Accessibility of destinations

, 286

Accommodation businesses

, 85–87

Acts of God. See Natural disasters

Açu-Mossoró Fruticultor Pole

, 244

Agreste-Trairí Pole

, 246

Air Paradise International, Bali’s proud airline

, 65

Alpine contract

, 166

Alto Douro Wine Region

, 115

Apodi-Mossoró River

, 251–253

Areia Branca

, 242–244

municipalities

, 247

territories

, 245

Armando Ribeiro Gonçalves Dam

, 251–253

ASEAN

, 73

Assessment of leadership

, 29

Association of Indonesian Travel Agents (ASITA)

, 67

Bairro Alto

, 263–264

Bali

, 61

crisis and recovery in Island of PARtoE

, 63–67

reliance on tourism

, 62

research design

, 62–63

resilience post-crisis

, 69–70

tourism recovery and sustainable redevelopment

, 73–74

tree analogy in tourism crisis management

, 67–73

Bali Hotel Association (BHA)

, 67

Bali Hotels and Restaurant Association Indonesia (PHRI)

, 67

Bali Tourism Board (BTB)

, 66–67

Bali Tourism Hospitality Task Force

, 66–67

Bali Tourism Office

, 66–67

Barroso

, 264

Behavioural studies

, 312

Blue Tourism

, 228–229

Business crisis

, 82–83

Carbon dioxide (CO₂)

, 163, 183, 186

Case study method

, 93

Catastrophe

, 191

Christchurch earthquake sequence

, 187–189

CiteSpace

, 86–87

Climate change

, 163, 181, 183, 186

brief presentation of related researches

, 171–174

causes

, 166–168

effects of

, 163

effects of climate change on tourism and tourism demand

, 169

effects of climate change on tourism in general

, 168–169

international organizations and sustainable tourism development

, 166

tourism and physical environment

, 164–166

Combustion of solid fuels

, 167

Community involvement

, 260

Competitor crisis

, 94

Computerization, period of

, 146

Consequence management

, 104–105

Copra typology

, 8

Costa Branca

, 239

environmental risks

, 250–254

Pole

, 246

territorial dynamics of coast of study area

, 240–250

tourist potential

, 245–250

Costa das Dunas Pole

, 246

Court of Justice of the European Union (‘CJEU’)

, 138

COVID-19. See also Post-COVID-19 crisis recovery

and accessibility of destinations

, 286

and destination cost

, 287

and destination image

, 289

and infrastructure development

, 286

and intention to visit

, 288

and local community participation

, 287

and management of religious monuments

, 288–289

and marketing mix

, 288

pandemic

, 103–104

and relaxation and recreational activities

, 289

and spirituality level in people

, 286–287

and stress level in people

, 286

and variation observed in spiritual tourism motives

, 285–289

Crisis

, 82, 86, 103–104, 156

communication

, 29

identification

, 104–105

preparedness

, 104–105

and recovery in Island of PARtoE

, 63–67

treatment

, 104–105

Crisis leadership

, 21–22

competencies

, 29

journal of publication

, 24

lessons learned

, 30–31

methodology

, 22–23

research methods

, 24, 26

results

, 23–32

risks

, 26–27

themes of interest

, 28–32

theoretical perspective/framework

, 24–25

year of publication

, 24

Crisis management

, 21–22, 29, 81–82, 86, 104

characteristics

, 89–91

findings

, 93–96

importance of

, 30

literature review

, 86–93

methodological framework of survey

, 108–110

process

, 104–105

research

, 93–96

in tourism

, 259

tourism and COVID-19 pandemic in Greece

, 106–108

useful mechanism for

, 45–46

Cruise ships

, 115

economic aspects

, 121–123

environmental aspects

, 124–125

limitations and future research

, 125–126

literature review

, 115–120

methodology

, 120–121

results

, 121–125

sociocultural aspects

, 123–124

Cruise tourism, impacts of

, 116–118

Cultural distance

, 310–311

Customer Relationship Management (CRM)

, 138

Cyber security breaches

, 134–135

Dark tourism

, 221–222, 307–308

co-occurrences in

, 227

dark cases

, 230–231

and disaster management

, 225

framework

, 222–225

limitations

, 231–232

methodology

, 225

natural disasters and

, 228

results

, 225–230

Data breach

, 135–136

Data Processing Agreement (DPA)

, 134

Data protection

, 132–134

Data Protection Officer (DPO)

, 133, 138

Deductive approach

, 270–272

Defence Materiel Organisation (DMO)

, 191

Denial-of-service attack (DoS attack)

, 138

Desa adat (collectivist style society)

, 72

Destination

, 146

cost

, 287

management system

, 207–208

Destination management organization (DMO)

, 47

Disasters

, 3–4, 6–7

attraction

, 230–231

management

, 191

risk assessment

, 222–223

Doing crisis leadership

, 31

Dominant Social Paradigm (DSP)

