References

Aggarwal and Swanwick, 2015 Aggarwal, R. , & Swanwick, T. (2015). Clinical leadership development in postgraduate medical education and training: Policy, strategy, and delivery in the UK national health service. Journal of Healthcare Leadership, 7, 109–122.

Amin et al., 2012 Amin, Y. , Grewcock, D. , Andrews, S. , & Halligan, A. (2012). Why patients need leaders: Introducing a ward safety checklist. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 105(9), 377–383.

Anderson and Pulich, 2002 Anderson, P. , & Pulich, M. (2002). Managerial competencies necessary in today's dynamic health care environment. The Health Care Manager, 21(2), 1–11.

Ardent Learning, 2020 Ardent Learning . (2020). What is the Kirkpatrick model? Learn the 4 levels of evaluation. 19 February 2020. https://www.ardentlearning.com/blog/what-is-the-kirkpatrick-model. Accessed on June 24, 2020.

Arthur et al., 2003 Arthur, W., Jr. , Bennett, W., Jr. , Edens, P. S. , & Bell, S. T. (2003). Effectiveness of training in organizations: A meta-analysis of design and evaluation features. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(2), 234–245.

Bakertzis and Myloni, 2020 Bakertzis, E. , & Myloni, B. (2020). Profession as a major drive of work engagement and its effects on job performance among healthcare employees in Greece: A comparative analysis among doctors, nurses and administrative staff. Health Services Management Research, 9, 80–91.

Barley, 1986 Barley, S. R. (1986). Technology as an occasion for structuring: Evidence from observations of CT scanners and the social order of radiology departments. Administrative Science Quarterly, 31, 78–108.

Berg, 2008 Berg, O. (2008). The demise of the ‘iatrocracy’. Journal of Management and Marketing in Healthcare, 1(2), 117–119.

Berwick et al., 2008 Berwick, D. M. , Nolan, T. W. , & Whittington, J. (2008). The triple aim: Care, health, and cost. Health Affairs, 27(3), 759–769.

Bloom et al., 2009 Bloom, N. , Propper, C. , Seiler, S. , & Van Reenen, J. (2009). Management practices in hospitals. In Working Paper 09/23 Health, Econometrics and Data Group, University of York.

Bloom et al., 2013 Bloom, N. , Sadun, R. , & Van Reenen, J. (2013). Does management matter in healthcare. Working paper, London School of Economics.

Blumenthal et al., 2012 Blumenthal, D. M. , Bernard, K. , Bohnen, J. , & Bohmer, R. (2012). Addressing the leadership gap in medicine: Residents' need for systematic leadership development training. Academic Medicine, 87(4), 513–522.

Bode et al., 2014 Bode, I. , Dent, M. , & Maerker, M. (2014). Management in medicine or medics in management? The changing role of doctors in German hospitals. International Journal of Public Sector Management, 27(5), 395–405.

Braithwaite and Westbrook, 2004 Braithwaite, J. , & Westbrook, M. (2004). A survey of staff attitudes and comparative managerial and non-managerial views in a clinical directorate. Health Services Management Research, 17, 141–166.

Braithwaite and Westbrook, 2005 Braithwaite, J. , & Westbrook, M. (2005). Rethinking clinical organisational structures: An attitude survey of doctors, nurses and allied health staff in clinical directorates. Journal of Health Services Research and Policy, 10(1), 10–17.

Bury et al., 2008 Bury, E. , Carter, K. S. , Feigelman, M. , & Grant, J. M. (2008). How service-line management can improve hospital performance. Health International, 7, 54–65.

Chantler, 1989 Chantler, C. (1989). Be a manager. British Medical Journal, 298, 1505–1508.

Claessens et al., 2007 Claessens, B. J. C. , Van Eerde, W. , Rutte, C. G. , & Roe, R. A. (2007). A review of the time management literature. Personnel Review, 36(2), 255–276.

Clark et al., 2008 Clark, J. , Spurgeon, P. , & Hamilton, P. (2008). Medical professionalism: Leadership competency–an essential ingredient. The International Journal of Clinical Leadership, 16(1), 3–9.

Cochran et al., 2014 Cochran, J. , Kaplan, G. S. , & Nesse, R. E. (2014). Physician leadership in changing times. Healthcare, 2(1), 19–21.

