Acting Street.

, 62–70

aggression

, 54–55

crazy

, 67, 70

fearlessness

, 129–130

kapadien

, 63

African Gangs

, 19, 21, 35–37

Central Africa

, 29–31

East Africa

, 26–29

Southern Africa

, 24–26

West Africa

, 31–35

Agency

, 7, 44, 77, 130, 154

Anderson

, 61–62, 74

Apartheid

, 8, 10–11, 13, 70, 137, 156

District Six

, 9

Group Areas Act

, 9

swart gevaar

, 16–17

Area boys

, 33–35

Bakassi Boys

, 32–33

Bashege

, 30–31

Beachboys

, 26–27

Black Sowetan gangsters. See also Tsotsis

, 19–20

Boko Haram

, 32–33

Bourdieusian sociological theory

, 77

constructivist structuralism

, 73–74

cultural capital

, 6, 39

habitus

, 6–7, 72

social capital

, 39

social field

, 6–7, 41–42, 121

social practice

, 6–7, 64

social reproduction

, 7–8, 72, 154–155

social transformation

, 72

symbolic capital

, 45

symbolic violence

, 43–44

Bourgois

, 11–12, 96

Cape Town

, 1, 11, 39, 44, 138

Americans

, 1–2, 56

Cape Flats

, 1–2, 4, 11, 16–17

City Bowl

, 1, 6

cliques

, 20–21

crews

, 20–21

Ghetto Kids

, 2, 45

Hard Livings

, 1–2, 96

informal settlement

, 47, 127, 130, 137–138, 143–144

Laughing Boys

, 2, 4, 43, 86

Mongrels

, 2, 45, 47–48, 130, 135, 139

prison gangs

, 14–15, 47

street gangs

, 1–2

Stoepa Boys

, 60–61

suburbs

, 13, 41–42

Vatos

, 20–21

Victoria and Alfred Waterfront (V&A Waterfront)

, 43

Vuras

, 20–21

Central Africa, gangs in

, 29–31

Colonialism in Africa

, 22–23

Coloured people

, 8

communities

, 1–2

history

, 8

identity

, 8

Critical criminology

, 36–37

Cultural capital

, 6, 39

negative cultural capital

, 66

Cultural repertoire

, 19–20, 82–83, 116

Delinquency

, 23–24, 37

Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)

, 29

Desistance

, 107

Disengagement

, 78, 80–81, 107, 113, 122

barriers

, 72–73, 75

de-identification

, 80

de-embeddedness

, 80

maturation

, 77–78

Domestic repertoire

, 93–94

breadwinning

, 92

children

, 4

marriage

, 81–82

Dressing street

, 55–62

brand names

, 10–11, 60

sneakers

, 45, 108, 112

street style

, 19–20, 109–110, 112

Drugs in Cape Town

, 16, 149

heroine

, 26–27, 31, 68, 140

Mandrax

, 10–11, 24, 68

marijuana

, 10–11, 24

methamphetamine

, 31, 68, 96–97, 140

Drug trafficking in Southern Africa

, 31

East Africa, gangs in

, 26–29

Eswatini

, 24

Fraser

, 21, 25–26, 72–73

Gang(s). See also African Gangs

, 1–3, 19–20

definition

, 1–2

membership

, 4–5, 44

nicknames

, 5, 120–121

prevention

, 16–18, 50, 120–121, 149–150

tattoo

, 54, 60, 150–151

typologies in Cape Town

, 21

Gangsterism

, 4, 6–7, 9–10, 19–20, 49–50, 65–66, 94–95, 147

definition

, 2–3, 6–7

risk factors

, 78

Gang violence

, 4, 19, 144–145

benefits

, 22, 151–152

cycles of

, 148–149

drivers

, 78, 152

murder statistics in Cape Town

, 1, 12

offending

, 116

victimisation

, 3, 11–12

Hacking

, 57

Kaapse Klopse

, 50–51

Kenya

, 21, 27–28, 37

Kikuyu

, 27

Kuluna

, 29–31, 36

Looping effect

, 57

Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND)

, 32–33

Mungiki

, 27–28, 36

Nelson Mandela Bay gangs

, 19

Neo-apartheid

, 12

discrimination

, 156

inequality

, 21

segregation

, 12, 40

unemployment

, 5–6

Normal life

, 7–8, 82–83

normality

, 82–83

repertoires, of normal life. See also Domestic repertoire; Professional repertoire; Religious repertoire

, 82–83, 140–141

Nigeria

, 21, 31, 33, 36–37

Kano

, 33–35

Lagos

, 33–35

Organised crime

, 9–10, 24, 29

Passion gap

, 144

People Against Gangsterism and Drugs (PAGAD)

, 33

Policing

, 16, 26, 137, 150

hard policing

, 15, 18

Political militias

, 23–24, 147

Port Elizabeth gangs. See also Nelson Mandela Bay gangs

, 19

Prison gangs

, 1–2, 16–17

Franse

, 50–51

Ndotas

, 50–52, 65, 93, 125, 131–132

number, the

, 5, 26–27, 51–53, 155–156

Sabela

, 46, 48–51, 63, 93, 104–105, 131–132

Professional repertoire

, 82–83

barriers to finding work

, 99

employment

, 5, 41–42

Qualitative research

, 17

ethnography

, 36–37

life history

, xiv–xv, 130

Religious repertoire

, 89, 110

church clothes

, 107–108

churchgoing

, 108

kerk broer

, 88–89, 108

man of God

, 89

religion

, 107

scripture

, 104–105, 113

spirituality

, 123

Sandberg

, 41–42, 72–73

Skollie

, 16–17

Social disorganisation

, 150–151

Cape Town

, 18

theory

, 37

South African National Defence Forces (SANDF)

, 16

Operation Lockdown

, 16

South African Police Service

, 33

Anti-Gang Unit

, 16

South African Prevention of Organised Crime Act (POCA)

, 13–15

Southern Africa, gangs in

, 24–26

Speaking Street

, 49–55

Kaaps

, 48–49, 53, 93

Sabela

, 46, 48–51, 63, 93, 104–105, 131–132

Street-based youth

, 25–26

Street children

, 25–26

Street culture

, 6–7, 75, 77, 109

Bourdieusian criminology

, 7–8

global street culture

, 6–7, 44–45

locking-in effect

, 7

practical dimensions of street practice

, 73–75

street-based dispositions

, 96, 140

street capital

, 44, 49, 94, 118

street habitus

, 70–73

street repertoire

, 45–46

street talk

, 49, 122

street virtuosos

, 74–75, 95, 154

Structure

, 13–14, 19, 40–41, 90, 107, 130

Structural violence

, 12

Tanzania

, 26–27, 36

Terrorism

, 32–33

Tsotsis

, 19–20

Tupac Shakur

, 34–35, 133

globalised oppositional repertoire

, 34–35

‘Hit ‘Em Up’

, 133–134

United States gang policy

, 13–14, 19

Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO Act)

, 13–14

war on gangs

, 15, 27–28

Vigilantism. See also Self-defence groups; Self-protection groups

, 19, 33, 147

West Africa, gangs in

, 31–35

Yandaba

, 34–35

Zimbabwe

, 24–26, 36