Prelims

Half Title Page

Towards Social Justice in the Neoliberal Bologna Process

Title Page

Towards Social Justice in the Neoliberal Bologna Process

Edited by

Iryna Kushnir

Nottingham Trent University, UK

And

Elizabeth Agbor Eta

University of Turku, Finland

United Kingdom – North America – Japan – India – Malaysia – China

Copyright Page

Emerald Publishing Limited

Howard House, Wagon Lane, Bingley BD16 1WA, UK

First edition 2023

Editorial matter and selection © 2023 Iryna Kushnir and Elizabeth Agbor Eta.

Published under exclusive licence by Emerald Publishing Limited.

Individual chapters © 2023 by Emerald Publishing Limited.

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British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN: 978-1-80117-881-5 (Print)

ISBN: 978-1-80117-880-8 (Online)

ISBN: 978-1-80117-882-2 (Epub)

Dedication

This book is dedicated to everyone who attempts to make this world a better and fairer place for all of us and future generations to come.

List of Abbreviations

BFUG

Bologna Follow-up Group

BP

Bologna Process

CEMAC

The Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa

CFA

Commissioner for Fair Access

CoHE

Turkish Council of Higher Education

EACEA

Education, Audiovisual and Culture Executive Agency

EHEA

European Higher Education Area

ENQA

The European Association of Quality Assurance

ESG

Standards and Guidelines for Quality Assurance in the European Higher Education Area

EU

European Union

HE

Higher education

ISCED

The International Standard Classification of Education

LLL

Lifelong learning

LMD

The ‘Licence-Master-Doctorat’ reform

OECD

Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development

SCL

Student-centred learning

SCQF

Scottish Credit & Qualification Framework

SIMD

Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation

UCAS

Universities and Colleges Admissions Service

UK

United Kingdom

UNESCO

The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation

USA

United States of America

About the Editors

Iryna Kushnir is currently a Senior Lecturer at Nottingham Trent University. Prior to this, her mobile academic career throughout her studies and work took her to experience academia in five countries across seven universities, which includes work at the Universities of Edinburgh and Sheffield in the United Kingdom. Dr Kushnir's interdisciplinary research combines the following main areas: higher education policy and sociology, post-Soviet Europeanisation and social justice. She is particularly interested in higher education policy and politics of the European Higher Education Area. Her interdisciplinary approach has led to empirical and theoretical contributions, which reveal how education policy on the one hand and Europeanisation processes and post-Soviet transition on the other hand are interrelated and mutually shape one another. A wider societal impact of Dr Kushnir's work is in co-establishing and co-developing the Ukrainian Education Research Association which has become the biggest national research association in Ukraine and a hub for education research and quality. She is also the author of the monograph The Bologna Reform in Ukraine: Learning Europeanisation in the Post-Soviet Context with Emerald Publishing Ltd and one of the reviewers of the current BERA Ethical Guidelines to recommend revisions for the new edition. Dr Kushnir was a Visiting Scholar at the University of Bergen (Norway) and is currently leading a research project funded by Spencer Foundation ‘Europeanisation agenda and membership in the European Higher Education Area post-2020: stakeholders' perspectives from the UK, Germany, France and Italy’.

Elizabeth Agbor Eta is a Senior Researcher at the University of Helsinki, a part-time lecturer of Comparative and International Education at the University Turku and a guest lecturer on the Global Education Development course at the University of Oulu in Finland. Her research is situated within comparative and international education in which she examines the reception and translation of global education transfer processes and the global–local dynamics in education development. In her ongoing research, Dr Eta's focus is on understanding the dynamics of academic partnerships between the Global North and the Global South, specifically within the contexts of Finland and Africa. She has published extensively on the external dimension of the Bologna Process especially within the context of Africa. Her recent publications include Policy diffusion and transfer of the Bologna Process in Africa's national, sub-regional and regional contexts in European Educational Research Journal (2021), Education policy borrowing and the adoption and adaptation of Bologna Process ideas in the Cameroonian higher education system: A Summary in Nordic Journal of Comparative and International Education (2019) and Process of transfer and reception of Bologna Process ideas in the Cameroon higher education system in European Education Research Journal (2018).

