Absolute educational effect

, 143

Accelerated and Shared Growth Initiative for South Africa (ASGISA)

, 130

“Activism”

, 120–121

Africa Continental Free Trade Area (ACFTA)

, 178

African democracy

, 81

African National Congress (ANC)

, 6, 18–19, 46–47, 73–74, 76, 102, 127, 160–161, 188–189

domination of ANC and political parties

, 55–57

parliament and ANC dominance

, 57–60

party

, 7

African political fragility and limited democratic legacy

, 179–181

African Union (AU)

, 173, 180

Afrikaner nationalism, racial separatism to

, 30–31

“Afrikaner-led apartheid”

, 30

“All spheres of life” phenomenon

, 36

Ancien regime

, 83–84

Annual National Assessments (ANA)

, 146–147

Anomie

, 131–132

Anti-apartheid movements

, 36

Anti-democratic ideologies

, 14

Apartheid politics in South Africa

, 29

impact on South African politics and society up to 1994

, 32–39

political developments

, 31–32

racial separatism to Afrikaner nationalism

, 30–31

Attitudes of democracy

, 53–55

Authoritarianism, resurgence of

, 175–177

Bantu Education Act (1953)

, 38

Bill of Rights

, 47–48

Black Consciousness Movement

, 33

Black economic empowerment

, 71–72

BRICS countries and Sino-South-African Relationship

, 178–179

Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment (BBBEE)

, 71

Bureaucratic fragmentation

, 72

Bureaucratic management theory

, 69

Bureaucratic society

, 2–3, 20, 33–34

Cause-and-effect relationship

, 38–39

City improvement districts (CIDs)

, 127–128, 133–134

Civil liberties

, 187

Civil society

, 2–3, 21, 36–37, 113–114

and democracy

, 114–116

popular protests, and South African politics

, 116–120

violent democracy

, 120–122

Closed-circuit television (CCTV)

, 127–128

Cold War

, 1

Commission for Gender Equality (CGE)

, 49

Commission for Promotion and Protection of Rights of Cultural, Religious and Linguistic Communities (CRL Rights Commission)

, 49

Common destiny

, 160

Commonwealth Observer Group (COG)

, 51

Communism

, 14

Community Policing Forums (CPFs)

, 132

Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU)

, 33

Consolidated democracy

, 13, 50–51, 97

judicial society in

, 83

Consolidation

, 113

Consolidation of democracies

, 2, 5, 11, 13, 16–17, 45

complexity of

, 188

framework of study on

, 3–4

negative peace and

, 134–136

Constitutional Court

, 85–86

Constitutional Principles

, 84

Constitutionalism

, 84

Convention for Democratic South Africa (CODESA)

, 102–103

Corruption

, 89–90

“Cost and benefit” policy

, 35

Crime

, 127–128, 130

Criminological research

, 130

Criminology

, 128

Cushion effect

, 143

Democracy

, 1, 13, 45, 86

attitudes of

, 53–55

challenges to

, 2, 19, 22

civil society and

, 114–116

diffusion/promotion

, 22

framework of study on challenges to democracy

, 23–24

framework of study on consolidation of

, 3–4

fundamental commitment to

, 83–85

as good governance in less developed states

, 17–19

ideas of

, 6–7

schools role in

, 141

South Africa

, 7

status of

, 2–3

support for

, 54

theoretical perspectives on crime, security, and

, 128–130

violent

, 120–122

Democratic Alliance (DA)

