Prelims
Resolving the African Leadership Challenge
ISBN: 978-1-80262-678-0, eISBN: 978-1-80262-677-3
Publication date: 26 January 2023
Citation
(2023), "Prelims", Amah, O.E. (Ed.) Resolving the African Leadership Challenge, Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. i-xxi. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-80262-677-320231034
Publisher
:Emerald Publishing Limited
Copyright © 2023 Okechukwu Ethelbert Amah. Published under exclusive licence by Emerald Publishing Limited
Half Title Page
Resolving the African Leadership Challenge
Title Page
Resolving the African Leadership Challenge: Insight From History
Okechukwu Ethelbert Amah
Pan Atlantic University, Nigeria
United Kingdom – North America – Japan – India – Malaysia – China
Copyright Page
Emerald Publishing Limited
Howard House, Wagon Lane, Bingley BD16 1WA, UK
First edition 2023
Editorial matter and selection © 2023 Okechukwu Ethelbert Amah.
Individual chapters © 2023 The Authors.
Published under exclusive licence by Emerald Publishing Limited.
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ISBN: 978-1-80262-678-0 (Print)
ISBN: 978-1-80262-677-3 (Online)
ISBN: 978-1-80262-679-7 (Epub)
List of Tables and Figures
Chapter 2 | |
Table 2.1. | Economic Achievements of the Postcolonial Leaders in Botswana and Other African Regions. |
Chapter 6 | |
Table 6.1. | List of Emperors from Different Dynasties in Ethiopia. |
Chapter 7 | |
Table 7.1. | Selected Dates in Ethiopian History. |
Chapter 10 | |
Table 10.1. | Forms of Governance Structure in Postcolonial Nigeria. |
Chapter 11 | |
Table 11.1. | Periods in Ancient Egypt. |
Chapter 13 | |
Table 13.1. | Forms of Governance Structure in Postcolonial Egypt. |
Chapter 2 | |
Figure 2.1. | Governance Structure in the Precolonial Era in Botswana. |
Chapter 3 | |
Figure 3.1. | Governance Structure in the Early Colonial Era in Botswana. |
Chapter 4 | |
Figure 4.1. | Botswana WGI Percentile Rank Differentials, 1996–2020. |
Figure 4.2. | Average WGI (1996–2020) for Botswana and Combined Sub-Saharan African Countries. |
Chapter 7 | |
Figure 7.1. | Ethiopia WGI Percentile Rank Differentials, 1996–2020. |
Figure 7.2. | Average WGI (1996–2020) for Ethiopia and Combined Sub-Saharan African Countries. |
Chapter 8 | |
Figure 8.1. | Hierarchical Governance Structure for the Igala Ethnic Group in Nigeria. |
Figure 8.2. | Hierarchical Governance Structure of Leadership in Igboland in Nigeria. |
Chapter 9 | |
Figure 9.1. | Colonialization Transformation Index for African Countries. |
Chapter 10 | |
Figure 10.1. | Nigeria WGI Percentile Rank Differentials, 1996–2020. |
Figure 10.2. | Average WGI (1996–2020) for Nigeria and Combined Sub-Saharan African Countries. |
Figure 10.3. | GDP per Capita (1963–2011) for Nigeria and Combined Sub-Saharan African Countries. |
Figure 10.4. | GDP Growth (1960–2020) for Nigeria and Combined Sub-Saharan African Countries. |
Figure 10.5. | Mo Ibrahim Index for Governance in African (IIGA) Score for Nigeria, All Africa, and West Africa. |
Figure 10.6. | Human Development Index (Nigeria and Other West African Countries). |
Chapter 11 | |
Figure 11.1. | Ancient Egyptian Political Hierarchy. |
Figure 11.2. | Ancient Egyptian Social Class. |
Chapter 12 | |
Figure 12.1. | Colonialization Transformation Index for African Countries. |
Chapter 13 | |
Figure 13.1. | Egypt WGI Percentile Rank Differentials, 1996–2020. |
Figure 13.2. | Average WGI (1996–2020) for Egypt and Combined Sub-Saharan African Countries. |
Figure 13.3. | GDP Per Capita (1963–2011) for Egypt and Combined North African Countries. |
Figure 13.4. | GDP Growth (1960–2020) for Egypt and Combined North African Countries. |
Figure 13.5. | Mo Ibrahim Index for Governance in African (IIGA) Score for Egypt and Some Countries in North Africa. |
Figure 13.6. | Mo Ibrahim Index for Governance in African (IIGA) Score for Egypt, All Africa, and North Africa. |
Figure 13.7. | Human Development Index for Egypt and All North African Countries. |
List of Acronyms
- AD
-
Anno Domini
- BBC
-
British Broadcasting Corporation
- BC
-
Before Christ
- Commoner
-
Occupant of a level of authority below the Kgosi in Precolonial Botswana
- Emirs
-
Traditional Ruler in the Northern Nigeria
- GDP
-
Gross Domestic Product
- HDI
-
Human Development Index
- IIGA
-
Mo Ibrahim Index for Governance in Africa
- Kgosi
-
