Aadhaar system

, 51–52

Academics

, 5

Account types

, 213–214

Accounting classification

, 277–278

Accredited investors

, 181

Acorns

, 239, 242

Advanced Computerized Execution System

, 208

Advanced data analytics

, 400

Adversarial attacks

, 330

Adverse selection problems

, 49

Adyen

, 426

Affirm

, 223

Aggregation

, 425

Airwallex

, 424

Aladdin Climate

, 400–401

Algorithmic biases

, 158

Algorithmic rebalancing

, 275

Algorithmic trading (AT)

, 309

Alibaba

, 98–99

Alpha decay

, 227

Alternative data

, 226–227, 303–304

applications in other areas of finance

, 308–310

changing finance

, 12

digital footprints and microdata

, 307

in financial forecasting

, 305–306

regulatory data

, 307–308

standard financial data

, 304–305

web scraping for sensory data

, 306–307

Amazon

, 316, 433

Amazon Simple Workflow Service (Amazon SWF)

, 261

Amazon Web Services (AWS)

, 226, 376, 432

American Stock Exchange study (1969)

, 222

Analysis elements

, 149–152

Android Pay

, 110

Angel Capital Association, The (ACA)

, 178–179

Angel investors

, 177

Angels

, 178–180

Anonymity

, 253

Ant Financial

, 47

Ant Group

, 47

Anti-Cybersquatting Consumer Protection Act (ACPA)

, 295–296

Anti-money laundering (AML)

, 69–70, 162, 291–292, 426

AML-related fines

, 67

detection of

, 79

Apple Pay

, 122, 238

Application programming interfaces (APIs)

, 37, 104, 207–208, 298–299, 354, 426–427

APY

, 34–38

Archival data

, 297–298

Arrow-Debreu economy

, 93

Artificial intelligence (AI)

, 4, 12, 18, 39, 44, 71–72, 98, 158, 192–193, 224, 227, 229, 237, 285–286, 290, 292, 315–316, 346, 363–364, 381, 400, 420, 423–424

AI-powered credit scoring algorithms

, 158–159

applications in finance

, 323–327

benefits and opportunities

, 324

challenges for regulation

, 330–332

chatbots and robo-advisors

, 325

cybersecurity and fraud detection

, 326

emerging regulatory trends and best practices in AI governance

, 332–334

financial trading and asset management

, 326

generations

, 316–318

generative

, 319–321

governance

, 316, 330–331

harnessing data with

, 11

lifecycle in finance

, 323

lifecycle of ML project

, 321–323

Regtech

, 326–327

risk management and credit scoring

, 325

risks and regulatory considerations

, 327–334

in robo-advisory

, 200

Suptech

, 327

system

, 292

use cases

, 324–325

Artificial neural networks (ANNs)

, 319

Asset (see also Cryptoassets)

management

, 326

recovery in case of default

, 153–154

Assets under management (AUM)

, 48, 180, 195, 269, 383, 401

Asymmetric information

, 218

Automated clearing house (ACH)

, 289

Automated market makers (AMMs)

, 229–230

Automated teller machines (ATMs)

, 96–97, 236, 289

Automation

, 56

“automation bias” phenomenon

, 329

automation/dynamic/submeter data

, 307

Autonomy

, 329

Aventus

, 351

Average citations (AC)

, 19, 34, 38

Average publication year (APY)

, 19

Axis Bank

, 258

Back-office solutions

, 388–390

Bank credit loan portfolios

, 154

Bank credit portfolios, risks of

, 140

Banking

, 6, 101, 285–286

Fintech’s impact on

, 7

path to digital transformation and future of

, 102–105

Banking as a service (BaaS)

, 420

Basic economic theory

, 139

Before-tax cash flow (BTCF)

, 365

Behavioral biases

disposition effect

, 198

home bias

, 198

overconfidence

, 198

robo-advisors

, 197–199

Betterment

, 236–237, 244

Betterview

, 351

Bias

, 328

Bibliometrics

analysis

, 5–6, 17

co-word analysis

, 19

Bid-ask spread

, 211

Big 4

, 251–252

Big data(see also Alternative data)

, 285–286, 382–383, 388, 423

architectures in information supply chain

, 296

Fintech technical architecture

, 293–299

Fintech’s big data history

, 286–293

role in Fintech

, 11

Big techs

, 97

Binance

, 245

Biometrics

, 39, 53

authentication

, 238

Bitcoin (BTC)

, 54–56, 237, 245, 253, 258–259, 271, 422

Black, indigenous, and people of color (BIPOC)

, 426–427

“Black box” problem

, 319, 327–328

Blockchain

, 10, 39, 55–56, 79, 245, 252, 254, 268, 400, 406

accounting

, 251–252

adoption

, 251–252, 261, 263

advantages

, 256

applications

, 251–252

in carbon trading

, 404–405

disadvantages

, 260–261

disrupts financial world

, 255–260

financial sector

, 252

in Fintech

, 10

R3 Corda

, 252

real estate

, 252

supply chain

, 252

trustless environment

, 270

works

, 254–255

Blockchain technology

, 6, 245, 251–252, 270, 303–304, 422

blockchain’s advantages over legacy technologies

, 253–254

blocks

, 268

consensus algorithms

, 268

cryptographic hashes

, 270

51% attack (majority attack)

, 254

proof of stake (POS)

, 390

proof of transaction (POT)

, 258

proof of work (POW)

, 255

ripple

, 269

token

, 269

Blocks

, 122–123, 252–253, 268

Bloomberg

, 290

Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE)

, 110

BoardEx

, 304

Bollinger bands

, 213

Borrowers

, 136

allocation of

, 144–148

correlation

, 148

implementing future correlated rating states of

, 142–144

to independent segments

, 146–147

marketplace lending platforms for

, 7–8

risk factors

, 144–145

sectors

, 145

single sector

, 145–146

Boston Consulting Group (BCG)

, 420

Brand and reputation management

, 52–53

Bridgewater Associates

, 383

Brokerage apps

, 384–385

Budgeting

, 238, 244

Budgets

, 238–239

Bulge-bracket bank

, 390

Burning rate

, 272

Business logic

, 367–368

Business model

, 136–137

Business use of digital payments

, 123–124

Business-to-business (B2B)

, 7, 123, 290, 424

Business-to-consumer (B2C)

, 99

Buy now, pay later (BNPL)

, 421

California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA)

, 162

Candlestick chart

, 212–213

Capital asset pricing model (CAPM)

