Aaronovitch, David

, 133

Abortion Act (2018)

, 185

Abortion Rights Campaign (Ireland)

, 185

Academic theory

, 11

Academics

, 24, 25, 40, 78

Act of Settlement (1701)

, 57

Act of Settlement (1688)

, 54

Activism

, 158, 176–177

Activists, xiv, xvi

, 5, 28, 85, 86, 208

Acton, Harold

, 213

Afghanistan

, 56, 138

immigration from

, 137

war

, 56

Africa

, 72

West Africa

, 72, 73

Age Concern

, 181

Agency

, 29, 38, 96, 187

Aguilera, Rodrigo

, 60

Ainsty by-election

, 188

Air pollution

, 191

Akinwotu, E.

, 122

Al Qaeda, xii, xiii

, 136–137

impact of Al-Qaeda and ISIL’s attacks on racism and ethnic conflict

, 137–138

and BLM

, 136–137

Albright, Madeleine

, 56

Alder, David

, 150, 151

Almeida, P. (and Van Dyke, N.)

, 114

Alter-globalisation

, 85–86, 172

Alternative for Germany Party (AfD)

, 130

Amazon

, 39, 142

Ambiguities

, 24

Ambiguity of populism

, 24

America First

, 45, 88, 116, 117

American ‘power elite’

, 106

American Constitution

, 50, 67, 123

American democratic institutions

, 122

American global ascendancy

, 3

American history

, 102

American New Left, The

, 106–108

American New Left movements, The

, 107

American presidential election 2020

, 4

American Revolution

, 102

Amersham by-election

, 188

Anarchism

, 32

Anarcho-populism

, 10, 14, 32, 34

Anchor institutions

, 182

Anderson, Benedict

, 180

Angeli, Oliviero

, 55

Anna Coote

, 187

Anti-Corruption Foundation

, 155

Anti-cosmopolitanism

, 92–96

Anti-fracking activists

, 162

Anti-immigration

, 8, 33, 131

Anti-Islamic sentiment

, 87, 131

Anti-pluralism

, 29

Anti-pluralist

, 28–30

Anti-racism

, 51, 166

Arab Spring

, 32, 38

Arcadia Group

, 34, 172

Argentina

, 72, 212

Assertive antiracist movements

, 10

Associative democracy

, 174

Asylum/asylum seekers (see also Refugees)

, 131

Austerity

, 81

policies

, 85–86

response of left to

, 85–86

Australian points-based system

, 98

Austria

, 87, 130, 144

Austrian Freedom Party

, 18, 33

Authoritarian leaders, x

, 4, 210

voters vote for

, 210–213

Authoritarian leadership, direct democracy and

, 33–35

Authoritarian personality

, 209

Authoritarian populism

, 60, 149

in Eastern Europe

, 146–149

Authoritarian sentiment

, 3

Authoritarian submission

, 209

Authoritarian-liberal bi-polar world, main actors in

, 74–75

Authoritarianism, ix–xi, xvi, xviii

, 1, 5–6, 20, 53, 56, 65–66, 129

and authority

, 8–9

re-emergence of Authoritarianism in west

, 3–5

Authority

, 9

authoritarianism and

, 8–9

Autocracy

, 66

defining political-cultural issue between democracy and

, 67

Autonomy (self)

, 159, 187

Ayyub, Rana

, 2

Banking crisis (see Financial crisis (2007–8))

Bannon, Steve

, 47, 48, 148

Banwell, Stacey

, 191

Barack Obama

, 31, 38, 109

Barton Moss anti-fracking action

, 178

battle of

, 161–162

Base (in Marxist theory)

, 47

Basic minimum income (BMI)

, 218

Battle of Barton Moss, The

, 161–162

Baxter, Sarah

, 125

BBC News

, 48–49

Beacon of participatory democracy

, 107–108

Beck, Ulrich, xiii

, 95

Belgium colonialism

, 131

Bell, Daniel

, 107

Belt and Road initiative

, 73, 74

Bentham, Jeremy

, 98, 159

Berlin Wall

, 53, 54, 146, 153

Beveridge, William

, 186

Bezos, J.

, 11

Bhartiya Janata Party (BJP)

, 211

Bibby Financial Services

, 100

Bidé, Jasmina

, 87

Biden, Joe, xvi, 4

, 56, 57, 65, 74, 84, 88, 89, 115–116

Biden and Trump Again! 2024

, 126–128

Big Tech

, 124

Bill of Rights (1689)

, 57, 102

Billionaires

, 168

Birrel, I.

, 165

Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic (BAME)

, 80, 200–201

Black liberation movement

, 10, 111

Black Lives Matter (BLM)

, 10, 32, 80, 86, 105–112, 121, 136

Al-Qaeda and

, 136–137

movement for safety and equal representation

, 138–140

Black Panther Party

, 112

Blair, Tony

, 15, 18, 94

Blairite

, 30, 89

Bolsonaro, Jair

, 31, 36, 190, 212, 215

Boohoo Factory, Leicester

, 86

Bottom-up movement

, 5

Bouazizi, Mohamed

, 38

Bradley King

, 114

Braverman, Suella

, 98–99, 217

Brazil

, 72, 212

Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa (BRICS group)

, 72–73

Breitbart News

, 47

Bremmer, Ian, xiii, xiv, 216

Brexit

, 97–100

and 2016 presidential votes

, 87–90

case for progressive revival

, 96–97

changes in British immigration and asylum law

, 98

context

, 78–80

‘controlling’ immigration and asylum

, 97–99

Corbyn Factor in Brexit 2016 and General Elections

, 89–90

divisiveness of Trump and

, 124–128

Eatwell and Goodwin’s, and Kaufmann’s anti-cosmopolitanism

, 92–96

factors associated with Brexit and election of Donald Trump

, 78–87

financial crisis and Great Recession

, 55

freedom to “choose” trading partners

, 99–100

frustrations and anxieties behind Brexit and Trump votes 2016

, 90–92

Hutton, Will

, 99

immigration

, 81–82

interpretations of Brexit and Trump’s 2016 Election Win

, 90–96

issues after

, 162–167

left and right populist interpretations of immigration

, 86–87

post-Brexit

, 100

realignment of political parties in relation to class and race

, 78–80

referendum

, 78–80

response of left to austerity

, 85–86

right populism

, 83–85

right populist and conservative party post-Brexit

, 162–164

The financial crisis and the Great Recession

, 80–81

Brexit Party, x, 31

, 85, 163

Britain, x, xii, xv, xvi, 53

, 55, 66, 87, 125

left populism and/or progressive revival

, 165–167

popular power

, 157–159

populism in early nineteenthcentury England

, 159–162

radical democracy

, 167–169

right and left populism in

, 162–167

right populism and conservative party post-Brexit

, 162–164

British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC)

, 41, 48–49

British colonialism

, 68

British Conservative Party

, 31, 216

British democracy in 19th century, elite resistance to progress of

, 207–208

British electoral system

, 30

British Empire

, 70

British General Election, xvii– xviii, 97

British immigration and asylum law, changes in

, 98

British Labour Party

, 64, 130

British media

, 48

British Nationality Act (1948)