, 269–270

Douro river

, 115

Doxey Irridex model

, 201

EBSCO

, 164

Economy recovery

, 145–146

Education as tool to foster tourism sustainability

, 44–45

Educational orientation, new trends and perspectives

, 42–44

Effective crisis leadership

, 30

Emergency

, 5–6

events

, 4

faced by Jordanian hotels

, 10

management

, 6–7, 10, 12

planning for disasters

, 4–5

Endogenous development frameworks

, 39–40

Enhanced anthropogenic greenhouse effect

, 167

Environmental awareness

, 268–270

Environmental risks

, 250, 254

conceptual aspects

, 250

risks associated with sea

, 251–253

territorial dynamics and risks

, 250–251

Environmentalism

, 268

European Community Network for Environmental Travel and Tourism

, 166

European Union (EU)

, 129, 166

Exogenous development frameworks

, 39–40

Experimental approach

, 260

Extensive communication

, 145

External risks

, 26–27

Facebook

, 146

Faulkner Disaster Management Framework

, 8–9

Fear destinations

, 224

Feira do Fumeiro

, 265–267

Flooding, risk of

, 251

Fumeiro Products

, 266–267

General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)

, 129–131

cyber security breaches

, 134–135

data breach

, 135–136

data protection and hotel sector

, 132–134

General Secretariat for Civil Protection (GSCP)

, 108, 110

Generalization effect

, 307

Global crisis

, 181

methodology

, 182–183

post-disaster recovery and reconstruction tourism management

, 190–192

research studies

, 184–185

risk management in tourism businesses

, 187–189

sustainability tourism

, 189–190

tourism management and climate change

, 183–186

Google Maps

, 310

Great East Japan Earthquake

, 228–229

Great Tangshan Earthquake (1976)

, 228–229

Greece

tourism and COVID-19 pandemic in

, 106–108

tourism education and training system in

, 41–42

Greek Ministry of Tourism

, 103–104

Green tourism

, 156

Greenhouse effect

, 163, 189–190

Greenhouse gas emissions (GHG emissions)

, 167

Gross domestic product (GDP)

, 164, 189–190

Grossos

, 242–243

municipalities

, 245, 247

territories

, 245

Hellenic Ministry of Education and Religious Affairs

, 41–42

Hospitality industry

, 82–83, 129

findings

, 9–12

in Jordan

, 3, 5–6

literature review

, 5–9

methodology

, 9

Hotel industry

, 129

Hotel manager on management process

, 94

Hotel sector

, 132–134

Human behavior

, 267

Human capital

critical role of education and training in tourism

, 40–44

with education and training

, 42

educational needs

, 39

generated results

, 48–51

research framework of case study

, 47–48

survey findings

, 50

sustainable tourism development

, 44–47

Human resources crisis

, 93

Infrared atmospheric window

, 167

Infrastructure development

, 286

Integrated analysis model

, 248

Intelligent Travel

, 191

Intention to visit

, 288

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)

, 167, 183, 186–187

Internal risks

, 26–27

International organizations

, 166

International SOS

, 191

International System

, 260

International Tour Operators Federation

, 166

Intervention

, 86

Jordan

, 5

hospitality industry in

, 3, 5–6

Karma Phala

, 67

Leadership

behaviour

, 30

roles/styles in crises

, 30

Lisbon neighbourhoods

, 261–264

Local community participation

, 287

Lockdown

, 286

Malaysia Tourism Statistics

, 143–144

Man-made disasters

, 4, 73–74

Marketing

, 281

mix

, 288

Mass tourism

, 116

Maximal crises

, 93–94

Media Centre

, 67

Media influence

, 145

as mediating

, 146

Mediterranean

, 168

Methane (CH₄)

, 167

Micro-level approach

, 281

Minimal crises

, 93–94

Ministry of Tourism

, 108

Mitigation

, 86

Mobility

, 307–308

Montalegre

, 264–267

Mossoro

, 240

Mount Agung Eruption

, 65–66, 72

Mouraria

, 263

Natural disasters

, 4, 73–74

New Ecological Paradigm scale (NEP scale)

, 269, 272, 277

Ngurah Rai Airport in Bali

, 73

9/11 attack

, 306–307

Non-participation

, 261

Operational crisis

, 93

Organizational actions

, 8–9

Overtourism. See also Spiritual tourism

, 199–201

consequences of overtourism in destinations

, 210

distribution of overtourist destinations by regions

, 203–205

literature review

, 199–200

reasons and factors

, 209

results

, 200–210

PATA

, 73

Peneda Gerês National Park (PNPG)

, 264–267

Perception of leadership

, 31

Personal Data Breach

, 131

Personally identifiable information (PII)