Correia and Denis, 2016 Correia, T. , & Denis, J. L. (2016). Hybrid management, organizational configuration, and medical professionalism: Evidence from the establishment of a clinical directorate in Portugal. BMC Health Services Research, 16(Suppl. 2), 161.

Crosby et al., 2013 Crosby, L. E. , Parr, W. , Smith, T. , & Mitchell, M. J. (2013). The community leaders institute: An innovative program to train community leaders in health research. Journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges, 88(3), 335–342.

Cuccurullo and Lega, 2011 Cuccurullo, C. , & Lega, F. (2011). Effective strategizing practices in pluralistic settings: The case of academic medical centers. Journal of Management & Governance, 17(3), 609–629.

Cunningham et al., 2012 Cunningham, F. C. , Ranmuthugala, G. , Plumb, J. , Georgiu, A. , Westbrook, J. I. , & Braithwaite, J. (2012). Health professional networks as a vector for improving healthcare quality and safety: A systematic review. BMJ Quality and Safety, 21, 239–249.

Currie et al., 2012 Currie, G. , Lockett, A. , Finn, R. , Martin, G. , & Waring, J. (2012). Institutional work to maintain professional power: Recreating the model of medical professionalism. Sage Journals, 33(7), 937–962.

Day et al., 2014 Day, D. V. , Fleenor, J. W. , Atwater, L. , Sturm, R. E. , & McKee, R. (2014). Advances in leader and leadership development: A review of 25 years of research and theory. The Leadership Quarterly, 25, 63–82.

Day and Klein, 1983 Day, P. , & Klein, R. (1983). Two views on the Griffiths report. The mobilisation of consent versus the management of conflict: Decoding the Griffiths report. British Medical Journal, 287(6407), 1813–1816.

Dowton, 2004 Dowton, S. B. (2004). Leadership in medicine: Where are the leaders? Medical Journal of Australia, 181(11/12), 6–20.

Edelman et al., 2017 Edelman, A. , Taylor, J. , Ovseiko, P. V. , & Topp, S. M. (2017). The role of academic health centres in building equitable health systems: A systematic review protocol. BMJ Open, 7(5), 29.

Firth-Cozens and Mowbray, 2001 Firth-Cozens, J. , & Mowbray, D. L. (2001). Leadership and the quality of care. BMJ Quality and Safety, 10, ii3–ii7.

Flynn, 2004 Flynn, R. (2004). Remodelling hospitals and health professions in Europe. Sociology of Health & Illness, 26(7), 1037–1040.

French et al., 2014 French, C. E. , Ferlie, E. , & Fulop, N. J. (2014). The international spread of academic health science centres: A scoping review and the case of policy transfer to England. Health Policy, 117(3), 382–391.

Friedson, 1970 Friedson, E. (1970). Professional dominance: The social structure of medical care. Routledge.

Giordano, 2010 Giordano, R. (2010). Leadership needs of medical directors and clinical directors. The King's Fund .

Goldsmith and Morgan, 2004 Goldsmith, M. , & Morgan, H. (2004). Leadership is a contact sport: The “follow-up” factor in management development. Strategy + Business. https://www.strategy-business.com/article/04307. Accessed on June 21, 2021.

Goodall, 2011 Goodall, A. (2011). Physician-leaders and hospital performance: Is there an association? Social Science & Medicine, 73(4), 535–539.

Goold and Quinn, 1990 Goold, M. , & Quinn, J. J. (1990). The paradox of strategic controls. Southern Medical Journal, 11, 43–57.

Ham, 2003 Ham, C. (2003). Improving the performance of health services: The role of clinical leadership. Lancet, 361(9373), 1978–1980.

Ham, 2008 Ham, C. (2008). Doctors in leadership: Learning from international experience. The International Journal of Clinical Leadership, 16(1), 11–16.

Ham and Dickinson, 2008 Ham, C. , & Dickinson, H. (2008). Engaging doctors in leadership: What we can learn from international experience and research evidence? NHS Institute for Innovation and Improvement; University of Birmingham and Academy of Medical Royal Colleges.

Hancock et al., 2005 Hancock, H. , Campbell, S. , Bignell, P. , & Kilgour, J. (2005). The impact of leading empowered organisations (LEO) on leadership development in nursing. International Journal of Health Care Quality Assurance Incorporating Leadership in Health Services, 18(2–3), 179–192.

