Index

Citation

Cover, R., Haw, A. and Thompson, J.D. (2022), "Index", Fake News in Digital Cultures: Technology, Populism and Digital Misinformation, Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. 177-182. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-80117-876-120221013

Publisher

:

Emerald Publishing Limited

Copyright © 2022 Rob Cover, Ashleigh Haw and Jay Daniel Thompson

---

INDEX

Acosta, Jim

, 25

Adversarial communities of affiliation

, 42

Agenda-setting

, 21

dissolution of

, 38–39

Aggression

, 56

Algorithm

, 5, 37, 40

Aliens in America (Dean)

, 79

Alt-right

, 95–96

Alternative facts

, 51

American Broadcasting Company (ABC)

, 2

Anselmi, Manuel

, 49

Anti-Chinese racism

, 105

Anti-democratic potential of fake news

, 94

Antifa

, 103

Anxiety

, 53–54, 142

Apophenia

, 85

Artificial decision-making

, 68, 133, 136

Artificial intelligence (AI)

, 64

Asylum seekers

, 102–103

Australia

, 9, 12, 14, 19–20, 25, 81, 81, 94, 105–106, 113, 119, 122, 130, 133

Australian Commonwealth Government

, 133

Australian Security Intelligence Organisation (ASIO)

, 54

Ayyub, Rana

, 66

B95 iHeartRadio online station

, 74

Baird, John Logie

, 67

Baudrillard, Jean

, 88

BBCNewsUKI

, 3

Believability of fake news

, 40–43

Berners-Lee, Tim

, 36, 65

Biden, Joe

, 38

Black, Indigenous and People of Colour (BIPOC)

, 100–101

Black Dot Research

, 127

Black Lives Matter (BLM)

, 14, 29, 55, 94, 102–103

Blasey Ford, Christine

, 23

Boler, Megan

, 20

Bolsanaro, Jai

, 20

Bolsanaro movement

, 118

Brazil

, 20, 118

Brexit

, 110, 116–119

British Broadcasting Corporation

, 118

British tabloids

, 53

Brown, Dan

, 86

Bush, George W.

, 19

Butler, Judith

, 15, 143, 147–148

BuzzFeed

, 23–24

Cage, Nicolas

, 64, 66

Cage Rage

, 64

Cancel culture

, 55

Cannabidiol (CBD)

, 4

Capitol riots

, 18, 26–27

Castells, Manuel

, 20, 82

Catherine, the Duchess of Cambridge

, 120

Celebrity porn

, 66

Chakhoyan, Andrew

, 72

4Chan

, 86–87

#ChineseDontComeToJapan hashtag

, 105

‘Chinese lab leak’ conspiracy theories

, 81

‘Chinese world domination’ conspiracy theories

, 81

Chusovitina, Oxana

, 127

Clinton, Hillary

, 17, 24, 43, 66, 74, 86

CNN

, 25, 53

Co-creativity, digital culture of

, 34–38

Collective intelligence

, 129, 133

Commonwealth Senate

, 9

Communication

, 142

Communities of interest

, 40

Communities of place

, 40

Community group newsletters

, 6

Community newspapers

, 6–7

Conspiracy theories

, 77

and cultural role

, 78–82

networking of

, 82–84

postmodern hermeneutic of suspicion

, 84–85

proliferation

, 77

Contemporary populism

, 25

Content production and motivation in postmodern, post-truth and late capitalist era