, 197

Capital formation

, 8

angels

, 178–180

friends and family

, 178

private equity and venture capital

, 180

regulatory framework of capital formation

, 180–184

traditional methods of

, 178–180

Capital markets

, 388

fintech in

, 13

Carbon credit marketplaces

, 407

Carbon credits

, 404–405

Carbon trading(see also Securities trading)

, 404–405

blockchain and distributed ledger technology in

, 404–405

need for transparency and traceability

, 404

platforms

, 400

Card fraud

, 126

Cash App (Square)

, 110, 122–123

Cash flows on defaulted and nondefaulted exposures

, 153

Center for Research in Securities Prices (CRSP)

, 290, 304

Central bank digital currencies (CBDCs)

, 79, 105, 277, 291

Central limit order book (CLOB)

, 209–210

Centralization

, 217–218

Challenger banks

, 384

Charting tools

, 212–213

Chatbots

, 325

ChatGPT

, 200, 228–229, 363–364

ChatGPT

, 200, 228–229, 363–364

“Chatification” of money

, 99

Chebyshev tensors (CTs)

, 140

Cheche Technology

, 351

Chief executive officer (CEO)

, 137, 382–383

Chief investment officers (CIOs)

, 193

China

, 27

Citation patterns

, 20, 40

Clearbank

, 424

Cleo

, 239

Climate change

, 400

Climate risk

assessment tools

, 400–401

awareness

, 408–416

data

, 408–409

findings

, 409–413

greenwashing or green talking

, 414–416

methodology

, 409

Cloud

cloud computing

, 290, 303–304

cloud services

, 52

Co-citation network analysis

, 27–33

Co-location

, 215–216, 225, 386

Co-word analysis

, 20

Coinbase

, 245

Coins

, 393

Collaboration coefficient (CC)

, 25, 27

Collaboration index (CI)

, 25, 27

Commercial real estate

, 364, 373, 375

Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC)

, 291, 432

Comparative analysis of risk management frameworks in Fintech

, 166–167

COSO ERM Framework

, 166

FAIR Risk Quantification Framework

, 166–167

NIST Cybersecurity Framework

, 167

Competition

, 127, 425

Complexity

, 328–329

Compliance

, 66–67, 73

management

, 77

risks in Fintech

, 162–163

Compound (DeFi platform)

, 99–100

Compound annual growth rate (CAGR)

, 56

Comprehensive machinery

, 124–125

Compustat

, 290

Computerization

, 289–290

Computers

, 208, 210–211, 214–215

vision applications

, 71–72

Condor Capital Wealth Management

, 194

Consensus algorithms

, 254

Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB)

, 432

Consumer-to-business activity in digital payments

, 123

Continuous integration/continuous delivery (CI/CD) pipelines

, 170

“Conversational AI” agents

, 325

Copy trading

, 244

Corona-Crash

, 194–195

Corporate reputation

, 52

Corporate social responsibility

, 14

Corporate venture capital (CVC)

, 309–310

Correlations

allocation of

, 144–148

coefficient

, 144

focus

, 328

COSO Enterprise Risk Management (COSO ERM)

, 8, 166

CoStar.com

, 375

Counter-terrorism financing (CTF)

, 69–70, 162

detection of

, 79

Counterparty risk

, 141

COVID-19 pandemic

, 46

Creative destruction

, 104

Credit cards

, 236

Credit default swaps (CDS)

, 217

Credit history

, 369

Credit Karma

, 240

Credit portfolio analysis applicable to MPL

, 141–154

Credit ratings

, 136

Credit risk

, 141

Credit scores

, 239–240

Credit scoring

, 325

Credit Sesame

, 240

Credit spread (CS)

, 141

Critical infrastructures

, 285–286

Crowdfunding

, 8, 181–182, 184–185, 244–245

climate projects

, 407

crowdfunding & CO

, 390–393

JOBS Act

, 182

platforms

, 185

regulation crowdfunding

, 182

transactions

, 184

Crowdstrike

, 430

Crunchbase sources

, 305, 428

Crypto mining

, 290–291

Cryptoassets

, 268, 270, 275

accounting classification

, 277–278

advantages

, 271

applications on fintech ecosystem

, 276–277

blockchain technology

, 270

cryptocurrencies

, 271

data

, 308–309

disadvantages

, 271

and fintech

, 11

institutional challenges

, 278–279

regulatory challenges/issues

, 277–279

reserves

, 275

risks

, 271

security tokens

, 273

stablecoins

, 274–275

tokenized assets

, 273–274

use cases and examples

, 276

utility tokens

, 271–273

Cryptocurrencies

, 6, 10–11, 55–56, 183–184, 229–230, 245, 251–252, 268, 271

Cryptocurrency exchanges

binance

, 421–422

coinbase

, 245

Cryptographic assets

, 78–79

Cryptographic hashes

, 270

Cryptographic principles

, 422

Custodia Bank

, 279

Customer acquisition

, 433

Customer due diligence (CDD)

, 70, 429

Customer-to-business (C2B)

, 7

Customer-to-customer (C2C)

, 99

Cyberattacks

, 160, 429, 431

Cybersecurity

, 53, 165–166, 326

Data access and storage

, 375–379

Data acquisition

, 296–297

and preprocessing

, 321–322

Data analysis

, 298–299

Data breaches

, 160

Data dependency

, 328

Data encryption

, 168

Data management

, 426

Data mining

, 298

Data poisoning

, 330

Data privacy

and security

, 331, 428

violations

, 160–161

Data processing

, 298–299

Dealer-to-customer market (D2C market)

, 209

Debanking

, 70

and other social and geopolitical drivers

, 69–71

Debt

, 287–288

crowdfunding

, 184–185

Decentralization

, 55, 217–218

Decentralized compliance

, 79

Decentralized finance (DeFi)(see also Personal finance)

, 25, 38, 68, 99–100, 257, 276, 292, 382, 400, 421–422

challenges in DeFi’s support for climate initiatives

, 407–408

and climate initiatives

, 406–408

platforms

, 99–100

platforms supporting climate action

, 406–407

Deep learning (DL)

, 319

Deep Neural Networks (DNNs)

, 140, 151

Default, asset recovery in case of

, 153–154

Defaulted exposures, valuation and cash flows on

, 153

Deloitte

, 251–252

Democratization of finance

, 383

Designated Order Turnaround (DOT)

, 97

Digit

, 244

Digital

Apple pay

, 122, 238

digital assets

, 4, 11, 78–79, 183–184, 268

digital banking

, 246, 420

digital currency

, 245, 421–422

digital exclusion

, 126

digital finance

, 33, 66

digital footprints

, 307

digital insurance (insurtech)

