Accommodation infrastructure

, 110

Accommodation workers in Negril

, 16–17, 32, 35–36

coping strategies among tourism workers

, 24–25

COVID-19 impact on

, 16

experiences of women versus men

, 23

implications of socioeconomic challenges faced by workers

, 23–24

Jamaica’s tourism and hospitality industry, COVID-19 impact on

, 19–20

map of study area

, 18

methodology

, 18–19

socioeconomic profile of tourism workers in Negril

, 20–23

Accumulation by dispossession

, 200–204

Actor Action Asset Framework

, 97

Actors, actions, and assets framework

, 105–106

Adaptation

, 128–129

of Hope theory

, 35

mitigation vs.

, 134–135

African-Americans

, 88

Agency

, 34–35

Anglo-Caribbean nations

, 174–175

Antonio concept

, 2–3

Asociacion de Clubes Vacacionales de Quintana Roo (ACLUVAQ)

, 154

Attorney General

, 170–171

Bahamas

, 49–50, 129, 193–194

in “Hurricane Alley”

, 56

archipelagic

, 184

Bahamas’ tourism industry

, 50–51

economic recovery strategies

, 186–187

economic resilience strategies

, 185–186

Grand Bahama

, 50

political resilience

, 188–189

tourism and climate change in

, 131

Bahamas Environment, Science & Technology Commission (BEST Commission)

, 129–130

Bahamas Ministry of Health

, 54

Bahamas National Development Plan

, 187

Bahamas Tourism Development Corporation

, 129–130

Bottom-up approach

, 71

Capital and Ideology

, 3

Caribbean

culture

, 89

interactions in Caribbean action situation

, 154–155

tourism stakeholders

, 86, 90

tourist economy

, 85–86

Caribbean Catastrophe Risk Insurance Facility

, 150

Caribbean region

Capital and Ideology

, 3

COVID-19

, 3

economic and social impact of natural disasters and pandemics

, 4–5

map of

, 1

tourism resilience in natural disasters and pandemics

, 5–8

Caribbean Sargassum mitigation and adaptive management strategies

, 147–149

Caribbean SIDs

, 221–223

Caribbean tourism industry, physical and material conditions analysis of

, 149–150

Caribbean Tourism Organization

, 154

CCoral project

, 135–136

Center for Disease Control (CDC)

, 58

Center for Resource Management and Environmental Studies (CERMES)

, 151

Clifton Cay Project

, 203–204

Climate adaptation, political support and awareness for

, 134

Climate change

, 126, 194

climate adaptation

, 129

description of interviewee’s organizations

, 130

future of

, 137–138

and impacts

, 132–133

policies

, 134

policy cycle framework

, 127–128

policy formulation

, 134–135

policy implementation

, 135–137

strategic planning in tourism

, 128

The Bahamas

, 129

tourism and climate change policies in Bahamas

, 131–132

Collaboration process

, 72, 106

Collaboration Theory (CT)

, 72

Collaborative planning

, 216–217

Collaborative theory

, 71–72

Community

cultural assets

, 75–79

information

, 150–152

Community tourism. See Community-based tourism (CBT)

Community-based organizations (CBOs)

, 72

Community-based tourism (CBT)

, 5, 70–71, 78, 96–97

education and training

, 79

local people working together in ventures

, 74

management and control

, 79

marketing of assets/products

, 79

methodology

, 72

need for

, 73

ownership of

, 79

persons external to community

, 73

services and exploration of community cultural assets

, 75–79

theoretical underpinning

, 71–72

utilization of local community products

, 74–75

Community-owned tourism venture (COV)

, 73

Competent authority

, 54–55, 165, 173

Constitutional limitations

, 175–177

Constitutionalism

, 164–165, 174–175

Convenience sampling

, 18–19

Coordination

, 103

Coping strategies among tourism workers

, 24–25

“Coronaphobia”

, 34

Coronavirus pandemic

, 85–86

COVID-19 Allocation of Resources for Employees program (CARE program)

, 20, 25

COVID-19 Compassionate Grant

, 25

COVID-19

, 16, 49–50, 111, 184, 211–212

on accommodation workers

, 16–17

concurrent triangulation mixed methods design

, 18

coping strategies among tourism workers

, 24–25

experiences of women vs. men

, 23

on health and well-being of survey participants

, 58

impact on resort tourism

, 212–213

implications of socioeconomic challenges

, 23–24

on Jamaica’s tourism and hospitality industry

, 19–20

mental health and

, 33–34

micro-level studies

, 17–18

psychosocial impact of

, 38–40

on residents

, 57–58

socioeconomic profile of tourism workers

, 20–23

Creativity

, 87–88

Cultural tourism

, 87–89

Delegated legislation

, 169

Demographics and dependency

, 36–38

Department of Social Services

, 57

Destination Management Organizations (DMOs)

