Aboriginal peoples, Australia
, 64, 102
abuse
, 3, 24, 69, 71, 135–142, 147, 184, 188, 190
accountability
, 62, 65, 77, 106, 108, 129, 137
achievement model
, 10, 11, 13, 14, 121, 129, 192
Active Healthy Kids Australia
, 128
activism, activists
, 2–4, 16, 20–22, 28–29, 38, 43, 48–49, 52–55, 64, 109, 119, 127, 138, 161, 188, 190, 192
advertising
, 1, 55, 84, 110, 145
Africa, African
, 11, 12, 16, 31, 66, 85, 101, 104, 115, 150, 162, 175–177
African Americans
, 66, 101, 104, 115
Agenda 2020
, 12, 46, 51, 73, 91–93, 96–100, 106, 191
aggression, aggressive
, 48, 67, 116, 123
Association Internationale de Boxe Amateur (AIBA)
, 90–91
Amnesty International
, 23, 41–43, 52, 106
Ancient Olympic Games
, 13, 29, 91
Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS)
, 163, 165
anti-doping campaigns
, 26, 86, 88, 113–114, 147, 166–167, 190
anti-globalisation protests
, 20, 190
anti-Olympic and Olympic watchdog organisations
, 2–3, 19, 20–23, 30, 49, 95, 189
arbitrators, Court of Arbitration for Sport
, 117, 156–158, 168
ARD (German broadcaster)
, 26, 88, 114, 153
Asia, Asian
, 12, 16, 31, 46–47, 70, 126, 150, 155
Association of Olympic International Federations (ASOIF)
, 3, 92, 112
Associated Press (AP)
, 57, 75
Athens
, 11, 43, 64, 66, 74, 76
Athleten Deutchland
, 109–110
athletics
, 36, 86, 88, 114, 163
Athletics South Africa (ASA)
, 155, 176, 183
Atlanta 1996 Summer Olympic Games
, 21, 24, 27, 53, 66–67, 74, 76, 131, 190
Australian Broadcasting Commission (ABC)
, 24, 74
Australian Olympic Committee (AOC)
, 110, 117–118, 133
Bach, Thomas
, 12, 25, 26, 32, 39, 48–50, 75, 81–82, 85, 90–91, 96–98, 100, 106–110, 125, 126
Barcelona 1992 Summer Olympic Games
, 20, 37, 66
basketball
, 55, 124, 126, 180
Beijing
, 6, 30, 37, 40–43, 46, 47, 52, 62, 65–68, 73–77, 99, 105, 129, 135
Beijing 2008 Summer Olympic Games
, 6, 40, 73, 135
Beijing 2022 Winter Olympics
, 43, 52, 99
Beloff, Michael
, 156, 168
Bennett, Annabelle
, 158, 164
Berlin 1936 Summer Olympic Games
, 13, 17, 28, 39, 74
Bermon, Stéphane
, 151–152, 158–167
bid cities
, 17, 21, 25, 45–46, 50, 54, 60, 62, 72, 80, 92, 96, 189, 191
bid committees
, 1, 30, 43, 79, 80, 97
binary classification
, 147, 151, 161, 163–165, 170, 180
‘biological male’
, 168, 183
biology
, 158, 168, 174–175, 179, 183–184
Bird & Bird law firm
, 116, 167
Blackmun, Scott
, 138, 141
body experience model
, 10–11, 14
Bolt, Usain
, 149, 179, 180
boycotts
, 9, 17, 52, 54, 191
Bread Not Circuses Coalition, Toronto (BNC)
, 2, 20–22
bribery scandals
, 17, 20–21, 45, 79–80, 83–84, 92, 98, 100, 191
Brohm, Jean-Marie
, 11, 27–28
Brundage, Avery
, 16–17, 39
Builders and Woodworkers International (BWINT)
, 71
Calgary 1988 Winter Olympic Games
, 22, 49, 60
Canada, Canadian
