
, 102–103

Innovativeness
, 51, 101–105

Integrative model
, 71

Interaction
, 129

Interdependencies
, 122

Internal locus of control
, 48, 50

Internal recruitment
, 27

International business scholars
, 161

International entrepreneurship
, 156–157

International Oil Companies (IOCs)
, 24

Internationalization
, 156–158

Invention
, 19, 121–122

Investors
, 153

Jamaican craft items
, 83

Jepara traditional furniture industry
, 90–94

Jepara traditional woodworking industry
, 91–93

Judgmental method
, 30

Knowledge
, 4, 6, 13

transfer
, 18

Knowledge spillovers
, 2

theory of entrepreneurship
, 7

Landscape
, 154

Langganan and Bapak/anak Angkat kinship relations
, 91

Leadership
, 14

in sport
, 123

Learning
, 6–7

Liberalization
, 101–102

innovations of service enterprises
, 103–107

of services–framework for innovative service enterprises
, 102–103

Liminality
, 129–130

Location
, 154

Locus of control
, 48

Long-term business
, 86–90

Low-quality entrepreneurial ecosystem
, 20

Lululemon
, 112

Management

entrepreneurial ecosystems
, 19–20

skills
, 14

strategic
, 122–123

strategies
, 7

Manufacturing industry
, 121

Market orientation
, 47

Marketing
, 14

Measurement model assessment
, 34–35

Mentoring
, 18

Microsoft Excel for descriptive analysis
, 133

Model assessment
, 34

Mountainous landscapes
, 154

Moving up scenarios
, 93

Multi-method case approach
, 132

Multicollinearity test
, 52

Multinomial categorical regression
, 137, 142

Multiple linear regression
, 52

Multiple regression analysis, results of
, 57

Munificence
, 66, 71

National culture
, 23, 27

Natural resources
, 154

Need of achievement
, 48–49

Nervousness
, 140–141

Networking
, 120–121

Networks
, 6–7, 120

Nigeria
, 28–30

entrepreneurial development in
, 24

SMEs in
, 24–25

Non-financial measures
, 26

Normality test
, 52

Northern environmentalist
, 85

Objective measures
, 26

Openness
, 2

Organizational climate (OC)
, 47, 67

Organizational factors
, 67

competition level
, 67–68

OC
, 67

passion for work
, 67

structure and size’s sport organization
, 68

Organizations
, 7

environment of
, 65–66

EO
, 64

learning
, 88

Orientation (see also Entrepreneurial orientation (EO))
, 27

Outer model (see Measurement model assessment)

Outlet design and layout
, 139

Outlet Patronage intention
, 137–138

Outlet-related factors
, 139–140

Partial least square-Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM)
, 34

Passengers
, 139, 141

passenger-related factors
, 140–141

survey
, 136–137, 142–144

Passion for work
, 67

PERHUTANI (see Indonesian State Forestry)