, 118

Democratic attitudes

, 16

Democratic behavior

, 16

Democratic consolidation

, 97, 99, 113

achieving objective of stable economic society and

, 107–108

economic society and

, 100–101

and instability in countries

, 98–99

relationship between sports, national identity, and

, 158–160

Democratic constitution

, 16

Democratic rights

, 86

Democratic system

, 46

Democratic upsurge

, 1–2

Democratization

, 1, 11, 13

analytical framework

, 19–22

bureaucratic society

, 20

civil society

, 21

conceptualizing

, 12–13

economic society

, 20–21

educational society

, 21–22

international society

, 22

international society to

, 174–175

judicial society

, 20

perspectives on consolidation

, 13–17

political society

, 19–20

security and safety society

, 21

in South Africa

, 130, 173

sports society

, 22

Demographic dividends

, 71

Disenfranchisement

, 37

Distribution of education

, 144

Doctoral education in South Africa

, 150–151

Domestic frustration, international recognition among

, 162–164

Domestic violence

, 127

Domination of ANC and political parties

, 55–57

Economic Freedom Fighters (EFF)

, 7, 101–102

Economic society

, 2–3, 20–21, 35–36, 129–130

achieving objective of stable economic society and democratic consolidation

, 107–108

and democratic consolidation

, 100–101

democratic consolidation and instability in countries subjected to political and economic transformation

, 98–99

growth employment and redistribution policy as interventionist mechanism in

, 105–106

link between economic society and democratic consolidation

, 100–101

national democratic revolution as interventionist measure in

, 103–104

national development plan as form of intervention in

, 106–107

reconstruction and development program as interventionist measure and guideline for

, 104–105

in South Africa

, 130–132

South Africa as developmental state

, 101–103

Economic transformation in South Africa

, 97–99

Educational society

, 2–3, 21–22, 38

educational system of South Africa

, 144–151

Education–democracy nexus

, 142–144

aspects of educations related to democracy

, 144

Electoral democracy

, 6–7

“Emotion”

, 120–121

Encroachment, structures of

, 72–73

Exclusions

, 29

Executive power

, 46, 50

Fascism

, 14

Forum on China-Africa Cooperation Summit (FOCAC)

, 179

Fragile State Index

, 5

Free and fair elections

, 50–57

attitudes of democracy

, 53–55

and Presidential Administration

, 51–53

Free-market principles

, 102

Freedom Front Plus (FF1)

, 7

Freedom House Index

, 5

Freedom of individual

, 1

Gender-based violence

, 127

Gini Coefficient

, 67

Global democratization

, 5, 11, 187

Government of National Unity (GNU)

, 104

Gradualism

, 13

Growth Employment and Redistribution (GEAR)

, 130

Growth employment as interventionist mechanism

, 105–106

Higher education

in South Africa

, 148

as tool for development after 1994

, 148–149

“Human dignity”

, 47–48

Human rights

, 1

Huntington’s two-turnover test

, 45–46

Independent Democrats (ID)

, 57

Independent Electoral Commission of South Africa (IEC)

, 49, 51

Inform security practices

, 127–128

Institutionalization of apartheid

, 32

Institutionalization process

, 14–16

Institutions

, 14–15

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

, 102–103

International Olympic Committee (IOC)

, 162

International recognition among domestic frustration

, 162–164

International society

, 2–3, 22, 39, 173

African political fragility and limited democratic legacy

, 179–181

BRICS and Sino-South-African Relationship

, 178–179

global and regional leverage and linkage

, 175–181

international society to democratization

, 174–175

lack of western democratic leadership

, 177–178

resurgence of authoritarianism

, 175–177

Judicial society

, 2–3, 20, 81

changing

, 87–88

in consolidated democracy

, 83

Constitutional Court

, 85–86

critique on constitution and

, 90–92

fundamental commitment to democracy

, 83–85

key concepts and context

, 82–83

“lawfare” and

, 88–90

Judiciary society

, 34–35

Laissez-faire approach

, 100

“Lawfare” and judicial society

, 88–90

Legal corruption

, 65

Liberal democracy

, 84

Liberal democratic experiments and developmental states

, 70–71

Liberalization

, 11–12

Liberation movements

, 157

Liberationism, encroaching

, 66

Macroeconomic policy

, 130

Makwanyane

, 86

Mandela, Nelson

, 188–189

ANC with

, 46–47

creation of “Rainbow Nation”

