Index

Cryptomarkets: A Research Companion

ISBN: 978-1-83867-033-7, eISBN: 978-1-83867-030-6

Publication date: 25 October 2019

This content is currently only available as a PDF

Citation

Martin, J., Cunliffe, J. and Munksgaard, R. (2019), "Index", Cryptomarkets: A Research Companion (Emerald Studies In Digital Crime, Technology and Social Harms), Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. 161-167. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-83867-030-620191007

Publisher

:

Emerald Publishing Limited

Copyright © 2019 James Martin, Jack Cunliffe and Rasmus Munksgaard


INDEX

Note: Page numbers followed by “n” with numbers indicate notes.

Abraxas market
, 90–91

Adolescence
, 39–40

Adolescent cryptomarkets
, 39–40

Agora
, 20, 24, 42, 90

Agorism
, 18

Alphabay
, 27–29, 36, 63

Altcoins
, 120

Altoid
, 10

Anonymisation, technologies for
, 11

Anonymity
, 12–15, 108–109

Armory, The
, 18, 60

ARPANET
, 8

Atlantis Marketplace
, 11

Australian cryptomarket drug

trade
, 47

trading
, 106

Australian illicit drug market
, 47

Australian National Drug Strategy Household Survey
, 84

Autoshops
, 12, 27

Backpage
, 15

Benzodiazepines
, 70, 83, 102

Biological weapons
, 62

Bitcoin
, 13, 15, 33

transactions
, 21

Black Flag Project
, 20

Black Market Reloaded
, 20

Black Services Market
, 20

BlackBox Market
, 20

Blockchain
, 101–102

Blue Sky
, 20

Book clubs
, 17–18

Branwen’s data archive
, 91

Branwen’s scrapes
, 95–96

Business-to-business transactions
, 70

Buyers
, 38, 52

Cannabis
, 53, 78

Cannabis Road
, 43

Carders
, 57

Carding
, 56–57

Cash
, 15

Centralisation
, 27–29

Chaos
, 20–24

Child exploitation material
, 62

Cipherpunk FAQ
, 9

Cipherpunks
, 9–10

Community
, 17–18

of buyers and vendors
, 112

Competition
, 50–52

Confidentiality
, 108

Constructive activism
, 82

Conventional drug distribution networks, impact on
, 64–66

Corpus Assisted Discourse Studies approach
, 97

Crackdowns
, 119–121

Crawling
, 89

Credit cards
, 15

information
, 56

Crime Survey for England and Wales
, 84

Crypto-anarchy
, 9

Cryptocurrencies
, 37, 77, 101–102

Cryptomarkets
, 1, 115

administrators
, 79

competition, reputation and sales
, 50–52

continued growth and platform stability
, 116–117

crackdowns, volatility and external shocks
, 119–121

current state
, 35

discussion forums
, 69

drug composition
, 54

environment
, 77–80

gentrification
, 124–126

geographical distribution and regional clustering
, 44–49

harm reduction
, 66–72, 127

impact on conventional drug distribution networks
, 64–66

increased offending due to exposure to other illicit goods and services
, 123

increasing intersection with other drug markets
, 121–123

increasing localisation
, 117–118

lifecycle
, 3, 38–44

market composition, demand and supply
, 52–56

natural limit
, 118–119

non-drug products
, 56–57

overall market size and growth
, 35–38

predictions
, 127–128

prohibited goods and services
, 60–64

prohibitions
, 62

research
, 107

scene
, 123

scholarship
, 112

studies
, 2

trading
, 53

transactions
, 47

users
, 69

weapons
, 57–60

CSS-selectors
, 94

Dark web
, 13–14, 31, 73n1

DarkMarket
, 23–24

Darknet