, 82

British New Left movements, The

, 107

British political system, The

, 188

Brooks, Rayshard

, 111

Brothers of Italy party

, 33

Brown, Gordon

, 94

Bryan, William Jennings

, 101

Buchanan, Pat, x

, 113–118

Bulgaria

, 131

Bullock Report

, 185

Bureaucracy

, 100

Burford, Rachael

, 72

Burgeoning of radical democracy

, 172–175

Burke, Edmund

, 10, 207

Burnett, Jon

, 79, 82

Bush, George

, 109, 113

Butler, Judith

, 39

Calhoun, Craig

, 25, 157, 159–161

Caliphate

, 138

Cambridge Analytica

, 46

Cambridge Dictionary of Sociology (CDS)

, 23

Cambridgeshire

, 188

Cameron, David, ix

, 31, 151, 159, 186, 189

Cancel culture

, 49, 50

Capitalism

, 7, 57, 59

Capitol (United States (attack on))

, 122–124

Capitol episode

, 125

Care

, 203

Caribbean

, 72

Carney, Mark

, 194

Casaleggio, Gianroberto

, 33

Catalan independence movement, The

, 152

Cecil, Nicholas

, 201

Celebrities/’Celebs’

, 24

Central Bank of the United States (‘The Fed’)

, 117

Central European University

, 147

Central government funding support

, 178

Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies

, 137

Chain of equivalence

, 28, 29

Chakrabortty, Aditya

, 182

Channel Four

, 49

Charisma/charismatic leaders

, 30

Charismatic power

, 9

Charlie Hebdo (attack on)

, 137

Chartist movement

, 207

Chartists

, 160

Chavez, Hugo

, 27

Cheshamby-election

, 188

Chesterton, George

, 50

Child Poverty Action

, 181

China (Republic of)

, 24

China, ix, xv

, 1–3, 15, 71–75

Chinese Communist Party

, 67

Chirac, Jacques

, 134

Christianity

, 9, 14, 129

Churchill, Winston

, 153, 209

Citizens assemblies

, 6, 14, 167, 168, 185

Irish

, 164

Citizens UK

, 183

Citizens’ rights

, 157, 168

Citizenship, fourth phase of

, 167–169

Civic Coalition

, 148

Civic university

, 183

Civil disobedience

, 130

Civil rights

, 58, 91, 94, 105

Civil Rights Act (1964)

, 124

Civil rights movement (1960)

, 94, 110–112

Civil service

, 34, 45, 48, 148

Civil society

, 180–184

Class

, 200–201

and generation

, 202

realignment of political parties in relation to

, 78–80

Climate Assembly (UK)

, 195

Climate change

competition and conflict

, 190–192

and COVID-19

, 190–196

global problems need global solutions

, 196

green parties and social movements

, 193–194

integrated solution to climate change and inequality

, 202–204

local level and global perspective

, 196

small individual acts

, 193

state and international institutional response

, 194–196

Clinton, Bill

, 18

Clinton, Hillary

, 5, 46, 88, 90, 115–117

Clooney, Amal

, 212

Coalitions

, 32–33

Cockburn, Patrick

, 179

Cognitive ability

, 95, 96

Cohen, Michael

, 116

Cold War

, 71

Collective action

, 10, 37

Collective will concept

, 28

Colston, Edward

, 112, 139

Columbia Broadcasting (CBS)

, 47

Commentators

, 53, 133

Commodification process

, 203

Commodity (data)

, 45

Commonwealth

, 82

Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)

, 153

Communication

, 41–42

Communication technology

, 121, 171

Communications revolution

, 24

Communism

, 71, 147, 154

Community

, 5

activism

, 176–177

advantages of community participation

, 179–180

awareness

, 176–177

development

, 177–179

power

, 175–180

Community Gateway

, 182

Concept of rights

, 58

Conflict theory

, 191

Congress Party

, 211

Conservatism

, 79

Conservative government

, 49, 96, 158

Conservative Party

, 31, 98, 99, 135, 162–164, 186

Conservatives, xviii

, 41, 78–79

Conspicuous confusion

, 39

Conspicuous consumption

, 39

Conspiracy theories

, 16, 115

Constitution, American constitution

, 67, 123

Construction of a people concept

, 28, 29, 166

Constructive activities

, 183

Contemporary Hong Kong

, 68

Contemporary populism

, 23, 26, 216

Contemporary populism protest

, 161–162

Continental Europe

, 1, 207

Conundrum

, 35–36

Cooper, Ryan

, 115

Coote, Anna

, 187

COP28 (Dubai 2023)

, 72, 192, 196

Corbyn, Jeremy, xvii

, 17, 30, 34–36, 63, 77, 89–90, 97, 149

factor in Brexit 2016 and General Elections of 2017 and 2019

, 89–90

Cosmopolitan democracy

, 93

Cosmopolitan global institutionalisation

, 94–95

Cosmopolitan liberalism

, 7, 92, 95

Cosmopolitanism

, 79, 93, 94

COVID-19 (corona pandemic), xii, xvi, 4, 65

, 89, 189–190

class and ethnicity

, 200–201

class and generation

, 202

climate change and

, 190–196

and democracy

, 197

and equality

, 197

gathered momentum

, 189

good governance and grass roots democracy

, 197–200

and governance

, 197–200

and inequality

, 200–202

lessons for democracy and equality

, 197

and technology

, 169

Cowboys

, 103, 124

Cox, Jo

, 138

Creativity

, 59

Crisis of liberal hegemony and authoritarian

authoritarianism and authority

, 8–9

defining far right, far left, extreme and radical right in relation to populism

, 17–18

framework for comparing populism and neoliberalism to other ideologies

, 14–19

global and local scope of struggle

, 1–3

ideology

, 13–14

key concepts in relation to themes and questions

, 7–13

liberalism

, 7–8

neoliberalism’s influence within political spectrum

, 18–19

populism

, 9–10

populism and liberalism’s relationship to other ideologies and political parties

, 13–14

populism in political spectrum

, 14–17

racialism and racism

, 12–13

radical democracy

, 5–6

re-emergence of authoritarianism in west

, 3–5

social movements

, 10

social stratification and identity concepts in relation to neoliberalism and populism

, 11–12

themes and questions

, 6–7

youth as agent of progressive change

, 20–21

Crouch, C.

, 6, 12

Cullors, P.