, 48–52

Converse

, 127

Conway, Kellyanne

, 51

Corporate media

, 9

COVID-19

, 94

pandemic

, 229

virus

, 57

Crisis of trust

, 109, 114–116

Critique

, 116

Cruise, Tom

, 64

Cultural circulation of fake news

, 4–5

Cultural crisis, fake news as

, 5–10

Cultural emergence, fake news as

, 5–10

Culturalist terminology

, 6

Culture of post-truth

, 9

Daily Mail, The

, 53

Daily Mirror

, 98–99

Daily Telegraph, The

, 54

Davis, Elizabeth

, 20

Dean, Jodi

, 79

Debord, Guy

, 49

Deepfakes

, 13–14, 63

interactive postmodern cultural technology

, 67–70

as new issue for fake news

, 64–67

proliferation

, 71

as social problem

, 70–75

videos

, 69, 74

Deeptrace

, 67

Deinstitutionalisation

, 113

Democracy

, 22, 24

digital culture of

, 34–38

Deregulation

, 113

Desire

, 55

DIGI (not-for-profit industry association)

, 133

Digital communication

, 31, 34

Digital culture

, 12, 31–32

emergences within

, 32–34

of interactivity, co-creativity and democracy

, 34–38

Digital hostility

, 14–15

Digital interactivity

, 39

Digital literacy

, 134–136

Digital media

, 33, 82–83

Digital News Report 2018

, 115

Digital Platforms Mandatory Bargaining Code Act

, 133

Digital video effects (DiVX)

, 68

Disinformation

, 4–5, 22–23, 100, 103–104, 126, 145

Dissolution of gate-keeping and agenda setting

, 38–39

Distrust, 8, 142–143 (see also Trust)

Duchess of Cambridge

, 54, 120

Duchess of Sussex

, 55, 74, 120, 122

Echo chambers

, 40–41

Economic motivation

, 30

Electoral accountability

, 109

Emotional responses

, 52–57

Emotions

, 21

Enders, Zack

, 82

Enlightenment

, 47

Ethics of reporting conspiracy

, 89–91

Ethics to fake news

, 146–150

Euroscepticism

, 118

Evans, Pete

, 83

Evidence

, 73–74

Express, The

, 53

Facebook

, 32, 37

FaceSwap

, 68

Fact vs. Fiction (Lagarde and Hudgins)

, 125

Fact-checking

agencies

, 9

organisations and agencies

, 126–128

Factinate site

, 128–129

Fake news, 1–4, 18, 45, 93–94, 139 (see also Deepfakes)

believability

, 40–43

and black lives matter

, 102–103

context

, 29

cultural circulation

, 4–5

as cultural emergence and cultural crisis

, 5–10

cultural origins

, 30

dissemination

, 94

interplay of

, 26–27

locating

, 32–34

and populism’s reinforcement of inequitable power divisions

, 95–100

and QAnon conspiracy

, 85–89

racial stereotypes and

, 100–102

typology

, 22–26

violence

, 143–146

and xenophobia in COVID-19 pandemic

, 103–106

Fake-App

, 65, 68

Farid, Hany

, 73

Fassin, Didier

, 84

Film

, 65

Filter bubbles

, 40

Fink, Katherine

, 114

Fiske, John

, 53

Floyd, George

, 102

Ford, Clementine

, 99

Foucault, Michel

, 19

Fox and Friends broadcast

, 73

Fox News

, 53

Freud, Sigmund

, 84

Full Fact

, 127

Gadot, Gal

, 66

Gate-keeping

, 39

Gate-keeping, dissolution of

, 38–39

Ghaddafi regime in Libya

, 22

Good Morning Britain

, 55

Goodman, Clive

, 120–121

Google AdSense

, 30

Grossberg, Lawrence

, 53

Guardian, The

, 71

Gugino, Martin

, 103

Hall, Stuart

, 10

Hanson, Pauline

, 105–106

Harry, Prince

, 121–122

Hate speech

, 14, 38, 95

Heightzone

, 59

Hermeneutic of suspicion

, 84–85

Holy Blood, The

, 86

Holy Grail

, 86

Homo oeconomicus

, 50

Hope

, 55

Horner, Paul

, 48, 57, 135

Hudgins, Darren

, 125

Hungary

, 118

Huxley, Julian

, 80

Hyperreality

, 66, 69

Indignation

, 55

Infocalypse

, 67

Infodemic

, 114

Informal fact-checking practices among everyday users

, 128–129

Information ecology

, 15

Instantaneity

, 20, 34

Institutional media

, 9, 39

Insult

, 22, 26

Interactive postmodern cultural technology

, 67–70

Interactivity, digital culture of

, 34–38

International Fact Checking Network (IFCN)

, 127

Jameson, Fredric

, 46, 79

Johnson, Boris

, 43, 70, 79

Journalism

, 130–131

Kant, Immanuel

, 144

Kavanaugh, Brett

, 23

Kennedy, John F.

