Prelims

Half Title Page

Sport, Gender and Development

Endorsements

This is a much anticipation and welcomed text, and widely exciting because of the nuanced coalescing of three subject matters: development, gender and sport, which are deeply important to me. I know I would simply pick the book up and look to read it, based on the bringing together of Hayhurst, Thorpe and Chawansky in one space. All brilliant feminist scholars in their own right. This book will undoubtedly hold significant appeal to many of us working in the sport for development, gender, space and will become a must have resource. Those new to thinking about sport for development through a gender lens would do well to make this text their start point! I look forward to having my own well handled, marked up copy and for years to come I have no doubt I will be regularly lifting it off my book shelf and saying to research students, ‘this is a seminal text, make sure you are familiar with it, and the broader work of those who have contributed’.

–Rochelle Stewart-Withers, Senior Lecturer at Massey University, New Zealand

Sport for development must urgently move beyond its missionary phase, especially after the exacerbating inequalities of COVID. For those who deploy sports to empower girls and young women and educate boys and men, this book is essential. The authors and their collaborators offer both caution and encouragement through frank theoretical insights and instructive case studies from the Global South. I found it learned, honest and extremely informative.

–Bruce Kidd, OC, OLY, PhD, LLD, Ombudsperson and Professor Emeritus, University of Toronto

Series Title Page

Emerald Studies in Sport and Gender

Series Editor: Helen Jefferson Lenskyj, University of Toronto, Canada.

Editorial Board: Doug Booth, University of Otago, New Zealand; Jayne Caudwell, Bournemouth University, UK; Delia Douglas, University of British Columbia, Canada; Janice Forsyth, University of Western Ontario, Canada; Tara Magdalinski, Swinburne University of Technology, Australia; Jaime Schultz, Pennsylvania State University, USA; Heather Sykes, University of Toronto, Canada; Beccy Watson, Leeds Beckett University, UK.

Emerald Studies in Sport and Gender promotes research on two important and related areas within sport studies: women and gender. The concept of gender is included in the series title in order to problematize traditional binary thinking that classifies individuals as male or female, rather than looking at the full gender spectrum. In sport contexts, this is a particularly relevant and controversial issue, for example, in the case of transgender athletes and female athletes with hyperandrogenism. The concept of sport is interpreted broadly to include activities ranging from physical recreation to high-performance sport.

The interdisciplinary nature of the series will encompass social and cultural history and philosophy as well as sociological analyses of contemporary issues. Since any analysis of sport and gender has political implications and advocacy applications, learning from history is essential.

Title Page

Sport, Gender and Development: Intersections, Innovations and Future Trajectories

By

Lyndsay M.C. Hayhurst

York University, Canada

Holly Thorpe

University of Waikato, New Zealand

And

Megan Chawansky

Otterbein University, USA

United Kingdom – North America – Japan – India – Malaysia – China

Copyright Page

Emerald Publishing Limited

Howard House, Wagon Lane, Bingley BD16 1WA, UK

First edition 2021

Copyright © 2021 Lyndsay M.C. Hayhurst, Holly Thorpe and Megan Chawansky. Chapters 3, 6, 8 and Epilogue © belongs to the respective chapter authors. Published by Emerald Publishing Limited. This work is published under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) licence. Anyone may reproduce, distribute, translate and create derivative works of this work (for both commercial and non-commercial purposes), subject to full attribution to the original publication and authors. The full terms of this licence may be seen at http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcode

An electronic version of this book is freely available, thanks to the support of libraries working with Knowledge Unlatched. KU is a collaborative initiative designed to make high quality books Open Access for the public good. More information about the initiative and links to the Open Access version can be found at www.knowledgeunlatched.org

Reprints and permissions service

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No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without either the prior written permission of the publisher or a licence permitting restricted copying issued in the UK by The Copyright Licensing Agency and in the USA by The Copyright Clearance Center. Any opinions expressed in the chapters are those of the authors. Whilst Emerald makes every effort to ensure the quality and accuracy of its content, Emerald makes no representation implied or otherwise, as to the chapters' suitability and application and disclaims any warranties, express or implied, to their use.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN: 978-1-83867-866-1 (Print)

ISBN: 978-1-83867-863-0 (Online)

ISBN: 978-1-83867-865-4 (Epub)