, 111

Cultural hegemony

, 38–40

Cultural populism, xiv, 23–51

Cultural separatism

, 145

Culture wars

, 38–47

continuation of

, 47–51

effects and influence of social media

, 43–44

hegemonic elites and mass participants

, 42–43

new battles

, 41–42

power, politics and media

, 44–47

technological revolution, social media and cultural hegemony

, 38–40

Cummings, Dominic

, 48, 190

Cutts, David

, 78

Daily Mail, The

, 89

Daily Telegraph, The

, 47, 48, 89

Daines, Steve

, 124

Danish People’s Party

, 131, 141

Davie, Tim

, 45

Davies, William dealignment (of party support)

, 96, 133

Dawn, Golden

, 17, 109, 136

De-industrialisation

, 84

Declaration of Independence (USA)

, 101, 102

Definitions

local

, 1

national

, 1

power

, 1

transnational

, 11

Deliberative democracy

, 175

Democracy (see also Radical democracy), x, xi, 57

, 59, 175

defining political-cultural issue between autocracy and

, 67

elite power and sense of superiority

, 206–207

elite resistance to progress of British democracy in 19th century

, 207–208

grass roots

, 197–200

lessons for

, 197

mid-20th century left intellectuals, media and people

, 208–210

people and leaders

, 205–213

strengthen democracy

, 213–218

types of

, 158

voters vote for authoritarian leaders

, 210–213

Democratic deficit

, 36–37

Democratic equality

, 157–169, 200

Democratic Party (USA)

, 101, 121

Democratic reform

, 5, 6, 108, 120, 167, 172, 198

Democratic socialism

, 15, 64, 157

Democrats

, 91, 118–120, 125, 128

Demography

, 124

Denmark, xiv, 87

, 130, 131, 141

DeSantis, Ron

, 125, 126

Devolution of power

, 158, 184

Di Maio, Luigi

, 33

Di Muzio, Tim

, 12

Diani, Mario

, 166

Dictatorship

, 8, 66, 154–155, 175

Diggers (The)

, 58

Digital revolution, xiii, 42

, 188

Direct democracy

, 6, 33–35

Dis-embedding (of markets)

, 62

Discourse theory

, 39

Discursive approach

, 39

Discursive-performative approach

, 39

Divisiveness of Trump and Brexit

, 124–128

Biden and Trump Again! 2024

, 126–128

Dole, Bob

, 113

Dorling, Danny

, 46

Double movement

, 62

Doughnut Economics

, 196

Draca, Mirco

, 56, 82

Dual consciousness

, 40

Dual systems of participatory and representative democracy

, 171

Dublin Regulation

, 136

Duda, Andrzej (President of Poland)

, 148

Duterte, Rodrigo

, 2, 211–212

Dutschke, Rudi

, 30

Eastern Europe, authoritarian populism in

, 146–149

Eatwell, Roger

, 17, 18, 34, 77–80, 83, 84, 88, 90–93, 96, 116, 120

Eatwell anti-cosmopolitanism

, 92–96

Economic libertarianism

, 212

Economic Research and Action Project (ERAP)

, 108

Economically Deprived Anti-immigration

, 88

Economist’s Intelligence Democracy Index

, 75

Ecosocial welfare

, 202–204

Education and experiential learning

, 213

and participation

, 213

Education Policy Institute (Report on educational inequality)

, 202

Eldridge, John

, 45

Electioneering

, 75

Elite, The

, 25–26

Elite in populist theory

, 12

Elite power and sense of superiority

, 206–207

Elite resistance to progress of British democracy in 19th century

, 207–208

Elite/Mass Analysis of American Society

, 106–107

Elkins, Caroline

, 70

Emancipative values

, 60

Empire and globalisation

, 139–140

Enclosure (movement)

, 25

Encounter (journal)

, 109

English Defence League (EDL)

, 56

English populism

, 25, 160

Enlightenment, The

, 59–60

Environmental movement

, 166

Environmental pollution

, 17, 191

Episodic public protests

, 37

Equality, lessons for

, 197

Equality and Human Rights Commission

, 96

Errejon, Inigo

, 151

Ethics

, 177–179

Ethnic conflict, impact of Al-Queda and ISIL’s attacks on

, 137–138

Ethnicity

, 12–13, 200–201

Ethno-nationalism ethos

, 116

Ethno-traditional nationalism

, 133

Europe

, 85

impact of Al-Queda and ISIL’s attacks on racism and ethnic conflict

, 137–138

alternative approach to multiculturalism

, 145–146

authoritarian populism in Eastern Europe

, 146–149

BLM

, 138–140

causes of Europe’s Right/Left divide

, 132–135

consequences of empire

, 135–138

different responses to empire

, 136–137

EU

, 140–146

expansion and member tensions

, 140–146

immigration, multiculturalism and refugee crisis of 2015

, 140–146

left populism

, 149–152

post-second world war openness to immigration into

, 134–135

responsibility for consequences of empire

, 135–138

Russia’s War’ in Ukraine

, 152–155

Second Cold War

, 155–156

shift to right

, 129–132

European Central Bank

, 143, 150

European Coal and Steel Community

, 141

European Commission

, 142, 147, 150

European Community

, 141

European Convention on Human Rights (1950)

, 141

European Court of Human Rights (ECHR)

, 96, 99, 141

European Court of Justice

, 147, 162

European Parliament (2014)

, 134, 151

European Union (EU), x, xii

, 1, 2, 77, 129, 146

alternative approach to multiculturalism

, 145–146

Commission

, 144, 146

COVID-19 Recovery Fund

, 143

expansion and member tensions

, 140–143

immigration, multiculturalism, and refugee crisis of 2015

, 143–145

Leavers

, 159

Extinction Generation (EG)

, 121

Extinction Rebellion (ER)

, 10, 32, 86, 193–194

Extreme capitalism

, 81

Extreme ideologies

, 15

Facebook, Apple, Amazon, Netflix and Google (FAANG)

, 142, 176

Facebook

, 46

False consciousness concept

, 208, 209

Familiar issues

, 41–42

Fanon, Franz

, 112

Far Right/Left (see also Extremism)

, 17–18

Far-right racism

, 55, 164–165

Farage, Nigel

, 16, 31, 34, 43, 48, 55, 63, 82, 83, 85–87, 159, 163

Fascism

, 3, 15, 105

Federal Bureau of Investigation

, 46

Fein, Sein

, 164

Feminism

, 10, 27, 51

Fenton, Ted

, 201

Feudal(ism)

, 58, 59

Fico, Robert, 2

, 149, 156

Fidesz Party (Hungary)

, 146

Figes, Orlando

, 154

Financial crisis (2007–2008)

, 55, 80–81

Finland

, 3, 130, 140

Five Star Movement (M5S)

, 33

Flinders, Mathew

, 24

Floyd, George

, 80, 111, 138, 139

Forget Populism

, 23

Fortuyn, Pim

, 143

Four freedoms (EU)

, 85

Fox News

, 47, 48

France, x, xviii, 57

, 134, 136, 141, 142, 159

Frankfurt School

, 209

Freedland, Jonathan

, 95

Freedom of speech

, 67, 123–124

Daines, Steve

, 124

Freedom Party (Austria)

, 18, 130, 144

French National Front

, 18

French Revolution

, 57

Friedman, Milton

, 169

Friedman, Rose

, 169

Frome

, 188

Front National (FN), xviii

, 134

Fukuyama, Francis

, 54, 78

Fuller, Gary

, 191

Funding (Community work)

, 177–179

G20

, 72

Gamers and Breakers

, 123

Garza, Alicia

, 111

Gasset Ortego y

, 36

Gates, Bill

, 11

Gathering crisis of liberalism

, 55–57

Gaza, offensive in

, 127

GB News

, 48–49

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)

, 113

General Elections (2017 and 2019)

, 89–90

General Theory of Employment, Money and Interest

, 62

General will concept

, 28

Generation, class and

, 202

Gentleman, A.