, 79

Kringoudis, Nat

, 99

Kung Flu

, 105

Laden, Bin

, 54

Lagarde, Jennifer

, 125

Laissez–faire

framework

, 25

market

, 50

neoliberalism

, 52

Lamestream Media

, 26

Langhan, Jason

, 59

Layered intermedia

, 65

Lazzarato, Maurizio

, 10, 142–143

‘Leave’ campaign

, 118–119

Levinas, Emmanuel

, 147–148

Liminality

, 10

Lingis, Alphonso

, 105

Linguistic emergency

, 27

Loong, Lee Hsien

, 132

Magdalene, Mary

, 86

Markle, Meghan

, 54, 56, 74, 120–122

Marx, Karl

, 84

McNamee, Roger

, 40

McRobbie, Angela

, 148

Media

, 15

pedagogies

, 134–136

trust

, 113

Meghan, the Duchess of Sussex

, 120

Megxit

, 110, 119–122

Menzies, Robert

, 96

Messages

, 41

#MeToo movement

, 55

Mikovits, Judy

, 85

Mis-use level

, 70

Misinformation

, 4–5, 22, 24, 100, 104, 111, 113

Moral outrage

, 55

Morgan, Piers

, 30, 55, 97, 100

Morrison, Scott

, 81

Motion Picture Production Code of the United States (1930)

, 134

Nazi Germany

, 45

Nazi party

, 45

Nazism

, 45

Nelson, Cary

, 53

Neoliberalism

, 25, 50, 52, 60, 146

Network(ing)

of conspiracy theories

, 82–84

society

, 20

New York Times, The

, 25, 53, 120

News Media

, 133

News of the World

, 120–121

News outlets

, 21

News trust

, 112

Nietzsche, Friedrich

, 84

9/11 attacks

, 82

9/11 conspiracy

, 19

Nixon, Richard

, 96

Non-violence

, 149

Normalisation

, 94

Obama, Barack

, 17, 51, 64, 82

Obscure motivation

, 30

Occam’s Razor approach

, 78

Occupy Wall Street

, 82

One America News Network (OANN)

, 103

One Nation in Australia

, 20

One Nation political party

, 105–106

Onion, The

, 58

Onion News Network (ONN)

, 58

Online conspiracies

, 83

Online echo chambers in era of tribalism

, 40–43

Online tribes

, 40

Orbán, Viktor

, 118

Outrage

, 53–54, 55–56

Palin, Sarah

, 97

Parody, unrecognisability of

, 57–60

Participatory online cultures

, 39

Partisan-oriented news services

, 21

Pastiche

, 87

unrecognisability of

, 57–60

Pastoral care

, 130

Pedagogy

, 139, 150

Pelosi, Nancy

, 73

Perceptions of trustworthiness

, 112

Pizzagate

, 86–87

Plandemic (2020 documentary)

, 84–85

Platform collaborations

, 133–134

Plummer, Ken

, 53

Political motivation

, 30

Polysemy

, 8, 12–14, 40, 49, 144

Populism’s reinforcement of inequitable power divisions

, 95–100

Populist politics

, 14, 38, 96, 107

Pornographic deepfakes

, 66

Pornography

, 69

Post-factual democracy

, 109

Post-truth

, 4, 18–22, 27

content production and motivation in

, 48–52

Postmodern

, 45–46

content production and motivation in

, 48–52

culture

, 52–57

hermeneutic of suspicion

, 84–85

polysemy

, 12

Postmodernisation of culture

, 47

Postmodernism

, 46

Poynter Institute

, 127

Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex

, 119

Pro-Trump protesters

, 17

Protection from Online Falsehoods and Manipulation Act

, 132

Public opinion studies

, 109–110

Public trust

, 110

QAnon ‘Q drops’

