Australian university

, 77

Authority, decision-making

, 47

Banking Act, 2004 (Act 673)

, 159–160

Bank of Ghana Act, 2002 (Act 612)

, 159–160

Base of the pyramid (BoP) markets

, 129–130

Born global firms

, 33–35

BPO. See Business process outsourcers (BPO)

Bricolage

, 124

Business

framework, recognition

, 78

socially-oriented

, 117

Business Development Centers (ISGEM) Program, Turkey

, 13–15

Business environment

global. See Global business environment

in transition economies

, 185

Business incubator, entrepreneurship from

, 93–95

Business model/organization

, 194–198

Business plan prize program, Turkey

, 15, 18–19

Business process outsourcers (BPO)

, 178

Business strategies

, 29

CAGE Distance Framework

, 29–30

“Client followership”

, 40

Communication technologies

, 39–40, 129–130

Context-specific factors

, 125

in social business internationalization

, 129–130

Contextual factors

, 122

Conventional entrepreneurs

, 229, 231

Core competencies

, 172–173, 174

Core knowledge

, 54

Cost-benefit analysis

, 206

Country’s entrepreneurship policy

, 5

Data

collection and analysis

, 57, 59, 60, 61

contextual positioning of

, 57

Decisional intervention

, 47

as disturbance handler

, 66–67

as intrapreneur/entrepreneur

, 68

as negotiator

, 68

as resource allocator

, 67–68

as resource to social innovation

, 69–70

Decisional role, intervention process

, 68–69

Decision-makers

, 128, 130–131

Decision-making

, 1, 70

authority

, 47

internationalization of

, 119–120

Demonstration effect

, 117

Dispute Settlement Centre

, 63

Disturbance handler, decisional intervention as

, 66–67

Domestic context

, 122

Economic crisis

entrepreneurs react to

, 190

on SMEs

, 188–190

strategic responses in times of crisis

, 196–198

Economic development, Ghana

, 158–159

Economic innovation

, 47

Economic value

, 125–126

ECOSTAT

, 150

EI model. See Entrepreneurial intention (EI) model

Employment generation, microfinance supports

, 165

Enterprise system

, 190

Entrepreneurial behaviors

, 1

Entrepreneurial firm internationalization issues

, 119–120

Entrepreneurial intention (EI) model

, 155

Entrepreneurial pursuits, motivation for

, 155

Entrepreneurial ventures

, 29–30

Entrepreneurs

, 5

decisional intervention as

, 68

financial support programs for

, 15–18

highly-educated

, 126–127

incubation and office support programs for

, 8–13

individual antecedents

, 126–127

motivations

, 29–30

perceptions of

, 20–25

psychological competences of

, 97–98

technology-based

, 6

transformational

, 29

Entrepreneurship

cognitive approach of

, 94–95

defined

, 78

entrepreneurship background and models of

, 187–188

necessity

, 155

necessity-driven

, 198

opportunity

, 155

policy

, 5

public sector

, 47, 50–52

in transitional economy of Kosovo

, 186–187

See also Societal entrepreneurship

Entrepreneurship support programs, Turkey

, 18–20

Entrepreneurship training programs, Turkey

applied entrepreneurship training support program

, 13–15

business plan prize program

, 15

Entrepreneur-specific subjective factors

in internationalization

, 126–128

in social businesses internationalization

, 126–128

Environment assessment

, 192

European Social Survey (ESS)

, 148–150

External motivators

, 228

Financial Non-Governmental Organizations (FNGOs), Ghana

, 159–160

Financial support programs for entrepreneurs, Turkey

individual young entrepreneur support program (BIGG)

, 17

new entrepreneur support program

, 16

techno-entrepreneurship program

, 15–16

technology invest (tech – invesTR) venture capital support program

, 17–18

Firms

born global

, 33–35

internationalization of

, 30, 32–33, 34–35, 36

Firm-specific factors in social business internationalization

, 128–129

Fiscal auditing programs

, 138–139

Forward-thinking approach

, 54

GDP. See Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

GEI. See Global Entrepreneurship Index (GEI)

Ghana

economic development

, 158–159

gross domestic product (GDP)