, 49–50

digital lending

, 7, 47–48, 420

digital payments and transfers

, 48, 124

digital service providers

, 122–123

digital transformation

, 103

digital wallets

, 238

digital wealth management

, 9, 48–49

Google pay

, 122, 238

Samsung pay

, 238

Digital Advisor

, 196

Digital age

, 52–53

Digital banking

, 246, 420

business use of digital payments

, 123–124

competition

, 127

digital and mobile payments in North America

, 124

digital service providers in United States

, 122–123

Fintech and market for payments

, 124–126

individual and digital payment market

, 126–127

integrity

, 127

mobile growth trends

, 120–122

rise of smart payments

, 110–112

services

, 7

Swish

, 127

worldwide digital activity

, 112–120

Digital banks

, 400

Digital commerce

, 112

Digital disruption, Fintech narrative and accompanying

, 95–102

Digital financial regulation

, 73

Digital identity

, 51–52

Digital ledger technology (DLT)

, 422

Digital payments

, 48, 124

business use of

, 123–124

country trends in

, 115–117

individual and digital payment market

, 126–127

methods

, 51

in North America

, 124

and transfers

, 46–47

Digital Payments Survey, The

, 123

Digital platforms

, 44

Digital Remittances

, 112, 115

Digital service providers in United States

, 122–123

block

, 122–123

PayPal and Venmo

, 122

Zelle

, 123

Digital technologies

, 104

Digital transaction methods

, 46–47

Digital transformation

, 103

Fintegration and road ahead

, 104–105

and future of banking

, 102–105

response of traditional FIs in changing ecosystem

, 102–103

Digitalization

, 129

Digitalized payment systems

, 7

Digitally ambidextrous

, 104

Digitization process

, 92, 158

Diners Club

, 420

Disaster recovery planning

, 170

Disintermediation

, 98–99

Disruption

, 98–99, 344

Distributed denial-of-service (DDoS)

, 160

Distributed ledger technologies (DLTs)

, 79, 241, 253, 389, 400

in carbon trading

, 404–405

Domain names system (DNS)

, 295–296

Donation-based crowdfunding

, 184

Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA)

, 224

Down payment

, 369–370

E*Trade

, 9–10, 236

Early AI systems

, 317

Eco-friendly staking

, 407

Ecopia

, 351

Ecosystem

, 344, 351, 354–355

response of traditional FIs in changing

, 102–103

Edelman Financial Engines

, 196–197

Electronic Brokering Services (EBS)

, 208

Electronic communication networks (ECNs)

, 97, 208, 222

Electronic Data Gathering, Analysis, and Retrieval system (EDGAR system)

, 55, 290, 382

Electronic data interchange (EDI)

, 290

Electronic funds transfers (EFT)

, 288

Electronic identification tool (e-ID)

, 125

Electronic Know Your Customer (e-KYC)

, 51–52, 102

Electronic trading

, 211–212

Electronification

, 223

of trading

, 224

Embedded compliance

, 79

Embedded finance

, 421

Emerging technologies

, 71, 159

Encryption

, 238, 241

Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)

, 375–376

“Envelopment” strategy

, 99

Environmental, social, and governance (ESG)

, 6, 37, 67, 105, 201, 293

challenges

, 403–404

importance

, 403–404

integration

, 402–403

metrics

, 400

robo-advisory and

, 2013

sustainability and humanitarian regulation

, 80–81

Equity crowdfunding

, 185

Equity financing

, 420

Ernst & Young (EY)

, 251–252

Ether (ETH)

, 245

Ethereum blockchain

, 258–259, 272

eToro

, 244, 382

European Union (EU)

, 100, 293

Exchange-traded funds (ETFs)

, 192, 214, 223

Explainability

, 331

Explainable AI (xAI)

, 330

Exponential moving average (EMA)

, 213

Extensible business reporting language (xBRL)

, 298–299

Extensible markup language (XML)

, 298–299

EY Global e-Wealth Management Research Report

, 49

Facebook

, 305–306

Facial width to height ratio (fWHR)

, 306

Fair Isaac Corporation (FICO)

, 369

FAIR Risk Quantification Framework

, 8, 166–167

Fairness

, 331

Fairness, Ethics, Accountability, and Transparency (FEAT)

, 333

Family

, 178

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)

, 432

Federal government

, 181

Federal National Mortgage Association (FNMA)

, 369

Federal Reserve Economic Data (FRED)

, 304–305

Fedwire

, 420

Few-shot learners

, 228–229

Fiat-backed stablecoins

, 274–275

Fibonacci retracement

, 213

51% attack

, 254

Filecoin

, 272

Finance

, 285–286, 426–427

alternative data changing

, 12

industry

, 381

Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB)

, 277–278

Financial crime

counter-terrorist financing

, 162

fraud

, 158

money laundering

, 162–163

Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN)

, 291–292, 432

Financial goals with fintech

, 242–243

Financial inclusion (FI)

, 45, 105–106

through technology

, 158–159

Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA)

, 182, 222, 290

Financial infrastructure

, 289–290

Financial innovation and regulation

, 71

Financial institutions (FIs)

, 7, 54, 66, 78–79, 83, 92, 208, 316, 400

financial institutions management

, 57

Financial intermediaries (FIs)

, 92

Financial intermediation

, 93

framework of

, 93–95

genetic code of

, 92–95

as information business

, 95

Financial landscape

, 157–158

Financial literacy

, 126, 195

Financial management

, 44

Financial markets

, 192, 209, 218, 289–290

regulation of

, 216

Financial regulation

, 66

Financial sector

, 256–258

Financial services

, 44, 101

Fintech use cases advance

, 45–50

Fintech’s impact on

, 7

industry

, 3, 67, 95–96

Financial Stability Board

, 401

Financial system

, 193–194

Financial technology (fintech)