List of Figures and Tables

List of Abbreviations

AGYW

Adolescent girls and young women

ASDP

Action sports for development and peace

GAD

Gender and development

MEL

Monitoring, evaluation and learning

M&E

Monitoring & evaluation

NGO

Nongovernmental organization

PFPE

Postcolonial feminist political ecology

PFPAR

Postcolonial feminist participatory action research

SDP

Sport for development and peace

SDGs

Sustainable development goals

SFD

Sport for development

SGD

Sport, gender and development

WAD

Women and development

WID

Women in development

About the Authors

Lyndsay M.C. Hayhurst is a York Research Chair (Tier 2) in Sport, Gender & Development and Digital Participatory Research, and an Assistant Professor in the School of Kinesiology and Health Science at York University in Toronto, Canada. Her research focuses on gender issues in/through sport for development and peace (SDP); gender-based violence prevention and sexual and reproductive health rights promotion; bicycle justice; gender and mobility studies; cultural studies of ‘girlhood,’ postcolonial and decolonial feminist theory, global governance, international relations and corporate social responsibility. Her current research is funded by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (SSHRC) and the Canadian Foundation for Innovation (CFI). Her publications have appeared in Women's Studies International Forum; Gender, Place & Culture; Third World Quarterly and Sociology of Sport Journal. She is co-editor of three edited books. She has previously worked for the United Nations Development Programme and Right to Play. Her goal is to re-envision new, community-oriented and socially just approaches to SGD initiatives.

Holly Thorpe is Professor of Sociology of Sport in Te Huataki Waiora School of Health. Her research focuses on sport, physical culture and gender, and she continues to seek new innovations in social theory, qualitative methods, and representational styles to better understand the complexities of moving bodies and sporting cultures. She has published over 100 articles and chapters on these topics, and has authored four books and nine edited books. Her most recent books include the coedited anthology Sport, Physical Culture and the Moving Body: Materialisms, Technologies, Ecologies (with Joshua Newman and David Andrews, Rutgers, 2020) and the coauthored Feminist New Materialisms, Sport and Fitness: A Lively Entanglement (with Julie Brice and Marianne Clark, Palgrave, 2020). She is Coeditor of the Palgrave series New Femininities in Digital, Physical and Sporting Cultures (with Kim Toffoletti and Jessica Francombe-Webb). Driven to do research that contributes toward social change, Professor Thorpe works closely with an array of international and national sports organizations and NGOs to inform new practices, processes, and policy development.

Megan Chawansky is an Assistant Professor of Sport Management at Otterbein University (Westerville, Ohio, USA). Previously, she served as a Lecturer and the Assistant Director of the Global Center for Sport Diplomacy at the University of Kentucky. She also worked at the University of Brighton (UK), where she taught on the postgraduate course on Sport for Development.

Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful to the team at Emerald for supporting this book throughout the various stages, from initial conception of the idea through to publication. We are particularly grateful to Katy Mathers (Commissioning Editor) and Helen Lenskyj (Series Editor), as well as the reviewers of the original proposal, whose constructive and supportive feedback gave us confidence and hope in the book project that we were about to embark upon. We are also enormously thankful for the assistance of Emerald Bandoles (MA student, York University) in the final stages of readying the manuscript for submission. Importantly, any errors or oversights found throughout this book are our own. Our thanks also go to Skateistan for permission to use one of their beautiful images for the cover design.

Lyndsay acknowledges that she has written this book on the traditional territory of many Indigenous Nations. The area known as Tkaronto has been taken care of by the Anishinabek Nation, the Haudenosaunee Confederacy, the Wendat, and the Métis. It is now home to many Indigenous peoples. She acknowledges the current treaty holders and the Mississauga of the Credit First Nation. This territory is subject of the Dish with One Spoon Wampum Belt Covenant, an agreement to peaceably share and care for the Great Lakes region.

Lyndsay would like to express immense gratitude to Holly and Megan for their openness, kindness, mentorship, friendship, patience and willingness to continue embracing this book despite the challenges of Lyndsay's maternity leaves and in the face of the difficulties of life exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. The collegial and collaborative chapter-writing process was an absolute privilege and joy to experience. Lyndsay would also like to thank Helen Beddow, Helen Lenskyj, Katy Mathers and the rest of the wonderful team at Emerald Publishing for their patience and flexibility as our deadlines continued to change; and for their feedback that helped us sharpen and deepen our arguments.