, 2, 20, 21, 25, 47–49, 55, 72, 80, 103–104, 131, 134, 135, 139, 145, 164, 177
Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC)
, 139
Carrard, Francois
, 117, 157
Centre for Sport and Human Rights (CSHR)
, 71
Centre on Housing Rights and Evictions (COHRE)
, 65–66
Centres for Olympic Studies
, 37
Chand, Dutee
, 117, 154–155, 158–159, 167, 178, 180, 183
child athletes
, 135–136, 148
children
, 11, 14, 32, 64, 68, 102, 121, 127–129, 133–138, 140, 142, 147–148, 188
China, Chinese
, 16, 30, 40–46, 68, 74, 99, 105, 129, 135, 180
chromosomes
, 151, 161, 164
‘clean sport’ rhetoric
, 114, 188
clitoris, and virilisation
, 165–166, 184
coaches, coaching
, 44, 86, 87, 105, 114, 138, 163, 182
Coates, John
, 45, 57, 82, 97, 99, 110, 117–118, 133
Coe, Seb
, 86–88, 104, 146, 153, 171–172, 182–184
Coleman, Doriane
, 168–169, 179
colonialism
, 5, 12, 16, 29, 31, 33, 135, 176
Commonwealth Games
, 16, 25, 106, 174
conservative politics
, 16, 62, 177, 191
construction
, 5, 8, 62, 67–73, 83–84, 130, 132
corruption
, 17, 21, 35, 42, 50, 75, 79, 83–85, 88–92, 95, 98, 100, 106
Coubertin, Pierre de
, 11–13, 15–17, 31–32, 37, 95, 121–122
Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS)
, 117, 152–168, 175–185, 188
Coventry, Kirsty
, 104–105
Covington Report
, 115–118
criminalization of poverty
, 8, 59, 78
culture, cultural
, 4–6, 11, 27, 41, 55, 59, 64, 71, 81, 116–118, 131, 133, 136–137, 140, 142, 162, 188
Dakar 2022 Youth Olympics
, 82, 85
Declaration of Athletes’ Rights and Responsibilities
, 105
democracy
, 10, 41–42, 44, 47, 50, 52–54, 65, 189, 192
Diack, Papa Massata
, 26, 85, 87–88
differences of sexual development (DSD)
, 149–153, 158, 160–162, 166–167, 175, 179, 183, 185
discrimination
, 3, 10, 33, 40, 116, 126–127, 158, 172–174, 179, 185
disorders of sexual development
, 149
displacement
, 23, 56, 64–66, 73, 78, 188
diversity
, 7, 9, 10, 93, 94
doctors
, 136, 149, 162, 165–166, 172, 175, 179, 184–185
doping, performance-enhancing drugs
, 4, 6, 7, 26, 36, 50, 85–90, 105, 112–115, 122, 147, 156, 160, 166
economy, economic issues
, 3, 10, 20, 40–42, 59, 71, 74, 129, 131, 135, 188, 192
education
, 67, 121, 123, 127, 129, 132
eligibility
, 4, 148, 150, 151, 154, 156, 164, 169–170, 181–184
endocrinology
, 149, 158, 164, 167
endogenous testosterone
, 149, 184
environmental issues
, 1, 3, 8, 20, 23, 34, 49, 51, 55, 73, 77, 92, 188, 190, 192
environmentalists
, 20, 190
equestrian events
, 14, 122, 130, 133
ethics
, 20, 42, 89, 118, 152–153, 161, 171–172
Ethics Commission, IOC
, 82, 85, 95
Europe, European
, 11, 12, 14, 16, 21, 33, 37, 47–49, 52, 53, 55, 112, 150, 162, 174, 177
exploitation
, 10, 69, 70, 78, 135
fair play
, 42, 93–94, 176, 182, 187
fairness
, 42, 93–94, 109, 173–176, 179, 181–182, 185, 187
faster/higher/stronger