, 158

microfinance sector in

, 159–161

MSEs as underfinanced in

, 162–163

MSEs in

, 156, 163–164

necessity entrepreneurship in

, 160

population and housing census (2000) in

, 159–160

regulating the microfinance sector in

, 159–160

Ghana Living Standards Survey round five (GLSS5)

, 159–160

Gioia methodology

, 57–58, 74

Global business environment

born global firms

, 33–35

context of

, 29

globalization

, 31–33

international entrepreneurship

, 35

internationalization

, 37

network-based view

, 36–37

resource-based view

, 37

Global economy

, 2

entrepreneurship

, 4

Global Entrepreneurship Index (GEI)

, 6

Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) form

, 142

Global income disparity

, 129–130

Globalization

, 31, 117

global business environment

, 31–33

Global mindset

, 127–128

Global natural catastrophic events

, 127–128

GLSS5. See Ghana Living Standards Survey round five (GLSS5)

GNP. See Gross national product (GNP)

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

, 139, 140, 141, 143

Ghana

, 158

Gross national product (GNP)

, 139

Harvard Business Review

, 33

HCSO. See Hungarian Central Statistical Office (HCSO)

Highly-educated entrepreneurs

, 126–127

Human resource (HR) functions

, 175–176

Human resource services

, 175–176

Hungarian Central Statistical Office (HCSO)

, 143, 146–148, 150

Hungary

, 150–151

Shadow Economy Index (SEI) for

, 142–145, 151

ICE

, 95, 96, 97, 99

ICT

, 111–112

IIG. See International Investment Group (IIG)

Incubation centers and accelerator programs, Turkey

, 12–13

Individual young entrepreneur support program (BIGG), Turkey

, 17

Informal economies

, 88

Innovation

, 48

See also specific types of innovation

Innovative knowledge

, 54

Institutional barriers

, 195

Inter-disciplinary approach, to societal entrepreneurship

, 1, 2

International Distance

, 29–30

International entrepreneurship, global business environment

, 35

International Investment Group (IIG)

, 40

Internationalization

of decision-making

, 119–120

factors influencing

external factors

, 39–40

internal factors

, 38–39

of firms

, 30, 32–33, 34–35, 36

global business environment

, 37

motivations for

, 37–38

social businesses (SBs)

, 117–120

Intervention process, decisional role

, 68–69

Intrapreneur, decisional intervention as

, 68

Intrinsic motivation

, 99

KBV. See Knowledge-based view (KBV)

Knowledge-based view (KBV)

, 53, 69–70

Knowledge creation

, 109

cases of

, 112

dialogical approach to

, 111–112

dialogue operationalization

, 112

interaction type

, 111

methodological study

, 109–110

participants’ relations

, 110–111

process

, 54

Knowledge spillover theory of entrepreneurship (KSTE)

, 54–55

KOSGEB

, 7–8, 11, 13–14, 15, 16, 22–23

Kosovo, entrepreneurship in transitional economy of

, 186–187

KSTE. See Knowledge spillover theory of entrepreneurship (KSTE)

Leadership

, 68

Loan utilization, by MSEs

, 161–162

Malaysia, social entrepreneurship in

, 227–231

qualitative research methodologies

, 232–239

MFIs. See Microfinance Institutions (MFIs)

Micro and small enterprises (MSEs)

, 156, 160, 166

in Ghana access to savings facilities

, 163–164

loan application difficulties and inconvenient loan terms

, 165

loan utilization by

, 161–162

as underfinanced in Ghana

, 162–163

Microfinance

clients, loan amounts accessed

, 162

leads to poverty reduction

, 164–165

and poverty reduction

, 164

programmes

, 161

sector in Ghana

, 159–161

supports employment generation

, 165

Microfinance Institutions (MFIs)

, 156–157, 158–160, 163–164, 165, 166

Microloans

, 161

MIMIC technique. See Multiple causes estimation (MIMIC) technique

Mindset, for plural dialog

, 64–65

Ministry of Industry and Technology (MIandT), Turkey

, 8

Mintzberg’s managerial role model

, 47–48

Mintzberg’s role theory

, 52–53

decisional role of

, 50

Motivation

, 228, 230

for entrepreneurial pursuits

, 155

for Internationalization

, 37–38

intrinsic

, 99

MSEs. See Micro and small enterprises (MSEs)