, 3, 5, 17, 43–44, 46, 51, 71, 91–92, 100, 157–158, 235, 267–268, 285–286, 316, 384, 388, 399–400, 419–420

access controls

, 169

access to account

, 126

advance financial services

, 45–50

AI and ML

, 12

alternative data changing finance

, 12

applications

, 12, 276–277

Betterment

, 193–194, 244

big data’s role in

, 11

birth

, 98

blockchain

, 10, 55–56

book’s structure

, 5

brand and reputation management

, 52–53

budgeting and savings

, 244

building operational resilience in

, 169–170

business models

, 70–71

capital formation and crowdfunding

, 8

in capital markets

, 13

carbon trading and carbon credits

, 404–405

challenges for

, 427–432

citation patterns

, 5–6

climate risk assessment tools

, 400–401

climate risk awareness

, 408–416

companies

, 47, 172

comparative analysis of risk management frameworks in

, 166–167

comparative analysis of risk profiles in

, 165

compliance risks in

, 162–163

computerization

, 289–290

Credit Karma

, 240

credit scores

, 239

Credit Sesame

, 240

crowdfunding

, 244–245

cryptoassets and

, 11

cryptocurrencies

, 55–56

customer acquisition

, 433

data encryption

, 168

Defi and climate initiatives

, 406–408

demystifying robo-advisors

, 9

digit

, 242

digital banking

, 246

digital insurance

, 49–50

digital lending

, 47–48

digital payments and transfers

, 46–47

digital wealth management

, 48–49

disruption

, 98–101

distinguishing features

, 4–5

dynamic landscape

, 165

emerging innovations

, 10

ESG integration

, 402–403

essential defense measures in

, 168–169

eToro

, 244

evolution of

, 35

financial goals with

, 242–243

findings

, 20–33

firms

, 223

fraud detection

, 53

Funding Circle

, 245

future

, 14, 292–293

future research directions

, 39

“genetic code” of financial intermediation

, 92–95

GoFundMe

, 245

green bonds and sustainable investment tools

, 401–402

harnessing data With AI and ML

, 11

history

, 286–293

impact on banking industry and financial services

, 7

incident response plans

, 169

Indiegogo

, 245

industrialization

, 288–289

insurance (insurtech)

, 12–13, 245

intended audience

, 5

investment and trading

, 244

Kickstarter

, 245

knowledge foundation of Fintech research

, 27–29, 33

KYC and identity authentication

, 51–52

landscape

, 5–6

Lemonade

, 49

LendingClub

, 245

leveraging fintech to minimize financial mistakes and maximize savings

, 241–242

and market for payments

, 124–126

marketplace lending platforms for borrowers and investors

, 7–8

methodology

, 18–20

Metromile

, 245

Mint

, 243

mobile payments and digital banking services

, 7

Monzo

, 246

N26

, 246

narrative and accompanying digital disruption

, 95–102

obstacles

, 125–126

online trading

, 9–10

operational risks in

, 161–162

opportunities for

, 420–427

overview of Fintech’s Corpus

, 21

path to digital transformation and future of banking

, 102–105

payment processing

, 246

peer-to-peer (P2P) lending

, 235

person-to-person money transfers

, 238

personal banking with

, 238

Personal Capital

, 243

personal finance applications

, 10, 235

practical recommendations for enhanced technology risk management in

, 171–173

preindustrial period

, 287–288

Prosper

, 245

publication trends

, 19

purpose

, 4

Qapital

, 242

raising funds with

, 7

Regtech

, 6, 54–55

regulation

, 101–102

reinventing banking and payments industry

, 6

reputational risks in

, 164–165

research hotspots

, 27

research landscape

, 39–40

research trends

, 20–22

Revolut

, 246

revolution

, 171–172

revolutionizing real estate industry with

, 13

risk assessment and management

, 50–51

risk management in

, 8

Robinhood

, 244

role in green bond market

, 402

selection criteria

, 19

shaping future of

, 13–14

Square

, 246

Square Cash

, 238

Starling Bank

, 246

strategic risks in

, 163–164

Stripe

, 246

sustainable banking

, 405–406

tech in Fin and legacy hurdle

, 96–97

technical architecture

, 293–299

technologies and emerging trends shaping

, 14

technology risks in

, 160–161

temporal evolution of Fintech themes and future research directions

, 39

thematic clusters (themes)

, 18–19

themes

, 34–39

top articles

, 22–25

top authors

, 25–27

top co-cited references

, 30–33

top talent

, 432–433

transforming financial industry

, 45

transforming personal finance with

, 9

use cases in

, 6, 50, 53–54, 56

Venmo

, 238

ventures

, 163–165

vulnerability assessments

, 169

Wealthfront

, 244

You Need a Budget (YNAB)

, 244

Zelle

, 238

Zeta

, 244

Financial trading

, 326

Financing methods

, 178

Fintech 50 companies

, 243–246

budgeting and saving

, 244

cryptocurrencies and blockchain

, 245

digital banking

, 246

Insurtech

, 245

investment and trading

, 244

payment processing

, 246

peer-to-peer lending and crowdfunding

, 244–245

personal finance management

, 243–244

Fintegration

, 102, 104–106

Firm data

, 408–409

Firm management

, 50–53

Flash crash

, 214, 386–387

FloodFlash

, 351

Follow the money

, 424

For sale by owner (FSBO)

, 368–369

Foreign exchange market (FX market)

, 208

Fractional reserve

, 275

Fragmentation

, 218

Fraud

, 124

detection

, 53, 79, 326

prevention

, 53

reduction

, 257

Friends

, 178

FRISS

, 351

Front-running strategy

, 224

FTX

, 269

Funding Circle

, 245

g-index

, 21, 25, 27

“Garbage-in-garbage-out” principle

, 322

Gaussian Copula Model

, 142

General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)

, 162, 199–200, 227

General partners (GPs)

, 180

Generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP)

, 277–278

Generative AI models

, 78, 319, 321

“Genetic code” of financial intermediation

, 92–95

Global financial crisis (GFC)

, 43–44, 66, 98, 136, 193, 236–237, 420

Global Regtech Industry

, 71

Global robo-advisors

, 195–196

Global Web 3.0

, 78–79

Globex

, 222–223

GoFundMe

, 245

Google

, 316

Google Cloud Platform

, 78, 226

Google Pay

, 122, 238

Google Wallet

, 110

Google Workspace

, 426

Government-to business and consumers (G2B/C)

, 7

Governments

, 428

Graphics processing units (GPUs)

, 226

Great Depression

, 288–289

Green bonds

, 400–402

on DeFi

, 407

fintech’s role in green bond market

, 402

Green investments

, 201

green bonds

, 400–402

Green talking

, 414–416

Greenwashing

, 414–416

Gross domestic product (GDP)

, 45, 68, 198, 252–253, 382–383

h-index

, 21–22, 25, 27

Hard fork

, 261

HazardHub

, 351

Hedge funds

, 154

High inflation, MPL and

, 139

High interest rates, MPL and

, 137–138

High-frequency traders/trading (HFT)