, 6, 10, 13–14, 121, 147, 187
Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) 25
, 29, 31, 35, 47, 52, 68–69, 74, 106, 123, 157
Fédération Internationale de Natation (FINA)
, 69, 105, 111, 119
feminine, femininities
, 148, 162, 185
feminism, feminists
, 4, 20, 24, 33, 154
FIFA World Cup
, 7, 25, 29, 47, 52, 64, 68–69, 74, 83, 123
figure skating
, 13–14, 27, 53, 136–137
financial issues
, 32, 45, 49, 50, 56, 60, 62, 75, 90, 93, 96–97, 100, 132–134, 141, 157, 182, 188, 191
fitness
, 10–11, 14, 123, 126, 128, 132, 142
flexibility
, 46, 51, 81, 92–93, 96–100, 107, 115
Freedom House
, 23, 43, 47, 52
freedom of speech
, 43, 54, 104
funding
, 4, 11, 44, 50–51, 72, 109, 110, 129–135, 139, 142, 188
Furlong, John
, 79–80, 145
Games of the New Emerging Forces (GANEFO)
, 16, 44
gay
, 14, 29, 39, 103, 127, 191
genders
, 3, 5, 12, 14, 32–33, 103, 116, 124–125, 136, 147–151, 154–155, 162, 164, 166, 168–169, 173–175, 180–183, 186
genitals
, 151, 161, 164, 166–167
gentrification
, 60–61, 75–76, 188
Germany, German
, 26, 29, 48, 85–86, 88, 109–110, 114, 121, 153
Global South
, 151, 165, 180
Grand Prix
, 7, 27, 52, 77
Greece, Greek
, 11, 64, 82
Grigorishin, Konstantin
, 111–112
gymnastics, gymnasts
, 53, 122, 136–142, 146–148, 184
Handelsman, David
, 167–168
health
, 4, 10, 11, 14, 36, 49, 55–56, 122, 128, 132, 135–136, 142, 147, 152–153, 162
hegemony, hegemonic
, 14, 38, 156, 191
Helsinki
, 20, 21, 152, 172, 174
Hersh, Philip
, 15, 27, 48, 75, 122
homelessness, homeless people
, 8, 23, 53, 59–60, 66–67, 75, 102, 130
hormones
, 149–150, 153, 164, 167, 181, 183
host city countract (HCC)
, 106
housing
, 8, 20, 56, 59, 65–66, 70, 75–76, 130, 190
human rights
, 3, 23, 41–44, 49, 52–54, 59, 69–71, 78, 106–108, 156, 161, 171–174, 181, 184, 188–190
human rights violations
, 23, 43, 53–54, 78, 173, 184, 189–190
Human Rights Watch (HRW)
, 70
hyperandrogenism
, 14, 26, 149–154, 158, 162, 167–171, 175–178, 181–185, 188
ideologies
, 2, 9, 13, 32, 135, 165
independent media
, 4, 20, 24, 95
Indigenous peoples (see also Aboriginal peoples)
, 20, 101, 190
infrastructure
, 8, 59, 62, 68–69, 71–72, 132
International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF)
, 26, 36, 69, 85–89, 104, 114, 116, 146, 150–188
international federations (IFs)
, 8, 16, 25, 47, 56–57, 69, 71, 99, 102–103, 108, 111–112, 146, 151, 156–157, 168, 170, 185, 188–189
International Olympic Committee (IOC), passim
International Skating Union (ISU)
, 15, 27
International Swimming League (ISL)
, 111–112, 119
International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC)
, 68
intersex
, 149, 150, 164, 172, 183
IOC Ethics Commission
, 82, 85, 95
IOC Evaluation Commission
, 98–99
Isinbayeva, Yelena
, 127–128
Japan, Japanese
, 23, 49, 56, 70, 81, 84, 91, 107, 129, 131, 148