, 131

George Bush

, 109

Georgia

, 156

Gerbaudo, Paulo

, 32, 34, 65, 106, 110

German AfD, The

, 216

German Christian Democrats

, 17

Germany

, 130, 136

Ghetto life

, 144

Giddens, Anthony

, 93, 133, 145

Gilbert, Jeremy

, 185

Gitlin, Todd

, 110, 172

Giuliani, Rudy

, 122

Glass Half Empty, The

, 60

Global problems need global solutions

, 196

Global solutions, global problems need

, 196

Global South

, 71–74

power and poor south

, 72

Global warming

, 95, 121, 191

Globalisation, xiii

, 169

empire and

, 62–63

Glorious Revolution (1688)

, 57, 58

Golden Dawn

, 17, 109, 136

Good governance

, 197–200

Goodhart, David

, 95, 96, 133, 135

Goodman, Paul

, 180

Goodwin, Fred

, 81, 96

Goodwin, Matthew

, 17, 34, 77–80, 83, 84, 88, 90–96

Gove, Michael

, 42

Government

, 58

Gramsci, Antonio

, 40, 209

Grass roots democracy

, 107, 159, 197–200

Great Depression

, 36

Great Recession

, 19, 55, 63, 80–83, 172

Great Reform Act (1832)

, 207

Great Transformation, The

, 62

Greece, left populism in

, 149–152

Greek debt crisis, The

, 143

Greek general election (2015)

, 149

Green, Philip

, 172

Green Investment Policy

, 193

Green Paper on housing policy

, 186

Green Party

, 144, 193

Greenpeace

, 86

Grigio, Beppe

, 33

Guardian, The

, 47

Habeas Corpus

, 57

Hagendoorm, Louk

, 143

Hailey, Niki

, 126

Hamas, xii, 3

, 4, 69

Harris, John

, 199

Harris, Kamala, xvii–xviii

, 120, 126–128

Harvey, David

, 18, 81

Hate crimes

, 56, 82, 138

Hayek, Friedrich

, 7, 62, 169

Health

, 60

and consumption

, 185

Hebdo, Charlie

, 137

Hegemonic elites

, 42–43

Hegemony

, 7–8

definitions

, 40

Held, David

, 92–93

Hill, Joe

, 64

Hitler, Adolf

, 9, 209

Hobbes, Thomas

, 58–59

Hoggart, Richard

, 41

Hong Kong

, 24

Horizontal democracy

, 172

Hostile environment

, 131

House of Commons

, 185

House of Lords

, 99, 168, 184, 207

Houthis, The

, 69

Howker, Ed (and Shiv Malik)

, 12

Hubris

, 54

Human equality

, 145

Human factor

, 189–190

Human hyper-competitiveness

, 192

Human rights, xi, xv

, 7, 57–59

evolution

, 58–59

Human well-being

, 185

Hungarian Fidesz Party, The

, 146

Hungary, authoritarian populism in

, 146–149

Hunt, Jeremy

, 169, 189

Hussein, Saddam

, 66, 69

Hutton, Will

, 99, 100

Hyper-masculine cultures

, 11

Identity concepts

, 11–12

Ideologies

, 15

Ideology debate

, 26–28

IGAS

, 161, 162

Iglesias, Pablo

, 34, 38, 150–152

Illiberal democracy

, 34, 147

Illiberalism, xi, 65

, 147

Immigration, xi, xiv, xvii

, 12–13, 81–82, 130–131, 135, 139, 140, 146

and asylum, controlling

, 97–99

Britain

, 53

Europe

, 134–135

left and right populist interpretations of

, 86–87

legal status

, 140

and nationalism

, 16

nationalist response to

, 83–85

policy

, 133, 139

United States

, 53

Immigration (2015)

, 143–145

Immigration Act (1971)

, 82, 98

Impeachments (of President Trump)

, 123

Imperialism

, 133

European

, 132

Inclusivity

, 184

Independent Greeks Party (ANEL)

, 149

India, xviii

, 2, 111

Indignados

, 150, 151

Industrial modernity

, 68

Industrial revolution

, 24, 42

Inequality

, 58–59

COVID-19 and

, 200–202

integrated solution to climate change and

, 202–204

Inman, Philip

, 88

Institute for Public Policy Research (IPPR)

, 200

Institutional democracy

, 167, 175

Institutional racism

, 13, 139, 140

Institutional systems, xvi

, 140

Institutionalised democratic power

, 177

Integrated solution to climate change and inequality

, 202–204

Intellectual emancipation

, 176

Intellectuals, mid-20th century left

, 208–210

Intensification of argument

, 49

Intercultural policy

, 145

Interculturalism (see also Multiculturalism)

, 93, 145–146

Internal group-organisation

, 34

International Atomic Energy Agency

, 69

International geo-politics

, 155

International institutional response

, 194–196

International institutions

, 169

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

, 73, 85, 150

International Non-Government Organisations (INGOs)

, 86

Internet Explosive Devices (IEDs)

, 73

Internet revolution

, 49, 176

Iran, xi

, 9, 72, 73, 211

Iraq

immigration

, 56

war

, 138

Islam

, 13, 14

and France

, 134

and Holland

, 131

and Trump

, 138

Islamic militant attacks

, 131

Islamic militants

, 81

Islamic State (IS)

, 135

Islamophobia

, 12, 56, 77, 138

Israel, xii, xviii, 4

, 68, 69

Italy (populism in)

, 43, 131

Jackson, Andrew

, 103

Jacobs, Paul

, 107

Jefferson, Thomas

, 102, 124

Jinping, Xi

, 74

Johnson, Boris

, 8, 15, 34, 41, 43–45, 47, 48, 65, 85, 90, 163, 190, 197, 200, 207, 212, 216, 217

Jones, Bryn

, 29, 167, 216

Jones, Kate

, 195

Jospin, Lionel

, 134

Judah, Ben

, 73

Judis, John

, 18, 105

Kaczynski, Jaroslaw

, 34, 148

Kaltwasser, Christóbal

, 26–29, 110

Kaufmann, Eric

, 83, 87, 88, 90–96, 109, 115, 117, 120, 125, 133

Kenya

, 74

Keynes, Maynard

, 62

Keynesian Revolution

, 62

Khan, Mayor

, 191

Khodorkovsky, Mikhail

, 154

King, Martin Luther

, 11

Kulaks

, 26, 71

La Republique en March

, 64

Labelling

, 12

Labour movement

, 10

Labour Party, xviii

, 30, 99, 169, 186, 187, 193

Laclau, Ernesto

, 26, 38

Lady Hallett

, 189

Landau, Saul

, 107, 108, 111

Laos

, 74

Large-scale organisational systems

, 171

Latin America, xviii

, 2, 4, 83

Law and Justice Party (PiS, Poland)