, 6–7

first black and democratically elected president

, 6–7

macroeconomic policy under

, 130–131

presidencies of

, 161

set democratization in motion

, 102

Marxist-socialist ideology

, 102–103

Media

, 116–117

Mesfin, Berouk (Senior Researcher, Direct Conflict Prevention Program, ISS)

, 65

Millennium Development Goals

, 17–18

Ministerial Task Team (MTT)

, 163

Nation-building

, 160

National Assembly

, 49–50

National Coalition for Gay and Lesbian Equality

, 86

National Council of Provinces

, 49

National democratic revolution as interventionist measure in South African economic society

, 103–104

National Development Plan (NDP)

, 106–107, 131, 148–149

National identity

relationship between sports, democratic consolidation and

, 158–160

sport and national identity in public statements and reports

, 160–165

National Party (NP)

, 6, 46–47, 102, 118, 188–189

National Prosecuting Authority (NPA)

, 53, 88–89

Nazism

, 14

Negative peace and consolidation of democracy

, 134–136

Neocolonialism

, 176

Neoliberal approach

, 102–103

Nepotism

, 89–90

New Growth Path (NGP)

, 130

New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD)

, 173, 181

Non-governmental organization (NGO)

, 117–118

Nongovernmental organizations

, 12

“Nonracialism”

, 47–48

Official Development Assistance (ODA)

, 178

One-party domination

, 50–57

One-party–dominant state, public service in

, 66

Organogram

, 70

Outcomes-Based Education (OBE)

, 145

Pan African Congress (PAC)

, 33

Pan-Africanist Congress of Azania (PAC)

, 6

Parliament and ANC dominance

, 57–60

Pluralism

, 12

Political developments

, 31–32

Political economy of apartheid-South Africa

, 35

Political elites

, 14–15

Political institutions

, 14–15

Political liberalization

, 12

Political rights

, 47, 49, 187

Political society

, 2–3, 19–20, 32–33, 45–46

background and new constitution

, 46–47, 49–50

checks and balances in practice

, 57–60

constitution of 1996

, 46–50

free and fair elections, two-turnover test, and one-party domination

, 50–57

stateness, political rights, and checks and balances

, 47–49

Political-oriented civil societies

, 115–116

Polyarchy

, 14

Post-1948 discriminations

, 31

Pre-1994 legal system in South Africa

, 34

Presidential Administration, free and fair elections and

, 51–53

Private security companies (PSCs)

, 127–128, 132–133

Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation

, 2–3, 141

Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS and pre-PIRLS)

, 146

Progressive Business Forum (PBF)

, 73–75

Provincial executive committees of governing party

, 76–77

Public service in one-party–dominant state

, 66

Quality of democracy

, 16–17

Racial separatism to Afrikaner nationalism

, 30–31

Racial superiority practices

, 29–30

“Rainbow Nation”

, 6–7, 157, 160

Rationality

, 69

Rechtsstaat

, 82, 84–85

Reconstruction and Development Program (RDP)

, 104, 130, 148

Redistribution policy as interventionist mechanism

, 105–106

Redistributive regimes function

, 71

Regulation of Interception of Communications and Provision of Communication-Related Information Act (RICA)

, 116–117

Road Accident Fund (RAF)

, 67

Rule of law

, 1, 8, 81–82

Safety and security society

, 37–38

economic society, bureaucracy, and norms in South Africa

, 130–132

negative peace and consolidation of democracy

, 134–136

security infrastructures

, 132–134

theoretical perspectives on crime, security, and democracy

, 128–130

School Governing Bodies (SGBs)

, 145

Schools role in democracy

, 141

Security

, 128–130

infrastructures

, 132–134

security and safety society

, 2–3, 21

studies

, 128

“Security arena”

, 127

“Semigration”