Personal references
, 27

Physical co-location
, 18

Pleasure
, 141

pleasure–displeasure emotional states
, 131

Points of Single Contact (PSC)
, 105, 107

Polish service enterprises

benefits and threats
, 106

competitiveness and innovativeness of
, 105

Polygamous family
, 27–28

Price
, 140

Principal component analysis
, 137, 142

Proactive attitude
, 48

Proactiveness
, 50

Proactivity
, 6–7

Product offers
, 139

Proprietary functions
, 12

Proximity
, 140

Psychometric tests
, 27

Public institutions
, 153

Public resource endowments
, 12

Pull-factor
, 139

QSR NVivo for thematic analysis
, 133

QSR NVivo version 10
, 135

Qualitative study
, 133, 138–141

Realization
, 16

Regional agglomerators of entrepreneurial activity
, 19

Regional policies
, 6

Regression analysis
, 31, 36

Relationships
, 5, 14

between environmental factors and EO
, 71–72

between EO and financial performance
, 73–74

between EO and social performance
, 74–75

between EO and sporting performance
, 75

between organizational factors and EO
, 72–73

Reliability
, 34–35

test
, 52–53, 55

Research
, 153

Respondents
, 53–56

Risk assessment
, 6

Risk perceptions, preferences and propensity
, 4

Risk taking
, 6, 48, 50

Sacred spaces
, 130

Scale
, 156

Scale-ups
, 14–15

Science parks
, 153

Scope
, 156

Security process
, 139

Seed funding
, 18

Self-categorization theory
, 6

Self-regulation
, 20

Self-reliance
, 48, 50

Services
, 129

Directive
, 103

Personnel
, 129

provider
, 102

Servicescape
, 129

Shallow clusters
, 120

Short-term business
, 86–90

Small and medium enterprises
, 87–88

Small and medium-scale enterprises (SMEs)
, 24, 31, 33, 102

Small Business Development Centres
, 156

Small firms in developing country in sustainability
, 86–90

Small traditional industry
, 82

developing countries traditional industry research inquiry
, 94–97

Jepara traditional furniture industry
, 90–94

literature review
, 83–86

small firms in developing country in sustainability
, 86–90

Small-scale industry
, 82

Small-to-medium enterprise (SME)
, 93

Smart cities
, 156

Smart Specialization initiatives
, 156

Smell
, 139

Social capital
, 119–121

Social identity theory
, 6

Social performance
, 69–70

relationship between EO and
, 74–75

Socialization
, 27

Society, entrepreneurship in
, 3–6

Spacelessness
, 129, 131

Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient
, 31, 33

Spectacular spaces
, 130

Sport organizations
, 122–123

Sport start-up practices
, 111

expectancy theory
, 119

innovation
, 121–122

nature
, 114

process
, 114–119

social capital
, 119–121

strategic management
, 122–123

Sporting performance
, 69

relationship between EO and
, 75

Sports clubs
, 68

Sports entities
, 67

Sports entrepreneurship
, 64

environment of organizations
, 65–66

EO
, 63–65

models
, 70–75

organizational factors
, 67–68

Sports organization
, 67

financial performance
, 68–69

performance in
, 68–70

social performance
, 69–70

sporting performance
, 69

structure and size’s
, 68

Stakeholders
, 121–123

Stand-ups
, 14

Start-ups
, 11–15

infrastructure
, 18

State actors
, 5

Statistical package for social sciences (SPSS)
, 31

Statistical techniques
, 31

Stimulus–response model
, 131

Strategic entrepreneurship
, 6

Strategic management
, 122–123

Strategic risk
, 4

Straw baskets
, 83

Stress
, 140–141

Strong sustainability
, 84

Structural equation modeling-PLS (SEM-PLS)
, 31

Subjective measures
, 26

Succession planning
, 27

Survivability
, 83

Survivability and Sustainability of Traditional Industry
, 93–94

Sustainability
, 83

behavior
, 122

history and debates with concern for rural developing country
, 83–86

small firms in developing country in
, 86–90

Sustainable development
, 84, 86

Sustainable world society
, 85

SVLK (Indonesian timber legality assurance system)
, 93

t-test
, 52

Template analysis
, 135

Time
, 116

Timelessness
, 129, 131

Trade associations
, 153

Traditional business incubators
, 17

Traditional recruitment methods
, 27

Training
, 18

Transformation of knowledge transfer
, 18

Transnational entrepreneurs
, 5–6

Transnational entrepreneurship
, 5

Transportation costs
, 154

Under Armour
, 112

Unknown risk
, 4

Valence, instrumentality and expectancy theory (VIE theory) (see Expectancy theory)

Validity test
, 52–54

Value chain
, 92

Value Chain Analysis (VCA)
, 93

Variant inflating factor (VIF)
, 52

Venture growth
, 49

Wal-Mart
, 87

Weak sustainability
, 84

Weaknesses
, 20

World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED)
, 83

World Conservation Strategy
, 85

World Summit on Sustainable Development (2002)
, 84