, 13, 31–32

Darknet Heroes League
, 64

DATACRYPTO tool
, 92–93, 95–96, 100

Dataset
, 94

Death
, 39, 41

Decentralised cryptomarkets
, 23

Decentralised markets
, 33

DeepDotWeb
, 30–31, 79–80

Depoliticisation
, 24–25

Digital harassment
, 38

Digital trace

information
, 96–97

from markets
, 87–96

Displacement of illegal activity
, 113–114

Dispute resolution
, 11, 15–17, 103

Dolliver’s claims of completeness
, 92

Domestic platforms
, 30

Domestic terrorism
, 1

.onion
, 10, 80

Doxing
, 38

Doxx
, 21

Dread
, 31, 79–80

Dread Pirate Roberts
, 59–60

Dream Market
, 20, 42, 64, 79

Drug

consumers
, 48, 71

dealers
, 126

eBay for
, 77–78

prices
, 47

suppliers
, 48

supply
, 67

usage rates in countries
, 54

use
, 71

Drug Affinity Study (DAS)
, 84

Drug consignments, reduced waiting times for
, 49

Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA)
, 63

Drug markets
, 22

increasing intersection with other
, 121–123

Drug policy
, 104

making
, 97

Dutch Drugs Information and Monitoring System
, 99

Dutch law enforcement
, 28–29

Dutch MDMA
, 66

Dutch-speaking citizens
, 65

eBay for drugs
, 77–78

Ecstasy and Related Drugs Reporting System
, 100

Ecstasy pills
, 99

Encryption
, 12–15

technologies for
, 11

Energy Control’s International Drug Testing Service
, 98

Epidemiological Survey of Substance Abuse (ESA)
, 84

Escrow
, 11, 15–17, 33

Evolution Marketplace
, 24–25

Exit scams
, 41–42

Exploitation
, 38

External action, increasing and novel
, 30–32

External shocks
, 119–121

4-FA
, 99

Farmers’ Market
, 11

FBI
, 63

Fear, uncertainty and doubt (FUD)
, 31, 128

Fentanyl
, 62–64

Financial products and services
, 56

FloMarket
, 20–21

Forums
, 12, 109

FOSTA/SESTA laws
, 79

Fraud
, 38

Fraudsters
, 24–25

Fraudulent resource exchanges
, 22

Gentrification
, 124–126

Geographical distribution
, 44–49

Global Drug Survey (GDS)
, 37, 84–86, 103

Governance
, 15–17

Grateful Dead, The (Barlow)
, 9

‘Great 420 Heist, The’
, 16–17

Hacks
, 20–24

by external parties
, 42–43

Hansa Market
, 64

Hansa Marketplace
, 28–29

Harm reduction
, 66–72, 112, 127

Herbal cannabis
, 70

Heroin
, 63

Honeypot
, 28

HTTrack
, 89

Human coders
, 95

I2P network
, 23, 33

Illegal platform economy
, 11–12

Illicit drugs
, 53, 58

Illicit goods and services
, 123

Inception cryptomarkets
, 61

Individual cryptomarkets
, 38

Infancy
, 39

Infant cryptomarkets
, 44

Information and Communications Technology (ICT)
, 118

Informed consent
, 108

International Journal of Drug Policy
, 112

Kimble
, 25

Language obstacles
, 48

Latent Dirichlet Allocation
, 97

Law enforcement

activity
, 97

agencies
, 57–58

take-downs
, 44

Legit
, 14

Libertarian politics
, 17

Libertas Market
, 120

Local cryptomarkets
, 29

Localisation
, 29–30, 117–118

‘Lone wolf’ terror attack
, 59

Man-in-the-middle attack
, 29

Market

administration
, 77

administrators
, 62

composition, demand and supply
, 52–56

Marketplace
, 20, 23

administration
, 23

exit scam
, 21

MDMA
, 53, 65, 70

powder
, 99

Media attention
, 17

Mephedrone
, 8

Metal components
, 58

Mixnets
, 9–10, 13

Moderators
, 77

Modern-day history of cryptomarkets
, 5, 7–10

downfall of monopoly