Precolonial ruler in Botswana
- Kgotla
-
Precolonial community parliament in Botswana
- Oba
-
Traditional Ruler in the Southern Nigeria
- OECD
-
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
- PM
-
Prime Minister
- Royal ones
-
Occupant of a level of authority below the Kgosi in Precolonial Botswana
- TPFL
-
Tigrayan People's Liberation Front
- UAE
-
United Arab Emirates
- UN
-
United Nations
- UNIP
-
United National Independence Party
- USSR
-
United Soviet Socialist Republic
- WGI
-
World Governance Indicators
About the Contributors
Okechukwu Ethelbert Amah is a faculty member of the Organizational Behavior and Human Resources Management Department of Lagos Business School, Pan Atlantic University, Nigeria. He doubles as the Research Director for the school. Having studied business administration and petroleum engineering, he has published many internationally peer-reviewed papers and case studies. He is the author of two books, Globalization and Leadership in Africa: Developments and Challenges for the Future and Work-Life Integration in Africa: A Multidimensional Approach to Achieving Balance. Before joining academia, Okechukwu worked for 31 years in a multinational oil company and held various managerial positions.
Bella L. Galperin, PhD is Dana Professor of Management and Senior Associate Director of the TECO Energy Center for Leadership at the Sykes College of Business at the University of Tampa. Her interests include leadership (in Africa and the African diaspora), ethics, and workplace deviance. She has published in the Journal of Business Ethics, International Journal of Human Resource Management, Journal of African Business, Leadership Quarterly, and other journals. She coauthored a book, LEAD: Leadership Effectiveness in Africa and the African Diaspora. She has worked as a consultant to telecommunications, pharmaceutical, and clothing firms.
Lemayon L. Melyoki, PhD is a Senior Lecturer at the University of Dar es Salaam, where he has been Deputy Director of Finance, Investment, and Resource Mobilization, the Coordinator of the Entrepreneurship Center. He has published in the areas of entrepreneurship, leadership/management, and governance with publications appearing in the Journals of Small Business and Entrepreneurship, Journal of International Cross-Cultural Management, Journal of Extractives and Society, Journal of Rural and Community Development, Ambio, and other journals. He has recently coauthored a book on Essentials of General Management in Africa published by Taylor and Francis, Group, New York, NY 10017: USA; Dr. Melyoki has also been closely involved in the development of governance of the extractive sector in Tanzania through the benchmarking exercise supported by the Natural Resources Governance Institute (NRGI) and supported large public sector projects as Technical Advisor – Finance (Legal sector reforms program) and Operations Research Advisor (PS3 & PS3+ projects).
Preface
Two sources provided the drive for this book. The first was about how leaders in Africa reacted to the COVID-19 pandemic. The second was the search for answers to some questions arising from the review of leadership behaviors observed in the COVID-19 reactions of African leaders. The Western world locked down its economy, took care of its people and industries, opened up its economies again, introduced COVID-19 regulations, developed vaccines, and vaccinated its people. African countries followed the same sequence but with some inadequacies. Africa could not take care of its people and industries and waited for the world to develop vaccines and supply them to the continent. Africa was again on the street with its begging bowls. When the vaccine was discovered, the world developed a plan to vaccinate their people within a short period; Africa could not make such plans because, like beggars, we were unsure when the vaccines would be available to the continent. Questions that kept coming to me were: Did colonization make Africa a perpetual follower of the paths of the West? How did Africa get to the position of waiting on others? Is this hereditary, or it began at some point in our history? When did this happen? Can it be found in the understanding of leadership in the history of Africa across various eras? Can we be visionary and craft a path for our development? What would this entail?