Hayden, 2017 Hayden, J. (2017). Tomorrow's leaders-the role of leadership in medical-education and training. Future Hospital Journal, 4(1), 49–50.

Hoff et al., 2020 Hoff, T. , Lee, D. R. , & Prout, K. (2020). Organizational commitment among physicians: A systematic literature review. Health Services Management Research, 6, 951484820952307.

Ingebrigtsen et al., 2014 Ingebrigtsen, T. , Georgiou, A. , Clay-Williams, R. , Magrabi, F. , Hordern, A. , Prgomet, M. , Li, J. , Westbrook, J. , & Braithwaite, J. (2014). The impact of clinical leadership on health information technology adoption: Systematic review. International Journal of Medical Informatics, 83(6), 393–405.

Ireri et al., 2017 Ireri, S. K. , Walshe, K. , Benson, L. , & Mwanthi, M. (2017). A comparison of experiences, competences and development needs of doctor managers in Kenya and the United Kingdom (UK). The International Journal of Health Planning and Management, 32(4), 509–539.

Iszatt-White and Mackenzie-Davey, 2003 Iszatt-White, M. , & Mackenzie-Davey, K. (2003). Feeling valued at work? A qualitative study of corporate training consultants. Career Development International, 8(5), 228–234.

Kak et al., 2001 Kak, N. , Burkhalter, B. , & Cooper, M. A. (2001). Measuring the competence of healthcare providers. Operations Research Issue Paper, 2(1), 1–28.

Kelly et al., 2018 Kelly, D. , McErlean, S. , & Naff, K. (2018). Outcomes of a clinical leadership training program amongst hospital doctors. Irish Medical Journal, 111(4), 733.

Khan and Lega, 2021 Khan, U. , & Lega, F. (2021). Health management 2.0: Transformational leadership for challenging times. Emerald Publishing Limited.

Khoshhal and Guraya, 2016 Khoshhal, K. I. , & Guraya, S. Y. (2016). Leaders produce leaders and managers produce followers. A systematic review of the desired competencies and standard settings for physicians' leadership. Saudi Medical Journal, 37(10), 1061–1067.

King’s Fund, 2011 King's Fund . (2011). The future of leadership and management in the NHS: No more heroes. http://www.kingsfund.org.uk/sites/files/kf/future-of-leadership-and-management-nhs-may-2011-kings-fund.pdf. Accessed on June 23, 2021.

Kippist and Fitzgerald, 2009 Kippist, L. , & Fitzgerald, A. (2009). Organisational professional conflict and hybrid clinician managers: The effects of dual roles in Australian health care organisations. Journal of Health, Organisation and Management, 23(6), 642–655.

Kirkpatrick et al., 2013 Kirkpatrick, I. , Bullinger, B. , Lega, F. , & Dent, M. (2013). The translation of hospital management models in European health systems: A framework for comparison. British Journal of Management, 24, S48–S61.

Kirkpatrick et al., 2009 Kirkpatrick, I. , Jepersen, P. K. , Dent, M. , & Neogy, I. (2009). Medicine and management in a comparative perspective: The case of Denmark and England. Sociology of Health & Illness, 31(5), 642–658.

Kirkpatrick et al., 2016 Kirkpatrick, I. , Kuhlmann, E. , Hartley, K. , Dent, M. , & Lega, F. (2016). Medicine and management in European hospitals: A comparative overview. BMC Health Services Research, 16, 171.

Kodner and Spreeuwenberg, 2002 Kodner, D. L. , & Spreeuwenberg, C. (2002). Integrated care: Meaning, logic, applications, and implications–a discussion paper. International Journal of Integrated Care, 2(4), e12.

Krogstad et al., 2006 Krogstad, U. , Hofoss, D. , Veenstra, M. , & Hjortdahl, P. (2006). Predictors of job satisfaction among doctors, nurses ad auxiliaries in Norwegian hospitals: Relevance for micro unit culture. Human Resources for Health, 4(3), 43–44.

Lega, 2008 Lega, F. (2008). The rise and fall(acy) of clinical directorates in Italy. Health Policy, 85, 252–262.

Lega and Calciolari, 2012 Lega, F. , & Calciolari, S. (2012). Coevolution of hospitals and patients: How changing epidemiology and technology advances drive organisational innovations and lay new challenges. Journal of Healthcare Management, 57, 17–33.