Jennings, Andrew
, 17, 20, 34–35, 38
Jordan-Young, Rebecca
, 151, 154, 162–165
journalism, investigative
, 24, 38, 84, 89, 139, 188, 192
journalists
, 2, 9, 20–26, 34, 36, 38, 43–44, 47–48, 54, 72, 74–77, 84, 89, 131–134, 137, 156, 176–178, 188, 192
judo
, 56, 91, 124, 131, 134
law
, 67, 111, 115–117, 138, 142, 156, 157, 168, 172, 189
lesbian/gay/bisexual/trans/queer (LGBTQ)
, 23, 127, 191
‘level playing field’
, 141, 147, 150, 153, 175
liberal feminism
, 2, 32, 54, 100, 136, 174
Lillehammer 1994 Winter Olympic Games
, 37
London 2012 Summer Olympic Games
, 7, 15, 22, 29–30, 53, 65–66, 73–76, 79, 82, 90, 125, 129, 133, 151
Los Angeles (LA)
, 22, 45, 48, 60–61, 63, 67, 95, 191
Los Angeles 1984 Summer Olympic Games
, 60
Los Angeles 2028 Summer Olympic Games
, 45, 63, 67–68, 95, 107, 191
mainstream media
, 4, 6–10, 14, 17, 21–26, 32–39, 48, 50, 52, 54–56, 60, 64, 73, 78, 88, 91, 98, 103–104, 110, 113–119, 139–141, 148–150, 154, 156, 168–169, 175–179, 181, 183, 186–189, 191
martial arts, combat sports
, 14, 91, 126
masculinities
, 4, 13, 14, 38, 148, 164
medals, medallists
, 6, 7, 16, 28–29, 47, 87, 102, 104–105, 122, 130–136, 142, 151, 168, 177, 178, 183
media rights holders
, 6, 110
mega-events
, 2, 3, 6, 16, 25, 40, 51–54, 59, 60, 65, 69, 75, 94, 99, 107, 146, 148, 189–191
Melbourne 1956 Summer Olympic Games
, 148
Mexico City 1968 Summer Olympic Games
, 19, 101
Michigan State University (MSU)
, 139
migrant workers
, 68–70, 78
Milan/Cortina-d’Ampesso 2026 Winter Olympics
, 96–97
military
, 28, 40, 42, 76, 123, 124
money laundering
, 83, 85–86
Montreal 1976 Summer Olympic Games
, 27, 60, 72
Moscow
, 19, 73, 87, 113–114, 127
muscles
, 122, 148–150, 160, 163, 165, 182–183
mythology
, 5, 7, 28, 62, 187
Nagano 1998 Winter Olympic Games
, 60
National Olympic Committees (NOCs)
, 10, 13, 16, 25, 48, 68, 83, 85, 90, 96, 99, 103, 105, 108–110, 185, 188–189
nationalism, nationalistic
, 12, 17, 28, 132, 145
Nazi Olympics (see Berlin 1936 Summer Olympic Games)
, 28–29
negligence
, 77, 80, 140, 142, 146
non-governmental organisations (NGOs)
, 3, 23, 43, 68, 95, 106, 188, 192
Office for Standards in Education (OFSTED)
, 133–134
Olympic bids
, 1–3, 5, 8, 17, 20–26, 30, 40, 43–51, 54, 57, 60–65, 68, 72–73, 77, 79–80, 84–87, 91–92, 96–100, 189, 191
Olympic brand, branding
, 56, 57, 94, 100, 103, 116, 145
Olympic knowledge
, 30, 37, 38
Olympic legacies
, 6, 8–9, 11, 13, 41, 53, 59, 65–66, 71–78, 84, 92–93, 99, 121, 127, 129, 188
‘Olympic movement’ rhetoric
, 4, 17, 24, 25, 32, 37, 41, 80, 90, 111, 142
‘Olympic spirit’ rhetoric
, 6, 187
‘Olympic values’ rhetoric
, 6, 16, 37, 93–94, 118, 126, 190
Olympic villages
, 46, 65, 75–76
Olympism
, 6, 12–13, 29, 42, 70, 95, 106
Opening Ceremony
, 7, 64, 69
PanAm Games