, 211, 215–216, 225, 309, 386–387

algorithms

, 97

system

, 382–383

Holistic integration

, 167–168

Home bias

, 198

Howey Test (1946)

, 183–184, 393

HSBC Sustainability Tracker

, 401

HuggingFace

, 229

Human advisors

, 48

robo-advisors disrupting

, 196–200

Human control and oversight

, 332

Human error

, 161–162

Human financial advisors

, 48–49

robo-advisor

, 199–200

“Human-in-the-loop” approaches

, 321, 332

“Human-on-the-loop” approaches

, 332

Hybrid models

, 192

i-10 index

, 21, 25, 27

i-100 index

, 21

IBA

, 351

IBM Corporation

, 316

Identity and access management (IAM) platforms

, 169

Identity authentication

, 51–52

Immutable records

, 252–253

Incident response (IR)

, 430

Incident response plans

, 169

Income

, 369

Independent robo-advisor companies

, 49

Independent segments, allocating each borrower to

, 146–147

Indexes

collaboration index (CI)

, 25, 27

g-index

, 21, 25, 27

h-index

, 21–22, 25, 27

i-10 index

, 21, 25, 27

i-100 index

, 21

India Post Payments Bank

, 51–52

Indiegogo

, 245

Industrialization

, 288–289

Information and communications technologies (ICTs)

, 286, 290, 292, 326–327

Information business, financial intermediation as

, 95

Information supply chain

, 293–299

big data architectures in

, 296

intellectual property

, 293

patents

, 294–295

trade secrecy

, 295

trademarks

, 295–296

Information technology (IT)

, 123–124, 261, 431

Initial coin offerings (ICOs)

, 8, 177–178, 182, 184, 308–309, 390, 393

Initial public offerings (IPOs)

, 180, 309–310, 391

Innovations

, 10

facilitator approach

, 101–102

theory

, 56

Input data

, 153

Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales (ICAEW)

, 258

Institutional solutions

, 386–388

Insurance companies

, 49

Insurance industry

, 343–344, 350

disrupting

, 12–13

Insurance sector

, 100

Insurers

, 49

InsurTech

, 12–13, 49–50, 245, 343, 420, 425

ecosystem

, 351–354

insurance industry transformation

, 344–350

Insurtech 1.0

, 355–357

Insurtech 2.0

, 357–358

Insurtech 3.0

, 358–359

waves in insurance industry’s transformation

, 354–359

Integrity

, 127

Intel Corporation

, 316

Intellectual property (IP)

, 290

Fintech architectures

, 293

Intended audience

, 5

Interest rate (IR)

, 141

Intermediation theory

, 93

International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS)

, 298–299

International financial system

, 66

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

, 43–44

International Standards Organization (ISO)

, 289

Internet

, 210

Internet exceptionalism

, 291

Internet of Things (IoT)

, 39, 53, 100, 306–307, 346

Investment Advisers Act (1940)

, 199

Investments

, 182, 244

advisory

, 193

alternative and big data as basis for investment decisions

, 387–388

strategies

, 192

Investors

, 48, 364–365

marketplace lending platforms for borrowers and

, 7–8

Job

, 369

Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act (JOBS Act)

, 8, 182–183

Kakau

, 351

Kaoshi

, 426–427

Khan Academy

, 243

Kickstarter

, 245

Klarna

, 426

Klynveld Peat Marwick Goerdeler (KPMG)

, 251–252

Know Your Customer (KYC)

, 44, 51–52, 78, 162–163, 257, 426

Knowledge

, 299

foundation of Fintech research

, 27–33

knowledge-based systems

, 317

Landscape

, 159

Lapetus Solutions

, 49–50

Large language models (LLMs)

, 228–229

Layering

, 308

Lemonade

, 245

Lending

, 48

platforms

, 14

LendingClub

, 137, 236–237, 245, 382

LinkedIn

, 305–306

Liquidity

, 259–260

Litecoin

, 271

Loan-to-value (LTV)

, 365

Location/active/environment data

, 307

London Stock Exchange (LSE)

, 389

Long-term debt (LTD)

, 371

Loopnet.com

, 375

Loss function

, 319

Lotus

, 426

M-Pesa

, 47, 237

Machine learning (ML)

, 4, 12, 44, 71–72, 98, 136, 224, 227, 229, 237, 286, 303–304, 315–316, 368, 381, 400, 420, 423–424

evolution to

, 317

harnessing data with

, 11

latest ML advances

, 317–318

paradigms

, 318–321

Regtech

, 326–327

risks and regulatory considerations

, 327–334

Suptech

, 327

techno-methodic specificities

, 328–330

Macroeconomics

, 54

Magnetic ink character recognition (MICR)

, 289

Majority attack (see 51% attack)

Mana

, 272

ManageMy

, 351

Managing general agent (MGA)

, 354

Market structures

ask price

, 210

bid price

, 210

central limit order book (CLOB)

, 210

exchange

, 215–216

over-the-counter (OTC) market

, 210

Marketplace lending (MPL)

, 135–136

allocating each borrower to independent segments

, 146–147

allocating several borrowers to common single sector

, 145–146

allocation of borrowers and correlations

, 144–148

apportioning borrowers across several risk factors

, 144–145

apportioning borrowers across several sectors

, 145

asset recovery in case of default

, 153–154

borrower correlation via sector correlation

, 148

for borrowers and investors

, 7–8

business model and risks

, 136–137

credit portfolio analysis applicable to MPL

, 141–154

and high inflation

, 139

and high interest rates

, 137–138

implementing future correlated rating states of borrowers

, 142–144

input data and MM

, 153

market conditions

, 149

risks of bank credit portfolios

, 140

simulation and analysis elements

, 149–152

valuation and cash flows on defaulted and nondefaulted exposures

, 153

valuing MPL credit portfolios

, 140–141

Markets

, 217

conditions

, 149

making

, 225

pattern recognition

, 386

Markets in Financial Instruments Directive (MiFID)

, 67

Markets in Financial Instruments Directive II (MiFID II)

, 71

Mastercard

, 261

“Meme-stock” trading frenzies

, 221–222, 224

Meta

, 433

Metadata

, 297–298

Metromile

, 245

Metropolis software

, 388

Micro-, small-, and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs)

, 45

Microdata

, 307

Microsoft

, 316

Microsoft Azure

, 226

Migration matrix (MM)

, 153

Mint

, 236–237, 239, 243

Mobile banking apps

, 237

Mobile devices

, 191–192

Mobile digital payments

, 110

Mobile footprints

, 240

Mobile growth trends

, 120–122

transaction value percent comparison mobile POS payments vs. digital payments by country