MSMEs

, 194

Multiple causes estimation (MIMIC) technique

, 140, 148

National/regional business environment

, 195–196

Necessity-driven entrepreneurship

, 155–156, 198

Necessity entrepreneurs

, 165

Necessity entrepreneurship

, 155, 156–157, 192–193

in Ghana

, 160

promotion of

, 157–158

Negotiator, decisional intervention as

, 68

Network-based view, global business environment

, 36–37

NOE. See Non-observed economy (NOE)

Non-Bank Financial Institutions Act, 2008 (Act 744)

, 159–160

Non-observed economy (NOE)

, 146–148

OECD. See Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)

Office support programs, for entrepreneurs, Turkey

, 8–13

Opportunity entrepreneurship

, 155, 192–193

Organizational learning

, 174–175

and innovation

, 178–179

problems

, 177

Organizational resilience

, 190

Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)

, 147–148

Development Assistance Committee

, 204

Outsourcing

, 171, 178, 179, 180

core competencies

, 172–173, 174

decreased service/manufacturing quality

, 177–178

diminished innovation

, 178

knowledge drain

, 176–177

knowledge loss/loss of critical skills

, 176

loss of trust

, 177

organizational learning

, 174–175, 177

product/process design cycle time

, 175

quality improvement

, 175–176

strategy-driven

, 174

Personal knowledge

, 47–48

Policy-makers

, 1

Poverty reduction, microfinance leads to

, 164–165

PSP. See Psychological Support Program (PSP)

Psychological assistance program, impact on implementation of

, 100–104

Psychological competences, of entrepreneur

, 97–98

Psychological Support Program (PSP)

, 94, 95, 97, 100, 101

co-occurrences codes of impact of

, 102

implementation of

, 96

leaders

, 105

limitations of

, 104

in university incubator

, 95–100

Psychopreneurship, defined

, 94–95

Public entrepreneurs

, 51–52

Public entrepreneurship supports

effectiveness of, Turkey

, 20–25

Public managers

, 68

Public organizations

, 55–56

Public policy, social entrepreneurship and

, 48–49

Public–private partnerships

, 1

Public reforms

, 67

sustained social transformation through

, 61

Public sector entrepreneurship

, 47, 50–52

Public supports programs, for entrepreneurship in Turkey

, 7–18

Qualitative inquiry, nature and context of

, 56–57

Quality improvement, outsourcing

, 175–176

Rational/economic approach

, 124

RBV. See Resource-based view (RBV)

REDF. See Roberts Enterprise Development Fund (REDF)

REDI. See Regional Entrepreneurship and Development Index (REDI)

Regional Entrepreneurship and Development Index (REDI)

, 141

Regional Innovation and Entrepreneurship Research Centre (RIERC)

, 141

Resource allocator, decisional intervention as

, 67–68

Resource-based view (RBV)

, 53

global business environment

, 37

Revenue-generating streams

, 203

Risk tolerance

, 126–127

Roberts Enterprise Development Fund (REDF)

, 205

Role as a resource concept

, 54

SBs. See Social businesses (SBs)

SE. See Sustainable entrepreneurship (SE)

SEI. See Shadow Economy Index (SEI)

Shadow economy

, 137

definitions

, 137–138

estimation methods

, 138–141

pilot survey

, 141–150

Shadow Economy Index (SEI)

, 137

for Hungary

, 142–145, 151

Small-sized enterprises

, 206–207

SMEs

, 5, 7–8, 93, 174–175, 187, 190–191

effect of economic crisis on

, 188–190

SNA. See System of National Accounts (SNA)

Social businesses (SBs)

, 117, 120

barriers faced by

, 130–131

Social businesses internationalization

, 117–118, 121

context-specific factors in

, 129–130

decision

, 130–131

entrepreneur-specific subjective factors in

, 126–128

firm-specific factors in

, 128–129

framework for

, 125–131

implication

, 131

regulatory framework/environment

, 123–124

resources and

, 124–125

role of context in opportunity identification

, 122–123

role of context in opportunity internationalization

, 122–123

Social business visionaries

, 218–219

Social capital

, 124–125

Social disequilibrium

, 129–130

Social endeavors

, 217, 219

Social enterprise

, 203, 221–222

element of accountability in

, 221

in financial terms

, 204

impact analysis for

, 204–205

Social entrepreneurs

, 51–52, 123–125

Social innovation

, 47–49, 67–68

aspects of

, 48–49

decisional intervention as resource to

, 69–70

limitations of the study

, 74

navigation of new resources for social cause

, 64

perspectives

, 49–50

phenomenon of

, 71

policy implications

, 71

practical implications

, 71

research propositions

, 72–73

theoretical implications

, 70–71

Social interaction

, 54

Socially-oriented business

, 117

Social opportunity, identification and exploitation

, 117

Social return on investment analysis (SROI)