, 19–26

onymous and onwards
, 26–32

Silk Road marketplace
, 10–19

Monero
, 120

Money laundering services
, 56

Monopoly, downfall of
, 19

first as tragedy, then as farce
, 25–26

fraudsters and politics
, 24–25

hacks, scams and chaos
, 20–24

Multi-signature escrow
, 33

Multiple mature cryptomarkets
, 40

NBOMe
, 70

Netherlands
, 65

Neutralisation
, 106

New psychoactive substances (NPS)
, 8, 54–55

Non-drug products
, 56–57

Non-English language cryptomarkets
, 48, 117

‘Non-lethal’ weapons
, 57

Onion services
, 13

Online

anonymity
, 126

drug distribution
, 32

exchange markets
, 11

Onymous
, 26–32

Operation Darkness Falls
, 63

Operation Hyperion
, 31

Operation Onymous
, 26, 91

Operational security (OPSEC)
, 18

Opioids
, 53

Pandora
, 20

Parsing
, 94

PayPal
, 15

Performance enhancers
, 8

Phenethylamines
, 70

Phrase digital trace
, 87

Pirate Market
, 20

Platform economy design
, 11

Political ideology
, 112

Politics
, 17–18, 24–25

Pre-cryptomarket experience of buying drugs
, 125

Predation
, 38

Prescription medicine
, 8, 53

Pretty Good Privacy (PGP)
, 10, 48

encryption
, 13

keys
, 29

Programmers
, 77

Prohibited goods and services
, 60–64

Psychedelics
, 8, 53

Psychoactive effects
, 8

r/DarkNetMarkets
, 31, 79, 97

Red rooms
, 14, 61

Reddit
, 31, 79

Regional clustering
, 44–49, 64

Remailers
, 9–10, 13

Reputation
, 50–52

system
, 12

Research methods, ethics and epistemologies for cryptomarkets
, 75

cryptomarket environment
, 77–80

methodological limitations and implications
, 99–111

methodological summary
, 111–114

methods and approaches
, 80–99

Risk and prices framework
, 106

Sales
, 50–52

Scams
, 20–24

Schengen Zone
, 65

Scraping process
, 93

Sheep Marketplace
, 20–21, 34n3

Shiny Flakes
, 122

Shipping
, 18

Shopping experience
, 125

Silk Road
, 7, 9, 24, 32, 38, 77–78, 82, 85

chat forum
, 81

encryption and anonymity
, 12–15

forums
, 18

governance
, 15–17

gross annual turnover
, 36

illegal platform economy
, 11–12

marketplace
, 10–19

politics, community and book clubs
, 17–18

seizure banner
, 18–19

Silk Road 1.0
, 60

Silk Road 2.0
, 20–21, 24, 26, 43, 82, 91

Silk Road 3.1
, 79

trade
, 92

Social cohesion on cryptomarkets
, 82

Social institution
, 32

‘Spreading FUD’
, 31

Steroids
, 8

Stimulants
, 53

Stolen/hacked financial accounts
, 56

Supervised learning for classification tasks
, 95

Synthetic cannabinoids
, 8

Systemic drug violence
, 70–71

Test buys
, 97–99

the_avid
, 25

3-c compounds
, 70

Tor
, 13–14, 33, 37, 48, 77

network
, 23

Tor Carding Forum
, 25

TorBay
, 20

TorMarket
, 20–22

Tortuga
, 20

Traces
, 89

Transnational policing
, 1

2-c compounds
, 70

United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)
, 97

US Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)
, 13

US Department of Justice (DOJ)
, 63

US National Survey on Drug Use and Health
, 84

Vendors
, 38, 49, 52

Verto
, 25

Violence
, 22, 38

drug violence
, 70–71

Visual basic for applications (VBA)
, 90

Volatility
, 119–121

Voluntary exit
, 42

Weapons
, 57–60

Web designers
, 77

Web services
, 13

Webometrics
, 92

White Rabbit and Outlaw Market
, 20

XPath-expression
, 94