I decided to look at the challenges from the leadership journey in Africa across the precolonial, colonial and postcolonial eras. I know that much has been written about Africa's underdevelopment and whether the marks of colonialism were permanent or not. Still, I decided to go through the journey following another route. The route was to compare leadership effectiveness across precolonial, colonial, and postcolonial eras in some countries in all the regions of Africa. The book made valuable contributions but is not likely the final on leadership challenges in Africa.
Okechukwu Ethelbert Amah
Acknowledgment
The book is dedicated to God Almighty, my wife and three children, and others who gave me the inspiration for the book.
Prologue
Researchers across the precolonial and postcolonial eras of the African continent have insinuated that the persistent leadership failure in the political setting is the primary cause of the continent's underdevelopment (Chaves & Robinson, 2011; Jallow, 2014; Johnson, 2010; Kumuyi, 2007). These authors have made recommendations on the way forward in resolving the crisis. Unfortunately, knowing and discussing these challenges across the entire life spectrum of the continent has not yielded the expected outcomes; instead, the continent has witnessed a continuous deterioration of the quality of leadership. A “popular accomplishment” that has gained ground and is expanding in Africa is the prevalence of long-serving leaders who leave their countries divided and in economic woes when they exit the office. For example, the civil wars in the horn of Africa and some countries in West Africa have their origin in the exit of a long-serving leader who did not prepare a successor to the throne. A mistake that cuts across all the long-serving leaders is their inability or unwillingness to appoint and train a successor to themselves. Hence, their exit usually leaves behind a vacuum whose filling gives rise to wars between rival groups.
It is not debatable that Africa is one of the world's least developed continents. However, researchers have not articulated the origin of the challenge and the factors responsible for it (Austin, 2010; Thovoethin & Ewalefon, 2019). The history of Africa has traversed various eras ranging from primitive, slavery, precolonialism, colonialism, and the controversial neocolonialism (Olanrewaju, 2015). What is clear is that Africa had some of the well-managed and economically prosperous empires in precolonial Africa (Gumede, 2015; Hoffmann & Nolte, 2013). Something must have happened during the colonial era that destroyed the wealth of the precolonial era and left the postcolonial continent underdeveloped. Hence, the current book assumed that the underdevelopment of Africa could be traced to the abandonment of the precolonial leadership model and the adoption of the foreign leadership model. The precolonial leadership model had its foundation in the continent's customs, culture, values, and history. In contrast, the postcolonial leadership model did not conform to what the continent expected from its leaders.
Incidentally, certain books have discussed governance in each of the eras in the history of Africa (Boone, 1994; Cheeseman, 2015; Davidson, 1994; Dube, 2020; Englebert, 2000; Farah, Kiamba, & Mazongo, 2011; Jallow, 2014; Johnson, 2010; Kasongo, 2010; Okafor, 2009; Rodney, 1972; Thovoethin & Ewalefon, 2019). These books highlighted governance's effectiveness (and otherwise) in these eras. Some analyzed the causes of the African leadership challenges in the postcolonial period and advocated specific leadership behaviors to remedy the situation (Amah, 2018; Azikiwe, 1970; Eme, 2013; Kumuyi, 2007). However, these books did not align the suggested styles to the continent's customs, values, history, and culture.
The current book addresses four definite areas that existing books did not cover. Firstly, several prevailing books concentrated on specific African regions; however, this book will cover the entire continent. This is necessary since scholars have discovered that differences across Africa must be recognized despite the homogeneous nature of some cultural values (Awoniyi, 2015; Diller, 2013; Eyong, 2017; Idang, 2015; van den Berghe, 1983). Secondly, this book will use information from the various eras to identify the origin of Africa's leadership challenge. For example, Robinson and Parson (2006) and Chaves and Robinson (2011) stated that since the people saw the postcolonial governance of Botswana as a continuation of the effective and popular precolonial governance, this led to the success experienced, while in Sierra Leone, where such continuity was absent development was not as much. This means that comparing leadership styles and success across eras in several regions of Africa will be a better way of understanding the leadership challenges and underdevelopment of the continent. Thirdly, this book will identify issues that can point to a resolution of the leadership challenge. Lastly, this book will use the first three objectives to craft a possible leadership behavioral change to achieve effectiveness. The various chapters in the book will cover leadership in the different eras across the regions of Africa. After that, the epilogue will collate and analyze the inputs from these chapters to address the leadership challenges and the way forward.