Lyndsay would also like to thank her colleagues in the School of Kinesiology and Health Science at York University, who have been incredibly supportive and generous over the last five years, especially Yuka Nakamura, Parissa Safai, Jessica Fraser-Thomas, Rebecca Gunter, Tammy George, Hernan Humana, Ashley Day, Amanda De Lisio and Ali Abdul-Sater. Lyndsay feels incredibly privileged to be part of a collegial and encouraging environment. Over the years, conversations with these faculty colleagues have greatly deepened and enhanced my thinking on this project. Special appreciation to Mitchell McSweeney (PhD Candidate, York University) for providing immense support, critical dialogue and patience in relation to the issues in this book; and for the incredibly comprehensive research he conducted that served as crucial background to inform the manuscript herein. Lyndsay could not have completed this project without the massive help, critical discussions and inspiration from the other graduate students she has had the privilege to work with over the years, especially: Emerald Bandoles, Kelvin Leung, Jessica Nachman and Julia Ferreria Gomes.

Over the years, Lyndsay's conversations with colleagues have greatly enriched and deepened her understanding of sport for development's current practices, ongoing challenges, and future possibilities. Special thanks to (in no particular order): Audrey Giles, Wendy Frisby, Brian Wilson, Brad Millington, Francine Darroch, Cathy van Ingen, Ruth Jeanes, Simon Darnell, Rob Millington, Devra Waldman, Marika Warner, Courtney Szto, Lisa McIntosh Sundstrom, Robin Repta, Ann Peel, Bruce Kidd, Margaret MacNeil, Katie Misener, Steven Rynne, Rochelle Stewart-Withers, Jeremy Hapeta, Nicolien van Luijk, and Cheri Bradish. She would also like to gratefully acknowledge the crucial contributions made by Women Win, Janet Otte, Lidieth del Socorro Cruz Centeno, and Cecilia Eugenia Falla; and thank them for the wonderful collaborations, trust, openness and partnership over the last decade. Thank you also to all the community members – and young women in particular – in Canada, Nicaragua and Uganda, for their willingness to share their stories that, she hopes, will give others a better perspective of their experiences in SGD.

Lyndsay's contributions to this book would not have been possible without the generous support of the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (SSHRC), including: a Banting Postdoctoral Fellowship (BPF-SSHRC-00022) and two Insight Grants (435-2016-0090; 435-2021-1188). Support for her research was also provided by the Canadian Foundation for Innovation, John R. Evan Leaders Fund Infrastructure Award, Ontario Research Fund, and the York Research Chairs program.

Finally, Lyndsay is indebted to her friends and family for their unwavering support, understanding and patience in cheering her on throughout this project – especially as it was undertaken during such a challenging and precarious time. Heartfelt thanks to Cathy, George, Brett and Julia Hayhurst for their constant check-ins, love, and much-needed child support assistance. Last but never least, Lyndsay is forever grateful to her partner James and children – Bennett, Darcy, Hayden and Ashlyn (and Cali!) – for providing nonstop love, laughter and encouragement as she wrote this book. They mean the world to her.

Writing this book form Waikato, Aotearoa New Zealand, Holly acknowledges Māori as tangata whenua (people of the land) and Treaty of Waitangi partners in Aotearoa. She pays her respects to the mana whenua of the land in which she wrote parts of this book, particularly Kiingi Tuheitia, Ngaati Wairere, and Waikato Tainui. She also acknowledges the vital role of Karioi Maunga (Mt. Karioi), Te Tai o Rehua (the Tasman Sea), and the Whāingaroa (Raglan) community for supporting and nurturing her during and beyond the writing process.

Holly is grateful to have shared this collaboration with Lyndsay and Megan. For almost two years now, we have continued to work across time zones, through various family health crises and a pandemic, with a feminist ethic of care that has made this process such a rich and fulfilling experience. Thank you! Holly's contributions to this book would not have been possible without the support of a Royal Society Marsden grant, as well as her ongoing relationships with action sports-related NGOs. She would like to thank all of the participants in her various research projects for sharing their time and lived experiences. Finally, Holly thanks her family for supporting her throughout the research and writing of this book.

Megan would like to thank Lyndsay and Holly for their dedication to this project and for their support as colleagues and friends. She would also like to thank and acknowledge Payoshni Mitra and Nida Ahmad for their work on chapters 3 and 8. These chapters would not have been possible without their patience and diligence. Additionally, Megan appreciates the trust from colleagues at Goal-Delhi, Women Win, and Skateistan. Fieldwork for chapter 3 was supported by a University of Brighton's Rising Stars award. Megan's work on this book was also supported by two summer writing awards from the Humanities Advisory Committee (HAC) at Otterbein University. She is grateful for these awards and for her Health and Sport Sciences (HSS) colleagues at Otterbein University. Finally, Megan would like to thank her family and friends for their encouragement throughout this project.