Lega and Palumbo, 2021 Lega, F. , & Palumbo, R. (2021). Leading through the ‘new normality’ of health care. Health Services Management Research, 34(1), 47–52.

Lega et al., 2017 Lega, F. , Prenestini, A. , & Rosso, M. (2017). Leadership research in healthcare: A realist review. Health Services Management Research, 30(2), 94–104.

Lega et al., 2013 Lega, F. , Prenestini, A. , & Spurgeon, P. (2013). Is management essential to improving the performance and sustainability of health care systems and organizations? A systematic review and a roadmap for future studies. Value in Health, 16, S46–S51.

Lega and Sartirana, 2015 Lega, F. , & Sartirana, M. (2015). An international perspective on medical leadership. Future Hospital Journal, 2(3), 1–3.

Lega and Sartirana, 2016 Lega, F. , & Sartirana, M. (2016). Making doctors manage... but how? Recent developments in the Italian NHS. BMC Health Services Research, 16, 170.

Liberati et al., 2009 Liberati, A. , Altman, D. G. , Tetzlaff, J. , Mulrow, C. , Gotzsche, P. C. , Ioannidis, J. P. A. , Clarke, M. , Devereaux, P. J. , Kleijnen, J. , & Moher, D. (2009). The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate healthcare interventions: Explanation and elaboration. BMJ, 339, b2700.

Liberatore et al., 2021 Liberatore, F. , Schätzle, J. , Räwer, H. , Homayounfar, K. , & Lindenmeier, J. (2021). The impact of preferences for clinical and managerial leadership roles on the willingness to apply for a medical leadership position: Analysis of gender differences among a sample of German senior physicians. Health Services Management Research, 19, 27–36.

Longenecker and Ariss, 2002 Longenecker, C. , & Ariss, S. (2002). Creating competitive advantage through effective management education. The Journal of Management Development, 21(9), 640–654.

Longenecker and Simonetti, 2001 Longenecker, C. , & Simonetti, J. (2001). Getting results–five absolutes for high performance. European Management Journal, 21(1), 131.

McNulty and Ferlie, 2004 McNulty, T. , & Ferlie, E. (2004). Process transformation: Limitations to radical organizational change within public service organizations. Organization Studies, 25(8), 1389–1412.

Mettler and Rohner, 2009 Mettler, T. , & Rohner, P. (2009). Performance management in health care: The past, the present, the future. Wirtschaftsinformatik.

Meyer et al., 1990 Meyer, A. D. , Brooks, J. R. , & Goes, J. B. (1990). Environmental jolts and industry revolutions: Organizational responses to discontinuous change. Strategic Management Journal, 11, 93–110.

Mintzberg, 1997 Mintzberg, H. (1997). Toward healthier hospitals. Health Care Management Review, 22(4), 9–18.

Moher et al., 2007 Moher, D. , Tetzlaff, J. , Tricco, A. C. , Sampson, M. , & Altman, D. G. (2007). Epidemiology and reporting characteristics of systematic reviews. PLoS Medicine, 4(3), e78.

Mostofian et al., 2015 Mostofian, F. , Ruban, C. , Simunovic, N. , & Bhandari, M. (2015). Changing physician behavior: What works? American Journal of Managed Care, 21(1), 75–84.

Mumford et al., 2000 Mumford, M. D. , Marks, M. A. , Connelly, M. S. , Zaccaro, S. J. , & Reiter-Palmon, R. (2000). Development of leadership skills: Experience and timing. The Leadership Quarterly, 11, 87–114.

Naidoo et al., 2017 Naidoo, S. , Mothagae, M. , Kistnasamy, B. , & Jinabhai, D. (2017). A hospital management training programme in South Africa. South American Journal of Public Health, 2, 34–39.

Nieuwboer et al., 2019 Nieuwboer, M. S. , Van der Sande, R. , Van der Marck, M. A. , Olde Rikkert, M. G. M. , & Perry, M. (2019). Clinical leadership and integrated primary care: A systematic literature review. The European Journal of General Practice, 25(1), 1–12.

Noe and Schmitt, 1986 Noe, R. , & Schmitt, N. (1986). The influence of trainee attitudes on training effectiveness: Test of a model. Personnel Psychology, 39, 497–523.