About the Contributors

Marina Elias Andreu is an associate professor in the Department of Sociology of the University of Barcelona, specialised in the sociology of education. Her research focuses on education inequalities in the education field. This includes analysis of the transitions and trajectories of students to post-compulsory education, students' profiles in terms of motivations, strategies to study, engagement through inequalities such as social background, ethnic differentiation, gender and other life conditions. Her research projects have facilitated the development of policy recommendations and guidance for secondary education and higher education institutions.

Ondrej Kaščák is head of the Department of School Pedagogy at Trnava University and Professor of pedagogy at Charles University in Prague. He is the lead editor of the Journal of Pedagogy. He specialises in issues of ideological and power relations in the areas of childhood, education and school settings.

Ayhan Kaya is a Professor of Politics and Jean Monnet Chair of European Politics of Interculturalism at the Department of International Relations, Istanbul Bilgi University; Director of the Jean Monnet Centre of Excellence; and a member of the Science Academy, Turkey. He is currently (as of June 2022) a European Research Council Advanced Grant holder (ERC AdG, 2019–2024). He received his PhD and MA degrees at the University of Warwick, England. Kaya was previously a Jean Monnet Fellow at the European University Institute, Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, Florence, Italy, and adjunct lecturer at the New York University, Florence in, 2016–2017. His recent manuscript is Populism and Heritage in Europe: Lost in Diversity and Unity (London: Routledge, 2019). His recent edited volume is Memory in European Populism (London: Routledge, 2019, with Chiara de Cesari).

Melissa Moncrieffe is Jamaican-American and the founder of Valued Educational Services, a global education company that focuses on lifelong learning for youth and young professionals. Considered a polymath, she has years of professional and academic experiences in the arts (visual and piano), international studies, languages, education and history. Specific to the fields of international studies and education, Dr Moncrieffe obtained her Master's in International Studies at the Graduate Institute in Geneva and her PhD in Education from the University of Edinburgh. Her PhD thesis was a comparative study of non-formal learning and national community education programs in the United States and Scotland. Dr Moncrieffe has also worked at UNESCO in Geneva and Paris where she analysed global education responses and wrote reports on human rights education, among other responsibilities. Her research interests include youth work, non-formal education, lifelong learning, global education and education policies related to youth.

Özge Onursal-Beşgül is an Assistant Professor in the International Relations Department at Istanbul Bilgi University. She graduated from the Department of International Relations, Bilkent University and holds an MA in International Relations from Istanbul Bilgi University, an MSc in European Politics and Governance from the London School of Economics and a PhD in European Politics and International Relations from Marmara University. Her research interests include international organisations, European integration, Europeanisation of education policy and the social construction of Europe. She published articles on Europeanisation, education policy and the Bologna Process. She was awarded a Jean Monnet Chair in 2022 with her project BILGINormsEU and is the co-coordinator of the Jean Monnet module with Dr Mehmet Ali Tuğtan (FlipEU), which launched İstanbul Bilgi University's first MOOC on the EU in September 2019.

Sheila Riddell worked as a teacher of English in the south-west of England for seven years before doing a PhD at Bristol University in gender and education. She moved to Scotland in 1988 and since then has researched and written extensively on higher education, additional support needs and equality. She previously worked as Director of the Strathclyde Centre for Disability Research, University of Glasgow, and for the past 20 years has worked at the Centre for Research in Education, Inclusion and Diversity at the University of Edinburgh, where she is currently a Professor at the Moray House School of Education.

Elisabet Weedon – After working as a lecturer and researcher at the University of the Highlands and Islands and the Open University, Elisabet Weedon joined the Centre for Research in Education, Inclusion and Diversity at the University of Edinburgh in 2004 where she worked as a senior research fellow. Elisabet's work focuses on inclusion in school and higher education. She is particularly interested in secondary data analysis of official statistics and surveys.

Acknowledgements

We, the editors, would like to express our gratitude to all chapter authors in this book who have contributed their valuable chapters and invested a lot of their time in the peer-review process. All this work has made our idea for this book a reality.