, 146, 148

Le Pen, Jean-Marie

, 134–135, 141

rise of

, 134–135

Le Pen, Marine

, 83, 84

Leadership and representation

, 35–36

Leave campaign

, 77, 78, 85, 97, 105

Left modernists

, 93

Left populism, xi, xvi

, 4, 9, 16, 20, 21, 129, 165, 166, 167

and/or progressive revival

, 165–167

in Britain

, 162–167

charisma conundrum

, 35–36

Podemos

, 150–152

Syriza

, 149–150

and variations

, 30–38

Left populists, xvi

, 27, 29, 35

front for radical democracy

, 165

interpretations of immigration

, 86–87

movements

, 36, 110, 111

parties

, 131

Left social movements

, 158

Left-liberal progressive dialogue

, 63–64

Left-modernists

, 93

Left-wing populists

, 86

Left/right model

, 17

Lega Nord (Northern League)

, 33

Levellers (The)

, 58

Levelling up

, 200, 201

Levitksy, Steven

, 54

LGBTQ movement

, 109, 166

LGBTU movement/s

, 10

Liberal capitalism

, 15

Liberal cultural values

, 60

Liberal democracy, xv

, 1, 3, 14, 26, 33, 54, 65, 66, 70, 205, 206, 212, 214

Liberal democratic regimes

, 33, 146

Liberal Enlightenment, The

, 59–61

Liberal hegemony

crisis of concepts in relation to

themes and questions

, 7–13

themes and questions

, 6–7

youth as agent of progressive change

, 20–21

Liberal ideology

, 1, 53, 57

Liberal Party

, 61

Liberal pluralism

, 28

Liberal reforms

, 160

Liberal revolution

, 57–58

Liberal social democracy

, 16, 59, 65, 129, 194

Liberal values

, 56, 60, 61, 65, 146, 154, 194

Liberalism (see also Cosmopolitan liberalism; Neoliberalism; Populism; Progressive liberalism), xi, xiv, xv

, 6–8, 14, 20, 56, 59, 77–78

in 1989

, 55–57

capitalism, democracy and human rights

, 57–59

China and Unites States

, 74–75

evolution of human rights

, 58–59

freedom of speech and expression

, 67

gathering crisis, post-1989

, 55–57

left-liberal progressive dialogue

, 63–64

mixed response to liberalism’s flawed heritage

, 65–67

nationalism

, 87–90

new global order

, 70–71

new wealth challenges traditional authority

, 57–58

populism and liberalism’s relationship to other ideologies and political parties

, 13–14

progressive alliance

, 64–65

progressive liberalism and neoliberalism

, 61–75

relationship to other ideologies and political parties

, 13–14

rise of neoliberalism and globalisation

, 62–63

roots of

, 57–59

Russia, China, and ‘Global South’

, 71–74

under siege

, 53–54

tensions in

, 132–135

The liberal enlightenment

, 59–61

triumph and hubris

, 54

uncompleted ‘enlightenment’

, 59–61

impact of west on world

, 67–70

World and West

, 65–67

Lieven, Anatol

, 194–195

Lincoln, Abraham

, 75

Lipset, Seymour Martin

, 102, 108, 109

Local communities

, 178

Local democracy

, 171

Local initiatives in participation

, 181–184

Local level and global perspective

, 196

Locke, John

, 58–59, 102

Logic evidence

, 191

London Citizens

, 183

Long, Huey

, 104

Lowe, Robert

, 207

Luther King, Martin

, 111, 112

Lynd, Staughton

, 102

Macron, Emmanuel

, 64

Madoff, Bernie

, 81

Maduro, Nicolas

, 32, 36, 215

Mail on Sunday, The

, 49

Major, J.

, 19

Make America Great Again (MAGA)

, 127

Malik, Shiv (and Ed Howker)

, 12

Manafort, Paul

, 46

Mandelson, Peter

, 48

Mander, Harsh

, 51

Manifestoes (Labour Party), xviii

, 29

Marcuse, Herbert

, 107

Marliere, Philippe

, 130

Marshall, T. H.

, 48, 57, 157–158, 167–169, 186

Martineau, Harriet

, 208

Martini

, 135

Marx

, 37, 208

Marxism

, 11, 13, 107, 191

Marxist base-superstructure model

, 47

Marxist concept

, 208

Maslow, Abraham

, 60

Mass (the)

, 15

Mass participants

, 42–43

Mass society (theory)

, 106, 210

Mature inclination

, 213

Mau Mau rebellion

, 70

May, Theresa

, 131

Mayo, Marjorie

, 176

McCain, John

, 31

McConnell, Mitch

, 123

McGrew, Anthony

, 93

McLuhan, Marshall

, 24, 41

McQuarrie, Michael

, 90

Media, x

, 44–47

mid-20th century left

, 208–210

Medvedev, Dmitry

, 155

Meloni, Georgia

, 33

Merkel, Angela

, 144, 145

Meyer, David

, 31, 114

Micklethwait, John

, 190, 198, 204

Micro-fascist

, 44

Middle American radicals (MARs)

, 105

Middle East, xi, xviii

, 9, 32, 55, 70, 142

Migrants (see also Refugees)

, 86, 87, 98, 214

Milei, J.

, 2, 149, 212

Miliband, Ralph

, 96

Millennium Manifesto (1999)

, 154

Miller, Jacob

, 39

Mills, Charles Wright

, 37, 96, 106, 107, 176, 205, 210

Ministry of Democracy

, 185

Ministry of Mutuality

, 185

Mishra, Pankaj

, 59

Mixed heritage

, 59–61

Mixed race

, 120, 133

Modi, Narendra

, 2, 73, 211

Moffitt, Benjamin

, 39

Momentum

, 30, 31, 186

Monism

, 108–109

Moore, Tom

, 199

Moria migration camp (Greece)

, 144

Morison

, 102

Moss, Barton

, 157, 161–162, 178, 181

Mouffe, Chantal, xiv

, 26–29, 37, 40, 110, 151, 157, 158, 161, 165–167, 215

Movement (1960s), xi

, 37–38, 105–110, 148

Movement for safety and equal representation

, 138–140

Movement of the Squares

, 32, 34, 86, 106

Moyo, Dambisa

, 214

Mudde, Cas

, 26–29, 108–110, 161, 216

Müeller, Robert

, 46, 117

Muller, Jan-Werner

, 28, 29, 35

Multiculturalism (see also Interculturalism)

, 87, 109, 130, 133–135, 140–146, 166

alternative approach to

, 145–146

Murdoch, Rupert

, 48

Murphy, Mary P.