, 205–208, 214–216, 220–221

Social solutions architecture

, 61–63

Social value

, 120, 125–126

Social venture, effectiveness of

, 203

Societal entrepreneurship

defined

, 1

inter-disciplinary approach to

, 2

Societal factors

, 1

Socioeconomic value

, 117–118

SROI. See Social return on investment analysis (SROI)

Strategic partnership

, 36–37, 40

Strategy-driven outsourcing

, 174

Student entrepreneurship

, 77–82

alternative perspective

, 80–81

data analysis method

, 83–84

defined

, 78

extrinsic factors

, 80

identification of student entrepreneurs

, 81

implications for entrepreneurship at universities

, 88–89

key drivers of

, 84–88

personality traits

, 79–80

planned intention

, 79

Sustainability

defined

, 29

discourse

, 29

Sustainable entrepreneurship (SE)

, 29, 37–38

Sustained social transformation through public reforms

, 61

System of National Accounts (SNA)

, 137–138

Tacit knowledge

, 47–48

TE. See Transformational entrepreneurship (TE)

Teaching entrepreneurship, to university students

, 78–79

TEB. See Turkiye Ekonomi Bankasi (TEB)

TEB Girisim Evi (TEB Entrepreneurship House)

, 13

Techno-entrepreneurship (Teknogirisim) program, Turkey

, 7, 15–16

Technology-based entrepreneurs

, 6

Technology-based entrepreneurship

, 5, 7

Technology Development Centers (TEKMER) Program, Turkey

, 8–11

Technology development zones (Technoparks), Turkey

, 12

Technology invest program, Turkey

, 19

Technology invest (tech – invesTR) venture capital support program, Turkey

, 17–18

TEKMER Program. See Technology Development Centers (TEKMER) Program, Turkey

Telecommunication technologies

, 39–40

Tenacious mindset, for plural dialog

, 64–65

Thematic analysis

, 209–210

Thematic classifications

, 214–220

Thematic cluster identification

, 209–214

Theory of Planned Behavior

, 79, 80, 83

Trade liberalization

, 39–40

Transformational entrepreneurs

, 29

Transformational entrepreneurship (TE)

, 29, 39

Transitional economy

business environment in

, 185

of Kosovo

, 186–187

Triple-Helix model

, 11

TTOs

, 15, 17–18, 22–23, 24

TUBITAK

, 8, 17

Turkey, entrepreneurship in

, 6–7, 25–26

Business Development Centers (ISGEM) Program

, 13–15

business idea and the establishment of the business

, 20–23

contributions and deficiencies of public supports

, 24–25

effectiveness of public entrepreneurship supports

, 20–25

entrepreneurship training programs

applied entrepreneurship training support program

, 13–15

business plan prize program

, 15

financial support programs for entrepreneurs

individual young entrepreneur support program (BIGG)

, 17

new entrepreneur support program

, 16

techno-entrepreneurship program

, 15–16

technology invest (tech – invesTR) venture capital support program

, 17–18

financing the business

, 23

government entrepreneurship support programs evaluation

, 18–20

incubation and office support programs for entrepreneurs

, 8–13

incubation centers and accelerator programs

, 12–13

interviewed technology-based start-ups

, 21

public supports programs

, 7–18

technology development centers (TEKMER) program

, 8–11

technology development zones (Technoparks)

, 12

Turkiye Ekonomi Bankasi (TEB)

, 13

United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE)

, 147–148

University incubator, psychological support program in

, 95–100

University students, teaching entrepreneurship to

, 78–79

Uppsala model

, 37

Venture capital support program, Turkey

, 17–18

Web of Science

, 109–110, 112

Wise leadership

, 65–66