, 83

QAnon conspiracy

, 85–89

conspiracy theory

, 78

Queen Elizabeth II

, 17, 129

Racial stereotypes

, 100–102

Racist fake news

, 103

Rage

, 55–56

culture

, 55

Rationality

, 109

Reagan, Ronald

, 97

Reception

, 148

Refugees

, 102

Regulation

, 140–143

Regulatory environment

, 131–133

Remain campaign

, 118–119

Remedies

, 125–126

digital literacy and media pedagogies

, 134–136

fact-checking organisations and agencies

, 126–128

informal fact-checking practices among everyday users

, 128–129

journalism

, 130–131

platform collaborations

, 133–134

regulatory environment

, 131–133

Remedy-seeking

, 137

Remixed texts

, 65

Ricoeur, Paul

, 84

Risk

, 4–5

Ritual view

, 41

Rituals

, 42

Roosevelt, Franklin

, 96

Rubio, Marco

, 127

Satanism claims

, 88

Satire, unrecognisability of

, 57–60

Satirical parody

, 58

School of suspicion

, 84

Security

, 142

Self-publishing

, 36

Sensationalism

, 24, 52–57

Silent majority

, 96

Smart mob

, 129

Smear campaign

, 69

Snopes

, 127

Social capital

, 111

Social Dilemma, The (Netflix 2020 documentary)

, 40

Social networking

activities

, 34

sites

, 37

Society of the spectacle

, 49

Spicer, Sean

, 51

Stereotypes

, 101

Still, Keith

, 51

Subjectiveness of truth

, 19

Sun, The

, 53, 120

Syrian Crisis

, 102

Tabloid journalism

, 54

Tabloid media

, 52–54

‘Tabloidism as fake news’ model form

, 52–57

‘Take Back Control’

, 117

Television

, 65, 67–68

Texts

, 35

TikTok

, 37–38

‘Tin foil hat’ stereotype

, 80

Tissue-Culture King, The (Huxley)

, 80

Todd, Chuck

, 51

Traditional journalism

, 131

Traditional media

, 31

Traditional Western models

, 21

Transmission view

, 41

Tribalisation

, 15

Trump, Donald

, 6, 17–18, 24–25, 27, 32, 45, 48, 78, 81, 84, 95, 97, 101, 103, 105, 118

Trust

, 7–8, 18–22, 49, 110

conceptualising and measuring

, 111–114

crisis of

, 114–116

Twitter

, 37

UK tabloids

, 54

Unintentional amplification

, 118

Unrecognisability of satire, parody and pastiche

, 57–60

Uses and gratifications approach

, 70, 113

Vaccines

, 93, 90, 100

Violated propriety

, 55

Violence

, 143–146

Vulnerability

, 97–98, 110–111, 118, 147–149, 151

Waisbord, Silvio

, 19

Washington Post

, 25, 48

Watson, Emma

, 66

Web 1.0

, 36, 100

Web 2.0

, 32, 36

Web 3.0

, 36

WeChat

, 37

Welch, Edgar Maddison

, 86

Wenger, Etienne

, 42

Wikipedia

, 128–129

Williams, Raymond

, 6–8, 11, 13, 33, 67

Witnessing

, 21

World Health Organization

, 104, 114

Wuhan virus

, 105

X-Files, The

, 79

Xenophobia in COVID-19 pandemic

, 103–106

Xenophon, Nick

, 9

Your News Wire

, 86

Zuckerberg, Mark

, 32, 64