, 16, 25, 104–105, 130
Pape, Madeleine
, 154, 161, 180
Paralympics, Paralympians
, 6, 93, 99, 107, 128, 133
Paris
, 14, 22, 26, 45, 48, 63, 85, 124, 125, 191
Paris 2024 Summer Olympic Games
, 22, 124
peace
, 6, 16, 31–32, 44, 93–95, 124
Pielke, Roger
, 35, 154, 159–161, 184
politics, political
, 3, 7, 9, 10, 12, 16–17, 21–29, 38–42, 44, 48–49, 54, 57, 59, 74–75, 81, 84, 87–88, 96, 100–101, 104, 105, 113–114, 129, 187, 190–192
poverty
, 8, 20, 63, 74, 190
Press, Irina and Tamara
, 150
profit
, 51, 60–63, 72, 93, 95, 107, 113, 117
protests, protesters
, 3, 19–23, 49, 52, 54, 61–62, 67, 101, 103–105, 112, 127, 190
public relations
, 20, 23, 44, 56, 93, 100, 187
public transportation
, 56, 72, 128
‘race’
, 15, 17, 48, 52, 81, 150, 154, 173, 177, 179–180
racialised women
, 9, 65, 151, 154, 166–167, 170, 186, 188
racism
, 3, 5, 9, 20, 28, 33, 39, 101, 104, 135, 161, 176, 181, 190
Radcliffe, Paula
, 168–169, 178–179, 181
recreation, recreational facilities
, 4, 11, 14, 32, 121, 129, 130, 142, 188
Reedie, Craig
, 81, 85, 114
reform, IOC
, 5, 13, 21, 26, 89, 92, 97–98, 190–191
religion
, 6, 10, 17, 81, 111
Reporters sans frontières (RSF)
, 43–44
resistance (see also protests, protesters)
, 2, 3, 10, 20, 91, 119, 190
Rio 2020 Summer Olympic Games
, 20, 22, 37, 52, 56, 63–64, 69, 73–77, 83–85, 89, 94, 125, 129, 134, 155, 177–178
Rogge, Jacques
, 41, 43–44, 81, 89, 105, 122–123, 127
role models
, 6, 11, 32, 127–128, 133
Rome 1960 Summer Olympic Games
, 45, 147
Rule 40, Olympic Charter
, 110, 113
Russia, Russian
, 23, 26, 39–40, 46, 52, 70, 74, 80, 85–88, 91, 99, 103, 112–115, 127, 191
Russian Anti-Doping Agency (RUSADA)
, 112–115
Salt Lake City 2002 Winter Olympic Games
, 21, 48, 53, 80
Samaranch, Juan Antonio
, 17, 35, 38, 42, 81, 87, 89–90, 109
Sarajevo 1984 Winter Olympic Games
, 74, 76
science
, 34, 36–37, 67, 91, 158–161, 169–171, 178–181
Scott, Beckie
, 45, 115–116, 138, 141
secondary sex characteristics
, 122, 148, 164
Semenya, Caster
, 89, 109, 117, 152–185
Seoul 1988 Summer Olympic Games
, 42, 65–66, 87
sex testing
, 150–151, 166
sex trade workers, prostitutes
, 102
sexual abuse
, 135–137, 140, 146, 184
sexual harassment
, 3, 116, 136–139, 156
sexualities
, 3, 5, 147, 150
Sochi 2014 Winter Olympic Games
, 22, 23, 29, 39–40, 46, 52, 54, 69–70, 74, 77, 80, 103, 127, 134
social justice
, 20, 52, 192
social media
, 3, 22–24, 38, 43, 95, 110, 169, 176–177
socioeconomic status, social class
, 5, 133–134
South Africa, South African
, 17, 63, 154, 172, 176
sponsors
, 6, 40, 61, 71, 110, 125, 145, 191
sport evangelists
, 31–34, 38
sport exceptionalism
, 4, 9, 37, 86, 88, 138, 156, 170–171, 173–174, 187, 191
Sport for Development and Peace (SDP)
, 31–33
sport scholars
, 4, 31, 38, 154, 161
Sporting Chance Forum