, 121

Mobile pay

, 110

Mobile payments

, 7, 235

business use of digital payments

, 123–124

competition

, 127

country trends in

, 117–120

digital and mobile payments in North America

, 124

digital service providers in United States

, 122–123

Fintech and market for payments

, 124–126

individual and digital payment market

, 126–127

integrity

, 127

mobile growth trends

, 120–122

in North America

, 124

rise of smart payments

, 110–112

Swish

, 127

worldwide digital activity

, 112–120

Mobile POS payments

, 112, 115

Mobile wallets

, 110

Mobile-based trading platforms

, 221–222

Mobile-first brokerages

, 230–231

Models

model interpretability

, 323

model optimization

, 322

model testing

, 322

model training

, 322

Modern online trading platforms

, 224

Modigliani–Miller theorem

, 93

Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS)

, 333

Money laundering

, 126, 428–429

Monster

, 305–306

Monte Carlo analysis

, 140

Monte Carlo simulation

, 7–8, 154

Monzo

, 246

Moody’s

, 401

Moonshot Insurance

, 352

Moral hazard problems

, 49

MOVE Capital

, 408

Moving average (MA)

, 213

Moving average convergence/divergence (MACD)

, 213

Multi-factor authentication (MFA)

, 238

Multiple listing service (MLS)

, 368

N26

, 246

NASDAQ market

, 211

National Association of Realtors

, 368

National Association of Securities Dealers, The (NASD)

, 222

National Association of Securities Dealers Association Automated Quotations (NASDAQ)

, 208, 222, 393

National Best Bid and Offer (NBBO)

, 216

National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)

, 333

Native digital securities (see Security tokens)

Natural Language Processing (NLP)

, 53–54, 71–72, 317–318, 358–359, 388

Near Field Communication (NFC)

, 110

Neobank (neo-bank)

, 400

challenges

, 406

and sustainable characteristics

, 405–406

NerdWallet

, 243

Net operating income (NOI)

, 365

Netflix

, 433

Network infrastructure operation

, 351–352

Network promotion and contract management

, 351–352

New York Stock Exchange (NYSE)

, 97, 208–209

NIST Cybersecurity Frameworks

, 8, 166–167

Nodes

, 270

Non-fungible tokens (NFTs)

, 71, 276

Nonbank financial institutions (NBFIs)

, 94

Nondefaulted exposures, valuation and cash flows on

, 153

Nondisclosure/confidentiality agreements (NDAs)

, 295

Nondiscrimination

, 331

North America, digital and mobile payments in, 124

Novidea

, 351

Number of active years (NAY)

, 25–27

NVIDIA

, 316

Occupiers

, 364–365

Office of the Comptroller of Currency (OCC)

, 269, 432

Olivia

, 239

Omniscience

, 351

Online brokers

, 210, 214

order types with

, 211–212

platforms

, 9–10

Online payment processing

, 426

Online trading

, 9–10, 207–208, 221–222

account types

, 213–214

advantages (benefits)

, 214–215

benefits

, 223

Bollinger bands

, 213

Candlestick chart

, 213

cash account

, 214

centralization vs. decentralization

, 217–218

charting tools

, 212–213

development

, 222–223

in different market structures

, 209–210

disadvantages (drawbacks)

, 214–215

drawbacks

, 223–224

E*TRADE

, 208–209

features

, 210–211

Fibonacci retracement

, 213

high-frequency trading

, 215–216

history

, 208–209

Iceberg

, 212

limit

, 212

limit on close

, 212

margin account

, 214

market

, 211–212

market on close

, 212

mobile-first brokerages

, 230–231

moving average (MA)

, 213

moving average convergence/divergence (MACD)

, 213

order types

, 211–212

payment for order flow

, 216–217

profit

, 212

regulation

, 216

regulation of financial markets

, 216

request-for-market (RFM) protocol

, 209

request-for-quote (RFQ) protocol

, 209

Robinhood

, 224–230

stop

, 212

trading platforms

, 207–208

trading protocols

, 209

Opacity

, 329–330

Open banking

, 424–425

Open banking initiatives

, 100

Open-source applications

, 431

Open-Source INTelligence (OSINT)

, 68

OpenAI

, 229

Opening banking

, 424–425

Operational resilience in Fintech frontier

, 169–170

business continuity measures,.

, 170

disaster recovery planning

, 170

regular system updates

, 170

reliable technology infrastructure

, 170

Operational risks

events

, 50

in Fintech

, 161–162

Order-to-trade ratios

, 309

Ordinary least squares (OLS)

, 227–228

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)

, 316

Over-the-counter (OTC)

, 208, 222, 383

market

, 209, 211

Overconfidence bias

, 198

Patents

, 294–295

Paycheck Protection Program (PPP)

, 47

Payment for order flow (PFOF)

, 216–217

Payments

, 99, 109–110

Fintech and market for

, 124–126

industry

, 6

processing

, 246

technologies

, 420

Payoneer

, 424

PayPal

, 122, 236–237, 291

Peer-to-peer (P2P)

communication

, 55–56

financing

, 292

lenders

, 135–136, 163

lending

, 4, 33, 47, 91–92, 164, 184, 235, 244–245, 426–427

markets

, 382

transactions

, 253, 274

Pentation Analytics

, 352–353

Per active year (PAY)

, 22

Permissioned access

, 258–259

Person-to-person (P2P)

, 110

Personal banking (see also Digital banking)

with fintech

, 238

security in

, 240–241

Personal capital

, 243

Personal finance

, 236

applications of Fintech

, 10

brief history of fintech in

, 236–237

budgets

, 238–239

Fintech 50 companies and impact on

, 243–246

transformation with Fintech

, 9

Personal financial management (PFM)

, 425

Personalization

, 425

Personally identifiable information (PII)

, 297

Phygital

, 104–105

Physical real estate

, 364–365

PitchBook sources

, 305

Platform as a Service (PaaS)

, 291, 376

Platforms

, 154

PocketGuard

, 239

Point of sale (POS)

, 7, 110, 289

Policymakers

, 173

Postdeployment monitoring

, 323

Praedicat

, 351

Preferencing

, 208

PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC)

, 251–252

Principal, interest, taxes, and insurance (PITI)

, 371

Principal and interest payment (PI payment)

, 371

Prior art

, 294

Privacy

, 258–259

Privacy-preserving technologies (PPTs)

, 68

Private data

, 305

Private equity (PE)