, 135

Physical environment

, 164–166

Piranhas-Açu River

, 251–253

Post-COVID-19 crisis recovery

, 155–156

guidelines for actions

, 157

limitations

, 158–159

planning guidelines

, 158

results

, 156–158

Post-disaster recovery and reconstruction tourism management

, 190–192

Potiguar Basin

, 240

Prefecture of Chania

, 40

Preparedness

, 86

Preservationist approach

, 228

Private sector

, 27

Pro-environmental behaviour

, 268–269

Pseudonymization

, 131

Public sector

, 28

Python typology

, 8

Qualitative case study approach

, 259

Qualitative research model

, 120

Quantitative case study approach

, 259

Quantitative research

, 151–152

Recovery

, 86, 143

conceptual model

, 146–151

literature review

, 144–146

methodology

, 151–152

Relaxation and recreational activities

, 289

Religious monument management

, 288–289

Research design

, 151–152

Resilience

, 73

Response aspect

, 145

Restoration of confidence aspect

, 144

Risk management

, 103–105

in sustainable hotel chain policy

, 87

in tourism businesses

, 187–189

Risks

, 26–27, 222–223, 250–251, 303, 306–307

associated with sea

, 251–253

context

, 27–28

of flooding

, 251

River cruises

, 118–119

River tourism on Douro River

, 118–120

Rwa Bhineda

, 67

Safety

, 304

Sandy Cliff in Tibau

, 253

Santa Cruz Dam

, 251–253

ScienceDirect

, 164

SCOPUS

, 164

Sea salt

, 239, 250–251

Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction

, 249–250

Seridó Pole

, 246

Serrano Pole

, 246

Sex tourism

, 304

Situational Crisis Communication Theory (SCCT)

, 87

Smoldering crisis

, 84

Social distancing

, 286

Socio-technical disasters. See Man-made disasters

Spillovers

, 307

Spiritual tourism

, 282

COVID-19 and variation observed in spiritual tourism motives

, 285–289

factors conducive to spiritual tourism consumption

, 284

framework

, 282–284

limitations

, 291

psychological impact of pandemic

, 282–283

research and managerial implications

, 289–291

impact of spirituality on stress and mental health issues

, 283–284

Spirituality level in people

, 286–287

Stakeholders

, 224

performance of stakeholders aspect

, 144

Statistical Package for Social Sciences tool (SPSS-21 tool)

, 47

Strategies

, 8–9

Stress level in people

, 286

Surfers

, 270

Sustainability

, 165

tourism

, 189–190

Sustainable competitiveness model

, 211

Sustainable development

, 210

Sustainable tourism development. See also Dark tourism

, 44, 47, 166

education as tool to foster tourism sustainability

, 44–45

sustainable dimension of tourism development

, 44

tourism destinations post-COVID

, 46–47

useful mechanism for crisis management

, 45–46

Symbolic meanings and assumptions of risk and safety in tourism

, 305–306

Tawur Agung Pamarisudha Karipubhaya ritual

, 70–71

Teaching crisis leadership

, 31

Territorial dynamics

, 250–251

of coast of study area

, 240–250

Terrorism

, 303

analysis

, 309–314

method

, 308–309

theory and literature review

, 304–308

and tourism

, 307–308

Terrorist attacks

, 307, 312

Tibau

, 242–243

municipalities

, 245, 247

Sandy Cliff in

, 253

Timanfaya National Park

, 226

TITLE-ABS-KEY (Scopus database)

, 225

Tornado tourism

, 231

Tourism

, 129, 164, 166, 303

and COVID-19 pandemic in Greece

, 106–108

destinations post-COVID

, 46–47

development

, 165

education and training

, 41

education and training system in Greece

, 41–42

funding

, 191–192

industry

, 192, 281

infrastructure

, 40

management

, 183–186

phobia

, 200–201

recovery and sustainable redevelopment in Bali

, 73–74

Tourism behaviours

ecological attitude

, 272–275

interaction between tourists and local communities

, 261–267

methodology

, 270–272

results

, 272–277

socio-demographic characteristics

, 272

tourist behaviour and environmental awareness

, 268–270

Tourism Crisis and Disaster Management (TCDM)

, 86–87

Tourism Regionalization Program

, 246

Tourist (s)

behaviour

, 268–270

views on risk and safety while travelling

, 309–312

views on terrorism as a threat to safety while travelling

, 312–314

Toxic tourism

, 200–201

Travel agency crisis

, 94

Travel inspiration

, 155–156

Travel motivation

, 155–156

Tree analogy in tourism crisis management

, 67–73

Tri Hita Karana

, 67

Tsunami

, 228–229

United Nations (UN)

, 189

United Nations Development Programme

, 166

United Nations Environment Programme

, 166

United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR)

, 105

UNWTO

, 73, 199–200

Urban disaster mitigation

, 73

‘Visit Truly Asia Malaysia 2020’ campaign

, 144

Volcano tourism

, 230–231

VOSviewer software

, 225

World Health Organization (WHO)

, 222–223

World Tourism and Travel Council

, 166

World Trade Center Site in New York

, 307–308

World Travel & Tourism Council (WTTC)

, 21, 199–200

World Wide Fund (WWF)

, 175