References
Amah, 2018 Amah, O. E. (2018). Globalization and leadership in Africa: Developments and challenges for the future. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Austin, 2010 Austin, G. (2010). African economic development & colonial legacies. Journal of International Development Policy, 11–32. doi:10.4000/poldev.78. Accessed on April 12, 2021.
Awoniyi, 2015 Awoniyi, S. (2015). African cultural values: The past, present, and future. Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa, 17(1), 1–13.
Azikiwe, 1970 Azikiwe, N. (1970). My odyssey: An autobiography. Ibadan: Spectrum Books.
van den Berghe, 1983 van den Berghe, P. L. (1983). Class, race and ethnicity. Ethnicity and Racial Studies, 6(2), 221–236.
Boone, 1994 Boone, C. (1994). States and ruling classes in post-colonial Africa: The enduring contradictions of power. In J. Migdal (Ed.), State power and social forces. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Chaves and Robinson, 2011 Chaves, I. N. , & Robinson, J. A. (2011). The architecture of fragile state: The case of Sierra Leone. Boston, MA: mimeo Harvard University, Department of Governance.
Cheeseman, 2015 Cheeseman, N. (2015). Democracy in Africa: Successes, failures, and the struggle for political reform. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Davidson, 1994 Davidson, B. (1994). Modern Africa: A social and political history. London: Routledge.
Diller, 2013 Diller, J. V. (2013). Cultural diversity: A primer for the human services. Stamford, CT: Cengage Learning.
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Eme, 2013 Eme, I. (2013). Dependency theory and Africa's underdevelopment: A paradigm shift from pseudo-intellectualism: The Nigerian perspective. International Journal of African and Asian Studies, 1(1), 16–128.
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Eyong, 2017 Eyong, J. E. (2017). Indigenous African leadership: Key differences from Anglo-centric thinking and writings. Leadership, 13(2), 133–153.
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Hoffmann and Nolte, 2013 Hoffmann, L. , & Nolte, I. (2013). The roots of neo-patrimonialism: Opposing politics and popular consent in Southwest Nigeria. In W. Adebanwi & E. Obadare (Eds.), Democracy and prebendalism in Nigeria (pp. 25–52). New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
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Jallow, 2014 Jallow, B. G. (2014). Leadership in post-colonial Africa: An introduction. In B. G. Jallow (Ed.), Leadership in post-colonial Africa: Trends transformed by independence. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
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Thovoethin and Ewalefon, 2019 Thovoethin, P. S. , & Ewalefon, J. O. (2019). Over 50 years of African statehood: Locating a new narrative for African development challenges. African Public Service Delivery and Performance Review, 7(1). doi:10.4102/apsdpr.v7i1.253
- Prelims
- Chapter 1 Introduction
- Part 1 Precolonial, Colonial, and Postcolonial Era in Botswana
- Chapter 2 Precolonial Governance in Botswana
- Chapter 3 Colonial Governance in Botswana
- Chapter 4 Postcolonial Governance in Botswana
- Part 2 Precolonial, Colonial, and Postcolonial Era in Ethiopia/Tanzania
- Chapter 5 Leadership in Postcolonial Tanzania
- Chapter 6 Governance in Ethiopia Under the Emperors
- Chapter 7 Post-Monarchical Ethiopia
- Part 3 Precolonial, Colonial, and Postcolonial Era in Nigeria
- Chapter 8 Precolonial Governance in Nigeria
- Chapter 9 Colonial Governance in Nigeria
- Chapter 10 Postcolonial Governance in Nigeria
- Part 4 Precolonial, Colonial, and Postcolonial Era in Egypt
- Chapter 11 Precolonial Governance in Egypt
- Chapter 12 Colonial Governance in Egypt
- Chapter 13 Postcolonial Governance in Egypt
- Chapter 14 Epilogue
- Index