, 202–204

Murray, Douglas

, 133, 135, 145

Museveni, Yoweri

, 122

Musk, Elon

, 49

Muslims

countries

, 77, 83, 87

immigration

, 83

Narodniks

, 26, 43

National community

, 184

National Front (now National Rally) (France)

, 18

National governments

, 5, 169

National Guard (USA)

, 118

National levels, community at

, 180

National participatory, social renewal to

, 184–188

National populism

, 20, 34, 77

National symbols

, 112

Nationalism, xi, xiv

, 10, 16, 63, 71, 77, 83, 85–90, 131, 133, 138, 140, 145, 152, 163, 216

ethno-traditional nationalism

, 91, 133

Nationalist ideology

, 16, 77

Nationalistic right populism

, 4

Nationality Act (1981)

, 82

Navalny, Alexei, x

, 8, 155, 210

Neil, Andrew

, 48

Neiman, Susan

, 50

Neo-Fascism

, 6

Neo/populism, monism’ as description of

, 108–109

Neoliberal capitalism

, 59

Neoliberal socio-cultural theory

, 62

Neoliberalism, xv

, 5, 8, 10, 11–19, 61–75, 81

concept origins

, 7–8

definitions

, 14–19

influence within political spectrum

, 18–19

rise of neoliberalism and globalisation

, 62–63

social stratification and identity concepts in relation to

, 11–12

Netherlands

, 87, 143

New Deal

, 103, 104

New Economics Foundation (NEF)

, 187

New Labour

, 48, 172

New Left

, 93, 105–109

Newcastle Institute for Social Renewal

, 183

Next Generation EU Fund

, 146

No-platforming

, 49

Non-doctrinaire municipal socialism

, 183

Non-Government Organisations (NGOs)

, 86

Non-violent protest

, 192

Non-Western democracies

, 2

North America Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

, 88, 113

North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)

, 2, 56, 137, 155, 205

Northern Ireland

, 164

Norway

, 87, 130, 135

Norwegian Progress Party (FrP)

, 134

Nottingham Council

, 179

Obama, Barack

, 31, 38, 90, 93, 109, 114–115, 148

Observational evidence

, 191

Occupy movement

, 25, 26, 32, 105, 109–110

O’Donnell, Mike

, 12, 34, 93, 172

Ofcom

, 48

Oligarchy

, 8, 66, 175

Oltermann, Philip

, 193

One nation conservatism

, 19, 79, 85

One Nation group

, 19, 99, 169

Orbán, Viktor

, 2, 11, 27, 149

Organic intellectuals

, 40

Osborne, George

, 84

Owen, Robert

, 160

Oxfam

, 86

Oxford Concise Dictionary of Politics and international Relations

, 8, 13

Oxford Dictionary of Sociology, The

, 12

Pact of Free Cities (Visegrad mayors)

, 148

Paine, Tom

, 159, 160

Palin, Sarah

, 34, 114

Pandemic

, 197, 199, 200

Paris Agreement (2015)

, 192

Parker, Martin

, 199

Parliamentarians (English Civil War)

, 57

Participation

, 187

education for

, 203

local initiatives in

, 181–184

Participation Income (PI)

, 203

Participatory budgeting (PB)

, 185

Participatory democracy, xvi

, 51, 65, 107–108, 157, 167, 168, 171, 218

beacon of

, 107–108

community power and

, 175–180

Participatory democratic organization

, 172

Participatory democratic policies

, 184

Parties

, 32–33

Party for Freedom (PVV)

, 83, 131

Partygate

, 190

Patel, Priti

, 98

Path to Net Zero, The

, 195

Patriot ideology

, 115

Patriotism

, 135, 154, 155, 216

Pax Americana

, 156

Peasantry

, 25, 59, 62

Peasants revolt

, 159

Peer Learning Network

, 179

People (the) in populist theory

, 25–26

People, mid-20th century left

, 208–210

People Act (1832)

, 207–208

People’s Party (Austria)

, 33

Performativity

, 39

Perot, Ross, x

, 113–118

Personal data

, 45

Peterborough

, 188

Philippines

, 2, 211

Pidd, Helen

, 200

Piketty, Thomas

, 11, 63, 85

Pinker, Stephen

, 59, 60

Planetary wellbeing, xi, xvi

, 5, 167, 185

Plato (on governance)

, 198

Pleyers, Geoffrey

, 85–86, 95, 172

Plokhy, Serhii

, 153

Pluralism

, 15, 28–29

Pluralist

, 15, 28–30

Plymouth

, 181, 183, 199

Podemos

, 32, 38, 64, 110, 130, 150–152

Poland, authoritarian populism in

, 146–149

Polanyi, Karl

, 62, 203

Polarisation (political)

, 88, 124, 130, 135–138, 176

Political advocacy

, 176

Political discourse

, 26

Political ideology

, 11, 14, 36

Political inclusion

, 160

Political liberalism

, 60

Political movements

, 35

Political parties, xi, xvi

, 37–38

populism and liberalism’s relationship to other ideologies and

, 13–14

realignment of political parties in relation to class and race

, 78–80

Political polarisation

, 135–138

Political spectrum

, 18

neoliberalism’s influence within

, 18–19

populism in

, 14–17

Politicised racial consciousness

, 117

Politics, power and media

, 44–47

Poll tax (1381)

, 159

Popular dissent

, 160

Populism (see also Liberalism), x, xi, xiv

, 1, 4, 6, 9–12, 14, 18, 20–21, 23, 25, 37, 46–47, 53, 103–105, 129, 130, 146, 213, 215

authoritarian

, 60

BBC and GB News

, 48–49

big debate

, 26–30

in Britain

, 157

contemporary populism protest

, 161–162

continuation of culture wars

, 47–51

cultural populism

, 23

definitions

, 9–10

democratic deficit

, 36–37

direct democracy and authoritarian leadership

, 33–35

in early nineteenth-century England

, 159–162

in Eastern Europe

, 11

effects and influence of social media

, 43–44

framework for comparing populism and neoliberalism to other ideologies

, 14–19

freedom of speech, control, and protection

, 49–51

general will or collective will

, 28

hegemonic elites and mass participants

, 42–43

ideology debate

, 26–28

leadership and representation

, 35–36

left and right populism and variations

, 30–38

and liberalism’s relationship to other ideologies and political parties

, 13–14

monism’ as description of

, 108–109

national populism

, 34

new battles

, 41–42

participatory democracy

, 51

people vs. elite

, 25–26

pluralist or anti-pluralist

, 28–30

in political spectrum

, 14–17

populist cultural trend

, 38–47

populist parties in alliance with mainstream parties

, 32–33

power, politics, and media

, 44–47

radical right in relation to populism

, 17–18

relationship to other ideologies and political parties

, 13–14

social stratification and identity concepts in relation to

, 11–12

stages of populist development

, 37–38

technological revolution, social media, and cultural hegemony

, 38–40

in Western Europe

, 56

Populist cultural trend

, 38–47

Populist culture

, 23, 24

Populist development stages

, 37–38

Populist groups

, 25

Populist movements

, 29, 31, 37

Populist parties in alliance with mainstream parties

, 32–33

Populist Party (USA)

, 101

Populist style

, 43

Populist Zeitgeist

, 101–103

Port Huron Statement (PHS)

, 107, 108

Porto Alegre

, 16, 171, 185

Post-Brexit, xvi

, 96–97, 100, 162–164

Post-growth

, 203

Post-marxist

, 27, 40

Post-pandemic, xiv

, 190, 197, 202

Post-second world war openness to immigration into Europe

, 134–135

Post-war economic expansion

, 134

Postman Neil

, 41

Poverty, xiii, xvi

, 14, 46, 80, 210

Power

, 44–47

and community

, 175–180

elite power

, 28

redistribution of

, 26

for use

, 28

Power Elite, The

, 106

Pre-democratic regimes

, 205

Precariat (the)