, 177, 180

funds

, 180

“Pro-innovation” approach

, 333

Proactive management, risk assessment frameworks for

, 165–166

Proactive vulnerability assessment

, 169

Problem formulation

, 321

Productivity per active year (PAY)

, 25, 27

Professional investors

, 140, 154

Profit spread (PS)

, 141

Proof of stake (POS)

, 254–255, 390

Proof of transaction

, 258

Proof of work (POW)

, 254, 390

Property value

, 370–371

Prosper

, 236–237, 245, 382

PSD2

, 100

Public data

, 304–305

Publication trends

, 19–20, 40

Qapital

, 239, 244

Qualifying ratios

, 371–373

Quality firm management

, 50

Quantum Computing

, 80

Quick Response (QR) system

, 126, 238

R3 Corda

, 262–263

Radio frequency identification (RFID)

, 291

Real estate

, 259, 363–364

future technology and limitations

, 375–379

life cycle of commercial real estate process

, 367

physical real estate

, 364–365

practice of

, 365–367

revolutionizing real estate industry with Fintech

, 13

technology, processes, and tools

, 367–375

Realtor. com

, 368–369

Reddit

, 230, 305–306, 382

Regulation

, 5, 14, 101–102, 202, 431–432

algorithmic regulation

, 73

changes

, 4

compliance

, 66

crowdfunding

, 182

of financial markets

, 216

in financial services

, 66–67

humanitarian regulation

, 80–81

pressure points and transitions

, 66

Regulation National Market System (Reg NMS)

, 210, 216

Regulation T (Reg T)

, 214

Regulators

, 54, 172, 428

Regulatory change management

, 426

Regulatory data

, 307–308

Regulatory environment, Fintech use cases support

, 54–56

Regulatory framework of capital formation

, 180–184

Regulatory intelligence

, 77

Regulatory lag (RegLag)

, 288–291

Regulatory landscape

, 39, 162–163

Regulatory monitoring

, 67, 73

Regulatory sandboxes

, 334

Regulatory technology (regtech)

, 6, 44, 54–55, 71–72, 102, 326–327, 420, 425–426

benefits and challenges

, 73–76

debanking and other social and geopolitical drivers

, 69–71

decentralized compliance

, 79

detection of fraud, AML/CTF, and sanctions compliance

, 79

digital and cryptographic assets

, 78–79

digital technologies associated with

, 72

ESG sustainability and humanitarian regulation

, 80–81

frontiers

, 6

future

, 77–81

generative AI

, 78

global regtech industry

, 71

literature insights

, 71–73

new dimensions

, 77–81

pressure points and transitions

, 66–69

quantum computing

, 80

use cases (applications)

, 76–77

Regulatory uncertainty

, 162–163

Regulatory-mandated extensible business reporting language (xBRL)

, 298–299

Reinforcement learning (RL)

, 319

Reputation

, 52

management

, 52–53

Reputational risks in Fintech

, 164–165

Request-for-market protocol (RFM protocol)

, 209

Request-for-quote protocol (RFQ protocol)

, 209

Research and development (R&D)

, 91–92

function

, 91–92

investments

, 293

Research gaps

, 18, 40

Research questions (RQs)

, 18

Reserve Bank of India, The

, 258

Residential appraiser

, 370

Residential mortgage approval

, 369–373

Residential multiple listing services

, 368–369

Residential real estate

, 364

Respondents

, 123–124

Retail solutions

, 384–385

Retail traders

, 214–215

Revolut

, 246

Rewards-based crowdfunding

, 184

Ripple

, 245

Risk assessment

frameworks for proactive management

, 165–166

and management

, 50–51

Risk management

, 94, 159, 325

building operational resilience in Fintech frontier

, 169–170

choosing right framework

, 167

comparative analysis of risk management frameworks in Fintech

, 166–167

comparative analysis of risk profiles in Fintech sub-sectors

, 165

compliance risks in Fintech

, 162–163

embracing robust technology risk management for sustainable fintech success

, 159–160

essential defense measures in Fintech

, 168–169

financial inclusion through technology

, 158–159

in Fintech

, 8

Fintech companies

, 172

holistic integration

, 167–168

operational risks in Fintech

, 161–162

policymakers

, 173

practical recommendations for enhanced technology risk management in fintech

, 171–173

process

, 166

regulators

, 172

reputational risks in Fintech

, 164–165

risk assessment frameworks for proactive management

, 165–166

strategic risks in Fintech

, 163–164

for sustainable fintech success, embracing robust technology

, 159–160

technology risks in Fintech

, 160–161

Risk profiling

, 192

of robo-advisors

, 199

Risks

, 136–137

Robinhood

, 9–10, 221–224, 230–231, 242, 244

alternative data

, 226–227

cryptocurrency and automated market makers

, 229–230

high-frequency trading

, 225

machine learning and artificial intelligence

, 227–229

trading APIs

, 225–226

trading app

, 382

Robo-advice

, 384–385

Robo-advisors

, 48, 192, 325, 385

AI in robo-advisory

, 200

assets under management (AUM)

, 195

automated robo-advisory

, 197

behavioral biases

, 197–199

benefits and limitations

, 192–193

demystifying

, 9

disrupting human advisors

, 196–200

ESG investing

, 201

evolution of robo-advisory

, 193–194

future

, 200–201

human financial advisor

, 199–200

past

, 193–195

performance

, 194–195

present

, 195–200

risk profiling

, 199

robo-advice cost-efficient

, 196–197

status quo

, 195–196

Robo-advisory companies

betterment

, 193–194

Charles Schwab

, 194

Edelman financial engines

, 196

personal capital

, 198

Quirion

, 193–194

Scalable

, 193–194

Vanguard

, 194

Wealthfront

, 194

Rocketmortgage.com

, 369

Rubix

, 259

Samsung Pay

, 238

Sanctions compliance, detection of

, 79

Saving

, 244

SBA

, 185

Schwab

, 9–10

Scopus database

, 5–6

Search costs

, 218

Sector

, 142

correlation

, 148

Securities Act of, The (1933)

, 181

Securities and Exchange Act (1934)

, 181

Securities Regulations in Fintech Era

, 181–182, 184

Securities trading

, 384–388

institutional solutions

, 386–388

retail solutions

, 384–385

Security

, 56

in personal banking

, 240–241

tokens

, 11, 268, 273

trading industry

, 222

Self

, 240

Self-regulatory organizations (SROs)

, 290

Sensitive financial data

, 52–53

Sensitivity analysis

, 153

Service provisioning

, 351–352

Signature Bank

, 278

Silicon Valley Bank (SVB)