Omar et al., 2009 Omar, M. , Gerein, N. , Tarin, E. , Butcher, C. , Pearson, S. , & Heidari, G. (2009). Training evaluation: A case study of training Iranian health managers. Human Resources for Health, 7, 20.

Onyura et al., 2019 Onyura, B. , Crann, S. , Tannenbaum, D. , Whittaker, M. K. , Murdoch, S. , & Freeman, R. (2019). Is postgraduate leadership education a match for the wicked problems of health systems leadership? A critical systematic review. Perspectives on Medical Education, 8, 133–142.

Pollitt and Boukaert, 2011 Pollitt, C. , & Boukaert, G. (2011). Public management reform: A comparative analysis. Oxford University Press.

Porter and Kellogg, 2016 Porter, M. , & Kellogg, M. (2016). Kaiser permanente: An integrated health care experience. Revista de Innovación Sanitaria y Atención Integrada, 8(1), 85.

Prebble et al., 2007 Prebble, T. , Hargraves, H. , Leach, L. , Naidoo, K. , Suddaby, G. , & Zepke, N. (2007). Impact of student support services and academic development programmes on student outcomes in undergraduate tertiary study: A synthesis of the research. Ministry of Education.

Prenestini et al., 2021 Prenestini, A. , Sartirana, M. , & Lega, F. (2021). Involving clinicians in management: Assessing views of doctors and nurses on hybrid professionalism in clinical directorates. BMC Health Services Research, 21(1), 350.

Price et al., 2002 Price, D. W. , Overton, C. C. , Duncan, J. P. , Wamsley, D. A. , Havens, C. , Steinbruegge, J. , Tan, K. , Klau, M. , Hellerstein, A. , Klein, F. , Mipos, D. , & Francis, L. (2002). Results of the first national Kaiser permanente continuing medical education needs assessment survey. The Permanente Journal, 6(1), 76–83.

PubMed database, PubMed Database . https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/. Accessed on March 10, 2021.

Quince et al., 2014 Quince, T. , Abbas, M. , Murugesu, S. , Crawley, F. , Hyde, S. , Wood, D. , & Benson, J. (2014). Leadership and management in the undergraduate medical curriculum: A qualitative study of students' attitudes and opinions at one UK medical school. BMJ Open, 4(6), e005353.

Ravaghi et al., 2020 Ravaghi, H. , Beyranvand, T. , Mannion, R. , Alijanzadeh, M. , Aryankhesal, A. , & Belorgeot, V. D. (2020). Effectiveness of training and educational programs for hospital managers: A systematic review. Health Services Management Research, 4, 113–126.

Reay et al., 2006 Reay, T. , German, K. , & Golden-Biddie, K. (2006). Legitimizing a new role: Small wins and microprocesses of change. Academy of Management Journal, 49(5), 977–998.

Sadowski et al., 2018 Sadowski, B. , Cantrell, S. , Barelski, A. , O'Malley, P. G. , & Hartzell, J. D. (2018). Leadership training in graduate medical education: A systematic review. Journal of Graduate Medical Education, 10(2), 134–148.

Sahlin-Andersson, 1996 Sahlin-Andersson, K. (1996). Imitating by editing success: The construction of organizational fields and identities. In B. Czarniawska & G. Sevón (Eds.), Translating organizational change (pp. 69–92). Walter de Gruyter.

Saravo et al., 2017 Saravo, B. , Netzel, J. , & Kiesewetter, J. (2017). The need for strong clinical leaders-transformational and transactional leadership as a framework for resident leadership training. PLoS One, 12(8), e0183019.

Satiani et al., 2014 Satiani, B. , Sena, J. , Ruberg, R. , & Ellison, C. (2014). Talent management and physician leadership training is essential for preparing tomorrow's physician leaders. Journal of Vascular Surgery, 59(2), 542–546.

Scott et al., 2000 Scott, W. R. , Ruef, M. , Mendel, P. J. , & Caronna, C. A. (2000). Institutional change and healthcare organizations: From professional dominance to managed care. University of Chicago Press.

Shortell et al., 1998 Shortell, S. M. , Bennett, C. L. , & Byck, G. R. (1998). Assessing the impact of continuous quality improvement on clinical practice: What it will take to accelerate progress. The Milbank Quarterly, 76(4), 593–624.