, 129–130

Shared memories

, 160

Sino-South-African Relationship, BRICS and

, 178–179

Social cohesion

, 160

Social media platforms

, 127–128

Social stratification

, 29–30

Socialization

, 15–16

Socioeconomic liberalization

, 12

South Africa

, 82–83

apartheid in

, 30

bureaucracy, and norms in

, 130–132

bureaucratic society

, 33–34

bureaucratic systems in

, 65

challenges to democracy in

, 19–22

civil society

, 36–37

consolidated democracy

, 97

democracy and

, 8

as developmental state

, 101–103

doctoral education

, 150–151

economic society

, 35–36, 130, 132

economic transformation in

, 97–98

educational society

, 38

educational system of

, 144–151

framework of study on challenges to democracy

, 23–24

higher education as tool for development after 1994

, 148–149

higher education in

, 148

impact on South African politics and society up to 1994

, 32–39

international society

, 39

judiciary society

, 34–35

liberal democratic experiments and developmental states

, 70–71

number of state employees in

, 66–67

PBF of ruling party

, 73–75

political society

, 32–33

problems facing educational system

, 145–147

provincial executive committees of governing party

, 76–77

public service in one-party–dominant state

, 66

safety and security society

, 37–38

separation of jurisdictions

, 71–72

sport society

, 38–39

state capture and bureaucratic fragmentation

, 72

structural reforms

, 144–145

structural violence in

, 128

structures of encroachment

, 72–73

theory

, 69–70

unequal distribution of education

, 147–148

university expansion and persisting stratification

, 149–150

wage progression

, 67–69

South African

civil society, popular protests, and South African politics

, 116–120

contemporary challenges to South African democracy

, 194–197

judicial society

, 82

legal system

, 34–35

South African Broadcasting Corporation (SABC)

, 52

South African Communist Party (SACP)

, 6, 90

South African Congress of Trade Unions (COSATU)

, 103

South African Council of Churches

, 33

South African Human Rights Commission (SAHRC)

, 49

South African Police Service (SAPS)

, 121, 132

South African political system

, 29

South African Revenue Service (SARS)

, 66–67

South African Rugby Football Union (SARFU)

, 161

Southern African Customs Union (SACU)

, 173, 181

Southern African Development Community (SADC)

, 173, 181

Southern and Eastern Africa Consortium for Monitoring Educational Quality (SACMEQ)

, 146–147

Spirit of constitutionalism

, 81–82

Sport society

, 2–3, 22, 38–39

international recognition among domestic frustration

, 162–164

momentum in transition

, 161–162

postapartheid South Africa

, 157–158

relationship between sports, national identity, and democratic consolidation

, 158–160

sport and national identity in public statements and reports

, 160–165

treading water

, 164–165

Sports

, 157

State capture

, 72

State Security Agency (SSA)

, 73

State’s criminalization

, 77

“Stateness”

, 46–47, 49

Strategic partnership agreement

, 178

Stratification, persisting

, 149–150

Structural violence

, 127–128

in South Africa

, 128

Sub-Saharan Africa

, 5

Sustainable Development Goals

, 17–18

Symbolism

, 30, 160

Trade Development Cooperation Agreement (TDCA)

, 178

Transformational approach

, 88

Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development

, 175

Transitions to democracy

, 12

Trauma

, 127

Treatment Action Campaign

, 86

Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS)

, 146

Two-turnover test

, 50, 55, 57

UN Human Rights Committee

, 116–117

Unemployment Insurance Fund (UIF)

, 67

Unequal distribution of education

, 147–148

United Democratic Front (UDF)

, 33

United Nations (UN)

, 17, 173

United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime

, 127

United Party (UP)

, 6

Violence

, 37

against children

, 127

Violent democracy

, 120–122

Volksgemeinschaft

, 30

Wage progression

, 67–69

Watershed elections (1948)

, 29

Weberian maxim

, 69

Western democratic leadership, lack of

, 177–178

Western imperialism

, 176

Western leverage on democratization

, 175

Westminster discriminatory system

, 30

Westminster model

, 50

of parliamentary sovereignty

, 85

World Bank

, 102–103

Zuma, Jacob

, 66, 88–89

charged for corruption and fraud

, 188

leadership

, 116

political center of KwaZulu-Natal

, 187–188

presidencies of

, 161