, 12

definition

, 12

Presidential Election

of 2016

, 116–118

of 2020

, 118–121

Presidential votes (2016), Brexit and

, 87–90

Preston model

, 182

Priestly, James

, 159

Prigozhin, Yevgeny

, 72, 155

Progressive alliance, xvi

, 64–65, 158, 166

Progressive liberalism, xv

, 7–8, 61–75

Progressive parties

, 187

Progressive policies

, 103

Progressive pracademic

, 204

Progressive revival, xvii–xviii

, 96–97, 165, 167

Progressivism

, 64, 96, 104, 166, 217

Proportional representation

, 17, 144, 185

Protests

, 24, 33, 37

Pryce, Richard

, 159

Publics

, 13, 18, 205

Putin, Vladimir

, 129, 154, 206

power vertical

, 154

sovereign democracy

, 154

Raab, Earl

, 108, 109

Race, realignment of political parties in relation to class and

, 78–80

Race Relations Acts

, 82

Racial stereotype

, 13

Racialism

, 12–13

Racism, x

, 124–128

impact of Al-Queda and ISIL’s attacks on

, 137–138

anti-racism

, 109

definition

, 12–13

Racist defender of segregation and white supremacy

, 104–105

Radical democracy

, 4–6, 29, 165–167, 169, 215

a fourth phase of citizenship?

, 167–169

advantages of community participation

, 179–180

approach

, 28, 29

burgeoning of

, 172–175

civil society and social renewal

, 180–184

community at national and transnational levels

, 180

community awareness and activism

, 176–177

community development, funding and ethics

, 177–179

community power and participatory democracy

, 175–180

definitions

, 4

institutionalisation of

, 62

local initiatives in participation

, 181–184

representation to participation

, 171–175

social renewal to national participatory

, 184–188

Radical democratic citizenship

, 27

Radical democratisation of power

, 5

Radical democrats

, 166

Radical group Momentum

, 30

Radical liberalism

, 64

Radical minority groups

, 58

Radicalism

, 159, 160

Rankin, Nicholas

, 70

Rawnsley, Andrew

, 122

Raworth, Kate

, 196

Reagan, Ronald

, 18, 105

Realignment (Party)

, 78–80

Realism, failing

, 172

Realistic Utopia, xiv

, 180

Recession

, 12, 80–81, 115, 134

Recognition

, 145

Red Wall

, 79, 80, 87, 89, 90

Red Wall Vote

, 80, 90

Rees-Mogg, William

, 43

Referendum, x

, 79, 80

Reform Act (1867)

, 207

Reform Party

, 169

Refugee Crisis (2015), xii

, 143–145

Refugees (see also Asylum/asylum seekers), xviii

, 56, 136

Regulation (economic)

, 115

Reich, Charles

, 109

Reith, John

, 45, 51

Religion

, 9, 12, 67, 211

Remain campaign

, 46, 77

Representative democracy

, 6, 28, 29, 33, 51, 57, 60, 160, 175

Republican Party (USA), x

, 17, 114, 125, 126

Republicanism

, 159

Ressa, Maria, x

, 2, 211, 212

Right populism, xiv

, 4, 16, 34, 83–85, 129, 130, 140–146, 191

in Britain

, 162–167

and conservative party post-Brexit

, 162–164

and variations

, 30–38

Right populists

, 35

interpretations of immigration

, 86–87

parties

, 131

Right-wing coalition

, 33, 135

Right-wing discontent

, 114

Right-wing populism, xv

, 148

Right-wing populist movements

, 34

Right-wing populist parties

, 130, 216

Right-wing populists

, 86, 115, 117

Right/Left divide, causes of Europe’s

, 132–135

Rights legislation

, 57

Rightwards shift in Europe

, 129–156

Riots (August 2024)

, 164–165

Risk society, xiii

, 95

Robinson, T.

, 164

Romania

, 131

Roosevelt, Franklin D.

, 103, 104

Roosevelt, Theodore

, 103

Roper Centre

, 117

Ross Perot’s presidential campaign (1992), x

, 113

Rossen, John

, 102

Royal Bank of Scotland

, 81

Runciman, David

, 54

Russia, ix–xi, xv, xviii

, 1–3, 67, 71, 74

Russia’s War’ in Ukraine

, 152–155

‘cometh the hour’

, 153

‘cometh the Man’

, 154–155

Russian Wagner Group

, 72

Rust Belt Vote

, 8, 46, 84, 87, 90, 116

Rwanda agreement

, 99

Safety of Rwanda Bill, The

, 99

Safi, Michael

, 191

Salvini, Matteo

, 33, 144

Sandbrook, Dominic

, 93

Sanders, Bernie

, 31, 32, 115–116

presidential election (2016), x

, 5, 44, 46, 75, 116–118

Santelli, Rick

, 114

Saudi Arabia

, 65, 66, 72, 73

Science, xiv

, 8, 13, 59, 60, 121

Scottish government

, 185

Scottish independence

, 163

Scottish National Party

, 164

Second Cold War

, 155–156

Secularisation process

, 9

Segregation, racist defender of

, 104–105

Selby by-election

, 188

Self actualisation

, 60

Senate (USA Congress)

, 118, 123, 184, 185

Seymour, Richard, x

, 44

Shay’s rebellion

, 102

Sherbourne, Viscount

, 207

Shia-dominated regime

, 211

Silicon Valley

, 40

Silone-Yates, Josephine

, 208

Silva, Lula da

, 2, 212, 216

Singapore

, 190

Slavery

, 112, 124

Slovakia

, 2, 146, 147, 149, 156

Small individual acts

, 193

Smer Party

, 149

Sniderman, Paul

, 143

Snyder, Timothy

, 123

Social Chapter (EU)

, 142

Social democracy, xv

, 8, 14, 17, 36, 61

in Europe

, 59

Social Democratic Party (Germany)

, 130, 193

Social inequality

, 11, 16, 60, 80, 202, 208

Social justice

, 20, 80, 203

Social libertarianism

, 212, 213

Social media, x

, 38, 40, 42, 49

effects and influence of

, 43–44

regulation

, 123–124

Social movements, xi, xv

, 10, 105, 110, 166, 172, 175, 192–194

Green Parties and

, 193–194

Social renewal

, 180, 184, 188

to national participatory democratic reform

, 184–188

Social stratification

, 11–12

Social system

, 8, 40, 124, 168

Socialisation process

, 203

Socialism

, 15, 16, 32

Socialist Workers’ Party of Spain (PSOE)

, 16, 151

Solberg, Erna

, 135

Solidarity

, 20, 28, 30, 107, 118, 139, 184

Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr

, 71

South Africa, xviii

, 73

South Korea

, 190

Southern populists and progressive centre

, 103–105

Charles Wright Mills

, 106–107

(early) American New Left

, 107–108

George Wallace

, 104–105

Huey Long

, 104

monism’ as description of neo/populism

, 108–109

Southport

, 164, 165

Soviet Communism

, 54

Soviet rule

, 147

Soviet Union

, 53, 71, 74, 153, 155

Soyinka, Wole

, 122

Spain, left populism in

, 16, 26, 149–152

Spanish Socialist Party

, 32, 85

Spanish Socialist Workers Party (PSOE)

, 130

Spectacular act

, 39

Speed, Steven

, 161–162, 192, 197

Spivey, William

, 111

Sri Lanka

, 74

Standard left-right political divide

, 30

Standing, G.