, 107
Sports and Rights Alliance (SRA)
, 106, 108
sports fans, spectators
, 9, 28, 33, 94, 122, 125, 127, 142, 146
Sports Governance Observer
, 35
Sports Integrity Initiative
, 26
sports schools and camps
, 47, 135
sportswashing
, 51–57, 189
stadiums
, 34, 41, 45–47, 69, 71, 76–78, 83
stakeholders
, 93, 108, 117
Stockholm Consensus on Sex Reassignment in Sports
, 181
surgery, and hyperandrogenism
, 149, 152–153, 181
surveillance
, 43, 122, 147
swimming
, 13, 14, 74, 105, 111–112, 119, 124, 131, 136, 147, 149, 166
Swiss Federal Supreme Court
, 155, 158, 184, 185
Switzerland, Swiss
, 48, 50, 155, 157, 158, 184, 185
Sydney 2000 Summer Olympic Games
, 1, 2, 20, 21, 34, 37, 53, 55, 62, 64, 66–67, 72–73, 77, 89, 101, 117, 128, 130–132, 183
Taylor, Jonathan
, 116, 167
television coverage
, 61, 73, 103, 139
tennis
, 7, 13, 14, 47, 78, 112, 124, 130, 132
testosterone
, 148–155, 159–164, 167–168, 175, 178, 181, 184
The Ethics Centre
, 117–118
The Guardian
, 7, 21, 24, 25, 47, 52, 54, 72, 134, 175, 180
ticket scandals
, 82, 89–90
Tokyo
, 14, 21, 23, 53, 55–57, 70, 71, 82, 84, 90–91, 107, 110, 124, 126, 129, 131, 142, 146
Tokyo 2020 Summer Olympic Games
, 53, 55–57, 71, 90–91, 110, 129
Toronto
, 2, 20–22, 25, 35, 54, 62, 74, 130, 191
tourism
, 43, 53, 59, 60, 63–64, 67
toxic culture
, 34, 118, 136, 143, 188
track and field
, 14, 15, 36, 150, 182
transnational feminisms
, 4, 22–23, 33
transparency
, 60, 62, 90, 98, 106, 109, 110, 115–116
Transparency International
, 23, 52
Turin 2006 Winter Olympic Games
, 20–22, 37, 74, 76, 111
Twitter
, 22–24, 30, 104, 169, 177
Union of European Football Associations (UEFA)
, 47, 106
United Nations (UN)
, 5, 31, 32–33, 41–42, 56, 107, 129, 172–174
United Nations Human Rights Council
, 172, 173
United States (US), American
, 2, 4, 5, 15–17, 21–22, 28, 35, 39, 40–41, 47, 49, 61, 66, 74, 76, 81, 84, 87, 101, 104, 107, 112, 115, 122, 124, 127, 131–140, 146, 150, 162, 164, 184, 190
universities
, 34, 35, 37, 49, 83, 139
urban development/renewal
, 53, 59, 65
US Centre for Safe Sport
, 140–141
USA Gymnastics (USAG)
, 136–143
US Olympic Committee (USOC)
, 16, 22, 35, 39, 61, 136–142
Wagg, Stephen
, 29, 30, 53
watchdog organisations
, 2, 20, 21–22, 189
whistleblowers
, 21, 34, 38, 88, 113, 118, 142–143, 147, 188
Whistler 2010 Olympic site
, 1, 55, 97
white elephants
, 9, 11, 46, 72, 129, 188
Winter Olympic Games
, 1, 28, 44–45, 48, 50, 54, 67, 70, 76, 80, 94–99, 113, 122, 124–125, 131, 134–135, 145
women’s movements, feminisms
, 4, 20, 24, 33, 154
Women’s Olympics
, 14–15, 17
World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA)
, 26, 36, 82, 89, 102, 112–117, 138, 147, 151, 166, 185, 188
‘world class city’ rhetoric
, 8, 9, 53, 59, 188
World Medical Association
, 152, 171