, 140, 278–279

Silvergate Bank

, 278

Simulation

, 149–152

Slice Labs

, 352

Small-and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs)

, 47, 136, 307

Smart contracts

, 237, 241, 255–256, 268–270, 290

Smart devices

, 129

Smart payments

rise of

, 110–112

systems

, 111

Smart sampling approximation techniques

, 154

SO-SURE

, 351

Socially responsible investment (SRI)

, 201

Software as a Service (SaaS)

, 290, 375–376

Software bugs

, 161

Special purpose vehicle (SPV)

, 259

Spoofing

, 214

Spread

, 141

Square

, 122–123, 236–237, 246

Square Cash

, 238

StabilityAI

, 229

Stablecoins

, 11, 268, 274–275

Standard financial data

, 304–305

private data

, 305

public data

, 304–305

Star Citizen

, 185

Starling Bank

, 246

Stash

, 244

State Bank of India

, 258

Status Quo

, 195–196

Status/passive/equipment data

, 306–307

SteelEye’s inaugural Fine Tracker

, 67

Stock Market Crash of 1929

, 288–289

Stockholm Stock Exchange

, 127

Strategic risks in Fintech

, 163–164

Stripe

, 246, 426

“Super-platform” approach

, 99

Supervised learning (SL)

, 318

Supervisory technology (Suptech)

, 327

Supply chain

, 260

Sureify

, 352

Sustainability

sustainable banking

, 405–406

sustainable finance

, 402–403

sustainable investing

, 192–193

Sustainable banking

, 405–406

neo-banks and sustainable characteristics

, 405–406

Sustainable fintech success, embracing robust technology risk management for

, 159–160

Sustainable investment tools

, 401–402

Swish

, 127

System failures

, 161

Tailoring

, 168

risk assessment frameworks

, 167–168

“Tailormade” approach

, 167–168

Tandem

, 100–101

Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures (TCFD)

, 401

Tax management

, 426

Taxes and insurance payment (TI payment)

, 371

Tech in Fin and legacy hurdle

, 96–97

Techno-methodic specificities of ML systems

, 328–330

autonomy

, 329

complexity

, 328–329

correlation focus

, 328

data dependency and bias

, 328

opacity

, 329–330

vulnerability

, 330

Technology

, 3, 8, 96–97, 105

adoption

, 10

breakdowns

, 161

financial inclusion through

, 158–159

innovation

, 43–44

stack

, 432

Technology risks

, 158

in Fintech

, 160–161

management

, 159–160, 171

practical recommendations for enhanced

, 171–173

Temporal evolution of Fintech themes and future research directions

, 39

10-K statements and corporate filings

, 409

Terrorist financing

, 126

Test-and-learn approach

, 101

Text mining

, 303–304

Textual data

, 305–306

Themes

, 39

Thomson Reuters sources

, 305

Token

, 259

Tokenization

, 259–260, 273–274

Tokenized assets

, 268, 273–274

and securities

, 11

Top talent

, 432–433

Total citations (TC)

, 19–21, 25, 27, 34, 38

Total co-citations (TC)

, 27–33

Total expense ratio (TER)

, 196

Total link strength (TLS)

, 27–33

Total publications (TP)

, 19–21, 27, 34, 38

Trade algorithms

, 386–387

Trade secrecy

, 295

Trademarks

, 295–296

Trading

, 244

platforms

, 209

protocols

, 207–209

Trading Application programming interfaces (Trading APIs)

, 225–226

Traditional FIs

, 99–100

response of traditional FIs in changing ecosystem

, 102–103

Traditional ML models

, 319–321

Traditional payment mechanisms

, 46–47, 51

Traditional wealth management approaches

, 49

Training and optimization

, 322

Transformation

, 93

Transmission control protocol/Internet protocol (TCP/IP)

, 261

Transparency

, 56, 253, 331, 425

Triple-entry accounting

, 258–259

Trustless environment

, 270

Twitter/X

, 305–306

UBS

, 401

Ultra-low latency systems

, 386

Unauthorized access

, 160

Unicorn

, 424

Uniform Domain-Name Dispute Resolution Procedure (UDRP)

, 295–296

Uniform Standards of Professional Appraisal Practice (USPAP)

, 370

Unique Identification Authority of India

, 51–52

Uniswap (DeFi platform)

, 99–100

Unit economics

, 424

United Kingdom (UK)

, 100, 333

United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime

, 68

United States (US)

, 178, 333

digital service providers in

, 122–123

Unsupervised learning (UL)

, 318

US Patent and Trademark Office (PTO)

, 296

US regulatory perspective

, 199

US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)

, 55, 181–182, 184, 199, 222, 225, 277, 288–289, 307, 333, 382, 410–411, 422

US Small Business Administration (SBA)

, 47, 178

Usage-based insurance models

, 100

Use case data

, 368–369, 373

Utility tokens

, 11, 268, 271, 273

Valuation on defaulted and nondefaulted exposures

, 153

Value configurations

, 351–352

Value Line

, 290

Vanguard Personal Advisor

, 197

Venmo

, 122, 238

Venture capital (VC)

, 177, 180, 421

funds

, 180

reliance on venture capital funding

, 427–428

Violations data

, 409

Visa

, 261

Volatility, uncertainty, complexity, and ambiguity (VUCA)

, 423

Volume, velocity, and variety/variability (three Vs)

, 388

Vulnerability

, 330

assessments

, 169

Wait-and-See approach

, 101

Walker & Dunlop (W&D)

, 370–371

Wash trading

, 308

Waves in insurance industry’s transformation

, 354–359

Wealthfront

, 236–237, 244

Wealthtech

, 420

Web 3.0

, 78–79, 252, 382

Web scraping

IoT

, 306–307

methodology

, 388

for sensory data

, 306–307

for textual data

, 305–306

WeChat

, 99

White-label platform

, 354

World Bank

, 421

World Economic Forum (WEF)

, 252–253

Worldwide digital activity

, 112–120

country trends in digital payments

, 115–117

country trends in mobile payments

, 117–120

mobile POS payments worldwide

, 118

percent transaction value change by segment

, 114

worldwide digital and mobile POS payments

, 119

worldwide transaction value by segment in Trillion USD

, 113

Yelp

, 305–306

You Need a Budget (YNAB)

, 239, 243–244

Zara

, 426

Zelle

, 123, 238

Zelros

, 352

Zestimate

, 370–371

Zeta

, 244

Zillow.com

, 368–369