, 12

Starmer, Keir

, 17, 29, 100, 158, 187

Startup Party

, 48

State (The)

, 5

State institutional response

, 194–196

State support

, 177

Stengel, Frank

, 17, 215

Stereotype/stereotyping

, 11–13, 139, 144

Stiglitz, Joseph

, 11, 85

Storming of capitol by trump supporters and global impact

, 122–124

attack on capitol attempted coup

, 122–123

Trump’s suspension from Twitter and freedom of speech

, 123–124

Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)

, 107

Sturgeon, Nicola

, 163

Substantial autonomy

, 177

Substantial immigration

, 132

Sunak, Rishi, xvii

, 34, 96, 98, 99, 169

Superiority, elite power and sense of

, 206–207

Superstructure (in Marxist theory)

, 47

Supreme Court (USA)

, 35, 99

Survival

, 190, 198

Sustainable welfare

, 202

Sweden

, 3, 131, 143, 144

Swiss People’s Party (SVP)

, 134

Symbols (meanings of)

, 112

Syria

, 66, 73, 135, 147

Syriza

, 149–150

Taiwan, xi

, 3, 68, 74–75, 190

Talk Radio

, 48

Tamames Jorge

, 151

Tax Havens

, 117

Taylor, Charles

, 145

Tea Party movement

, 31, 114

Technological innovation

, 197

Technological revolution

, 38–40

Technology

, 205

Thatcher, Margaret

, 18

Thatcherism

, 168

The American Mind (journal)

, 125

The Clean Energy Company, xvii–xviii

The people (in populism)

, 25–26

The Power Elite (1956)

, 6, 106

Third sector

, 5, 167, 178, 204

Third Way (The)

, 18, 94

Thunberg, Greta

, 193

Tice, Richard

, 163

Tina Fetner

, 114

Tocci, Nathalie

, 3, 70–73

Tometi, Opal

, 111

Totalitarian communism

, 3, 8, 15

Totalitarianism

, 28, 56, 109

Toynbee, Arnold

, 70–72

Trade unions

, 27, 29, 96, 106

Traditional authority, new wealth challenges

, 57–58

Transnational companies

, 11

Transnational corporations

, 62, 63, 85, 142, 143

Transnational levels, community at national and

, 180

Transversal coalition

, 151

Treaty of Maastricht (1992)

, 141

Treaty of Paris (1951)

, 141

Treaty of Rome (1957)

, 141

Trilateral interdependence

, 204

Triumph

, 54

Troika (The)

, 150

Troubled-Asset Relief Program (TARPS)

, 114

Trump, Donald, x–xii, xv, xvi

, 2, 4, 5, 9, 16, 17, 23, 24, 31, 34–36, 41, 43, 44, 46, 55, 57, 63, 65, 75, 77–100, 101–128, 149, 197, 200, 207, 210, 212, 215

attack on capitol attempted coup

, 122–123

divisiveness of

, 124–128

Eatwell and Goodwin’s, and Kaufmann’s Anticosmopolitanism

, 92–96

factors associated with Brexit and election of

, 78–87

frustrations and anxieties behind Brexit and Trump Votes 2016

, 90–92

interpretations of Brexit and Trump’s 2016 Election Win

, 90–96

precursors of

, 113–118

Presidential Election of 2016

, 116–118

storming of capitol by Trump supporters and global impact

, 122–124

suspension from Twitter and freedom of speech

, 123–124

Trumpism

, 17, 115

Truss, Lis

, 34

Trzaskowski, Rafal (Mayor of Warsaw)

, 148

Tsipras, Alexis

, 149

Turkey

, 66, 136, 143

Tusk, Donald

, 146, 148

Twitter

, 42, 43, 123–124

Two Treaties of Civil Government

, 58

Tyldesley, Jordan

, 48

UAE Consensus

, 196

UK Uncut

, 34, 172

Ukraine

conflicts in

, 3

Russia’s War’ in

, 152–155

vote for independence

, 153

war with

, 153

Umbrella Movement

, 24

Uncompleted ‘enlightenment’

, 59–61

United Kingdom Independence Party (UKIP)

, 17, 19, 163

United Nations (UN), xiii

, 7, 69, 190

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)

, 192

United Nations Refugee Convention

, 98

United Nations Security Council

, 71

United Socialist Soviet Republic (USSR)

, 153

United States of America, xii

, 5, 55–56, 66, 74–75, 85–87

Universal basic income (UBI)

, 5, 178

Universal basic services (UBS)

, 203

Universalism

, 51

Unleadership

, 199

Utilitarianism

, 159

Utopian socialism

, 160

Vance, J. P.

, 126–128

Van Dyke, Nella

, 114

Varoufakis, Yanis

, 116, 150, 215

Veblen, Thorstein

, 39

Venezuela, ix

, 36

Vidal, John

, 195

Visegrad Group (VG)

, 146

Voluntary organizations

, 181

Vote Leave campaign

, 78

Voters vote for authoritarian leaders, ix, x, xii

, 4, 210–213

Voting Rights Act (1965)

, 124

Wake Up-Call, The

, 197–200

Walby, S., xii–xiv

, 216

Wall Street, x

, 32

Wallace, George

, 104–105

Walz, T.

, 126–128

War, xiii, xiv

, 191

Warrens, Donald

, 105

Washington liberal elite

, 31

Wealthier Tea Party participants

, 115

Weber, Max

, 9, 12, 117

Weiwei, Ai

, 67

Welfare state

, 115, 157, 187, 194, 195

West, re-emergence of authoritarianism in

, 3–5

West, World and

, 65–67

West impact on world

, 67–70

Western capitalism

, 40

Western democracies

, 2, 14, 15

Western domination

, 66, 68

Western empires

, 65

Western financial and economic system

, 84

Western powers

, 3, 69, 136

White supremacism

, 6, 104–105

White supremacy

, 91, 104–105

White-Anglo-Saxon-Protestants (WASPs)

, 91

Whittle, Andrea

, 89

Whitty, Chris

, 201

Wilders, Geert

, 131, 143

Williams, Raymond

, 41, 157

Wilson, Woodrow

, 103

Wine, Bobi

, 122

Winlow, Simon

, 56, 79

Wodak, Ruth

, 24

Wokes

, 42

Wokism

, 44

Wole Soyinka

, 122

Wooldridge, Adrian

, 190, 197, 198

Work

, 176

and leisure

, 176

Working class (the)

, 20, 21, 88, 96, 97, 208

thelabour metaphysic

, 96, 107

World Bank (WB)

, 85

World Health Organisation (WHO)

, 200

World Trade Centre (Attack on)

, 137

World Trade Organisation (WTO)

, 85

Wylie, Christopher

, 46

Xenophobia

, 85, 133

Youth (the young)

, 20–21

Zakaria, F., xiv

Zeitgeist

, 102

Ziblatt, Daniel

, 54

Zuccotti Park

, 32, 109, 110