, 98

Dicey’s Rule of Law

, 175–177

Digital engagement

, 217

“Digitalization”

, 17

Disaster capitalism

, 193–194, 197–198, 203, 205

Disaster Reconstruction Authority (DRA)

, 188–189

Dispositional hope

, 35

Dispossession

accumulation by

, 200–204

Emergency Orders

, 198–199

FDI

, 197–198

framing tourism

, 200

pandemic and Maria/Dorian

, 204–207

in Puerto Rico

, 199

structural inequalities

, 196

in tourism

, 193–194

tourism

, 195–196

Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC)

, 17–18

Economic impact of Hurricane Dorian

, 53–57

Economic recovery strategies

, 186–187

Economic resilience strategies

, 185–186

Emergency

regulations

, 165–168, 170–173

rule

, 164–165, 167

Emergency Orders

, 54–55, 198–199

Emergency Powers Act

, 167–168, 170–171

Emergency Powers Orders (EPOs)

, 187

Environmental stakeholders

, 151–152

European Commission

, 150

Exigency Orders

, 55–56

Experience-knowledge

, 175–177

“Family Island Development Encouragement Act”

, 203

“Family Islands”

, 186–187

“Fit-for-purpose” model

, 70

for CBT

, 77–78

Foreign direct investment (FDI)

, 3–4, 194–195, 197–198

Fragmented planning

, 136–137

Freeport

, 102

Funding

, 136

Global pandemic

, 32–33

Goals

, 34–35

Government Unemployment Extension Programme

, 57

Grand Bahama Island (GBI)

, 93–94

coordination

, 103

destination characteristics after hurricane

, 100–101

marketing after hurricane

, 101–102

product development after hurricane

, 102–103

research methods

, 98–99

tourism on

, 97–98

tourism product development

, 99

Grand Bahama Port Authority (GBPA)

, 50, 93–94, 97

Green Climate Fund (GCF)

, 136

Gulf Caribbean Fisheries Institute (GCFI)

, 155

Hawksbill Creek Agreement (HCA)

, 97

Heritage tourism

, 86–88

culture in

, 89–90

historical elements in

, 88

opportunities for development

, 90–91

Historical tourism

, 87–88

Hope(s)

, 43

functions

, 34–35

scale

, 35

theory

, 35

“Hotels Encouragement Act”

, 203

Human capacity

, 136

Hurricane

destination characteristics after

, 100–101

marketing after

, 101–102

product development after

, 102–103

Hurricane Dorian

, 49–52, 94

and COVID-19 on health and well-being of survey participants

, 58

demographic background

, 53

economic impact

, 53–57

individuals fight against COVID-19

, 60

positive and negative impacts of

, 58–59

social impact of

, 57–58

social influences of

, 52

tourists visiting islands during COVID-19

, 60–61

Implementation gaps

, 135–136

Inclusive planning

, 135

Incumbent and Niche Systems

, 117–119

Institutional Analysis and Development framework (IAD framework)

, 146–147

Institutional barriers

, 128–129

Integrated Coastal Management Framework

, 135–136

Inter-American Development Bank

, 139, 184

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)

, 128

International Conference on Climate Change and Tourism

, 126

International Labour Organization (ILO)

, 17–18

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

, 56, 184, 201

Interorganizational domain

, 72

Interpretation and General Clauses Act

, 170

Island tourism

, 7, 32

Caribbean islands

, 110

interpreting models in

, 115–119

island policy makers

, 110

MLP and TCM to

, 116–119

MLP model

, 112–115

models to and recommendations for policy makers

, 119–121

SEM

, 112

SEM and

, 115–116

two-step approach

, 112

Jamaica

accommodation workers in Negril

, 35–36

CBT

, 70

COVID-19 impact on Jamaica’s tourism and hospitality industry

, 19–20

Questionnaire surveys

, 18

Job Retention schemes (JR schemes)

, 23

Junkanoo

, 90

“k-shape”

, 32

Kadooment

, 90

Local community products, utilization of

, 74–75

Mechanical removal

, 148

Membership

, 36

Mental effects of COVID-19

, 33

Mental health

, 33–34

Mexican Association of Tourism Developers (AMDETUR)

, 154

Micro-level studies

, 17–18

Millennium Development Goals

, 51

Ministry of Disaster Preparedness, Management and Reconstruction (MDPMR)

, 184–185

Ministry of Environment

, 134–135

Ministry of Tourism

, 132, 135–136

Mitigation

, 128

adaptation vs.