Sonnino, 2016 Sonnino, R. E. (2016). Health care leadership development and training: Progress and pitfalls. Journal of Healthcare Leadership, 8, 19–29.

Spurgeon et al., 2008 Spurgeon, P. , Barwell, F. , & Mazelan, P. M. (2008). Developing a medical engagement scale (MES). The International Journal of Clinical Leadership, 16(4), 213–223.

Spurgeon et al., 2011 Spurgeon, P. , Mazelan, P. M. , & Barwell, F. (2011). Medical engagement: A crucial underpinning to organizational performance. Health Services Management Research, 24(3), 114–120.

Stoller, 2009a Stoller, J. K. (2009a). Developing physician-leaders: A call to action. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 24(7), 876–878.

Stoller, 2009b Stoller, J. K. (2009b). Developing physician-leaders: Need and rationale. The Journal of Health Administration Education, 25, 307–328.

Stoller, 2014 Stoller, J. K. (2014). Help wanted: Developing clinician leaders. Perspectives on Medical Education, 3(3), 233–237.

Stoller, 2017 Stoller, J. K. (2017). The clinician as leader: Why, how, and when. Annals of the American Thoracic Society, 14(11), 1622–1626.

Stoller et al., 2007 Stoller, J. K. , Berkowitz, E. , & Bailin, P. (2007). Physician management and leadership education at the Cleveland clinic foundation: Program impact and experience over 14 years. The Journal of Medical Practice Management, 22, 237–242.

Supic et al., 2010 Supic, Z. T. , Bjegovic, V. , Marinkovic, J. , Milicevic, M. S. , & Vasic, V. (2010). Hospital management training and improvement in managerial skills: Serbian experience. Health Policy, 96(1), 80–89.

Taylor, 2006 Taylor, R. B. (2006). What You need to know about the academic medical center. In R. B. Taylor (Ed.), Academic medicine: A guide for clinicians (pp. 53–89). Springer.

Taylor et al., 2009 Taylor, C. A. , Taylor, J. C. , & Stoller, J. K. (2009). The influence of mentorship and role modelling on developing physician-leaders: Views of aspiring and established physician-leaders. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 24, 1130–1134.

Terzic-Supic et al., 2015 Terzic-Supic, Z. , Bjegovic-Mikanovic, V. , Vukovic, D. , Santric-Milicevic, M. , Marinkovic, J. , Vasic, V. , & Laaser, U. (2015). Training hospital managers for strategic planning and management: A prospective study. BMC Medical Education, 26(15), 25.

Thornton, 1995 Thornton, P. (1995). Accounting for acquisition waves: Evidence from the US college publishing industry. In W. R. Scott & R. Christensen (Eds.), The institutional construction of organizations (pp. 199–225). Sage.

Veronesi et al., 2013 Veronesi, G. , Kirkpatrick, I. , & Vallascas, F. (2013). Clinicians on the board: What difference does it make? Social Science & Medicine, 77, 147–155.

Wawrzenczyk-Kulik, 2015 Wawrzenczyk-Kulik, M. (2015). Transversal managerial competence: In search of new methods of education. In Managing intellectual capital and innovation for sustainable and inclusive society: Managing intellectual capital and innovation. Proceedings of the MakeLearn and TIIM joint international conference (pp. 1205–1210).

Weiner et al., 1997 Weiner, B. J. , Shortell, S. M. , & Alexander, J. (1997). Promoting clinical involvement in hospital quality improvement efforts: The effects of top management, board, and physician leadership. Health Services Research Journal, 32, 491–510.

West et al., 2014 West, M. A. , Eckert, R. , Steward, K. , & Pasmore, W. A. (2014). Developing collective leadership for health care (Vol. 36). The King’s Fund.

Wilson, 2014 Wilson, K. (2014). Why are doctors so reluctant to be leaders in the NHS? The Guardian, 1 September. https://www.theguardian.com/healthcare-network/2014/sep/01/nhs-leadership-doctors-reluctant-manage-lead. Accessed on February 23, 2021.

Xu, 2017 Xu, J. H. (2017). Leadership theory in clinical practice. Chinese Nursing Research, 4(4), 155–157.

Zucker, 1987 Zucker, L. G. (1987). Normal change or risky business: Institutional effects on the “hazard” of change in hospital organizations. Journal of Management Studies, 24, 671–700.