, 134–135

Multi-level perspective (MLP)

, 7, 110, 114

to island tourism

, 116–119

model

, 112–115

National Climate Change Committee (NCCC)

, 132

National Development Plan

, 132, 139

National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA)

, 188–189

National Insurance Board (NIB)

, 57

National Resilience Recovery Policy

, 188

Natural disasters

, 94, 96, 104

Negril

, 17

quantitative survey of accommodation workers in

, 35–36

socioeconomic profile of tourism workers in

, 20–23

Non-probability-based sampling techniques

, 35–36

Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs)

, 96–97, 127–128, 150–151

Nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs)

, 16, 33–34

Normalization of state of exception

, 173–175

Official Development Assistance (ODA)

, 139

Open market

, 217

Open source

, 217

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)

, 23

Participatory approach

, 71

Pathways

, 34–35

Personal Protection Equipment (PPE)

, 186

Police-power

, 164

Policy

cycle framework

, 127–128

formulation

, 134–135

policy-making level

, 152–153

Political resilience

, 188–189

Positive psychology

, 33

Post COVID-19, new navigational aids for SIDS

, 216–218

Pricing

, 214–215

Prime Minister (PM)

, 165–166

Probability-based sampling method

, 36

PROBLUE fund

, 150

Psychological capital theory

, 33

Psychological frame

, 33

COVID-19 pandemic

, 33–34

demographic characteristics of population sample

, 37

demographics and dependency

, 36–38

exploring hope

, 40–43

hopes

, 43

mental health

, 33–34

psychosocial impact of COVID-19

, 38–40

theorizing hope

, 34–35

Psychosocial indicators

, 38

Psychosocial well-being

, 32–33

Public–private partnerships

, 77, 85–86, 186

Puerto Rico

, 193–194

Qualtrics survey

, 52

“Quarantine Act”

, 54

Regional governments

, 146

Renewable energy

, 128

Rescue operation

, 100

Resilience

economic resilience strategies

, 185–186

political

, 188–189

Resilient Recovery Policy

, 188–189

Resort tourism, COVID-19 impact on

, 212–213

Resort-based mass tourism

, 116–117

Sand, sea, and sun tourism (3Ss tourism)

, 110

Sargassum Early Advisory System (SEAS)

, 150–151

Sargassum management

, 146

action situation analysis

, 153–154

action situation rules

, 152–153

Caribbean Sargassum mitigation and adaptive management strategies

, 147–149

community information

, 150–152

interactions in Caribbean action situation

, 154–155

physical and material conditions analysis of

, 149–150

policy outcome analysis

, 155–157

Sargassum Watch System (SaWS)

, 151

Sea-level rise (SLR)

, 110

Seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average model (SARIMA model)

, 96

Separation of powers

, 164, 167–170

Short-term social assistance

, 187

Slow Violence

, 2

Small Business Development Centre (SBDC)

, 184, 187

Small Grants Programme (SGP)

, 150

Small Island Developing States (SIDS)

, 1–2, 51, 126, 184, 212, 221

Caribbean

, 3

future of tourism for

, 214–216

tourism planning

, 216–218

Small island nations, sustainability in

, 184–185

Snowball research method

, 52

Snowball sampling method

, 35–36

Social capital

, 24–26, 97

Social impact of Hurricane Dorian

, 57–58

Socioeconomic challenges

, 17

facing by Workers

, 23–24

Socioeconomic impact of COVID-19 on CBT

, 75–76

Socioeconomic metabolism (SEM)

, 7, 110, 112

and island tourism

, 115–116

Socioeconomic profile of tourism workers

, 20–23

State Hope Scale (SHS)

, 35, 40–41

State of exception

, 166

constitutional limitations

, 175–177

normalization of

, 173–175

Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS)

, 36

Structural coloniality

, 2

Support Employees with Transfer of Cash Program (SET Program)

, 20, 25

Sustainability

in small island nations

, 184–185

transition process

, 112

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

, 51, 184–185

Sustainable tourism

, 110–111

Temporary shift in tourism model

, 186–187

Thailand Community Based Tourism Institute

, 70

Tourism

, 195–196

and climate change policies in Bahamas

, 132

future of

, 137–138

on GBI

, 97–98

industry

, 93–94

planning, SIDS

, 216–218

recovery

, 94, 96

resilience

, 97

stakeholders

, 87–88

strategic planning in

, 128

transformation

, 213

Tourism destination recovery

, 94, 97

actors, actions, and assets framework

, 105

cases

, 95

Tourism Industry Crisis and Disaster Management Framework (TICDMF)

, 96

“Tourism phobia”

, 214

Tourism workers

coping strategies among

, 24–25

socioeconomic profile of

, 20–23

Transition goal

, 117

Transition model canvas (TMC)

, 110, 115

Tsunami disasters

, 96–97

Two-step approach

, 112

United Nations (UN)

, 53–54

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)

, 132

Westminster-style constitutions

, 168–169

World Health Organization (WHO)

, 70

World system theory

, 2

World Tourism Organization

, 126

World Travel and Tourism Council

, 17, 126

Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGIs)

, 139–140