Abominable (DreamWorks movie)

, 33

Air Defense Identification Zone (ADIZ)

, 6, 108

Air-sea and space-cyber architectures

, 11

Aluminum tariffs

, 47

American Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)

, 107–108

Anglo-Saxon literature

, 92

Anti Access/Area Denial strategies (A2/AD strategies)

, 5, 11, 108

Anti-Submarine Warfare (ASW)

, 115

Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP)

, 148

Art of War, The (Tzu)

, 117

Artificial intelligence (AI)

, 8–9, 181, 198

ASEAN Connectivity 2025

, 144

Asia bloc

, 54

Asian Infrastructure Development Bank (AIIB)

, 53–54, 92, 107, 132

Aspirational Asia

, 9

Assassin’s mace (shashaojian) concept

, 10

Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)

, 6–7, 33, 45–46, 53, 82, 129, 142, 163

Belt and Road Initiative

, 129–130

implementation challenges

, 134–135

implications on trade, investment, and people

, 130–132

Indo-Pacific Strategy

, 129–130

perspective on BRI and strategic link to code of conduct

, 132–134

perspectives on Indo-Pacific strategy

, 136–139

Association of Southeast Asian Nations plus Six (ASEAN + 6)

, 53

2030 automotive revolution

, 60

Bases Conversion and Development Authority (BCDA)

, 145

Beijing strategy

, 112–114

Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)

, 4, 6, 12, 39–40, 53, 75–76, 92, 107, 129–130, 141, 163, 197

aims and organizational features

, 91–93

BRI 2.0

, 111–112

development

, 78

Europe’s response to China’s BRI

, 55–58

Philippines and

, 143–151

strategic encirclement affected by BRI at regional level

, 43

Better Utilization of Investments Leading to Development Act of 2018 (BUILD Act of 2018)

, 116, 138–139

Biden administration’s approach

, 17–18

Biden’s Interim National Security Strategic Guidance

, 170–171

Biden’s policy

, 170–171

Bilateral Consultative Mechanism (BCM)

, 148–149

Bilateral investment treaty (BIT)

, 56

Blue Dot Network (BDN)

, 116, 130, 138, 163–164, 168, 170

Blue economic passages

, 45

Blue engine

, 45

Blue partnership

, 45

Brookings Institution

, 113

Build Back Better World Partnership (B3W Partnership)

, 170–171

Build Build Build flagship program

, 141

Capital flow

, 130–131

Catalysts of Indo-Pacific maritime security dynamics

, 7–9

Central and Eastern European Countries (CEEC)

, 57, 77

Central Asian societies

, 96

“China as civilizational power” narrative

, 3

China International Trust and Investment Corporation (CITIC)

, 94

China Investment Corporation (CIC)

, 94

China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC)

, 94

China-Kyrgyzstan-Uzbekistan railway

, 98

China’s Maritime Silk Road project

, 4

China–Pakistan Economic Corridor (C-PEC)

, 43, 110

Chinese Communist Party (CCP)

, 105, 163–164

Chinese fishing vessels

, 32–33

Chinese investment strategies to enhance long-term goals

, 43–44

Chinese land acquisition

, 96–97

Chinese migration

, 96

Chinese wave

, 146–147

Code of Conduct (CoC)

, 132–134

Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO)

, 92

Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (CFIUS)

, 184–185

Community of common destiny

, 42

Comprehensive Agreement on Investment (CAI)

, 56, 83

Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans Pacific Partnership (CPTPP)

, 6

Comprehensive connectivity

, 75–76

Connectivity Strategy

, 76, 80, 83

Connectivity Strategy for Europe and Asia

, 56

Contemporary Amperex Technology Co. Ltd. (CATL)

, 62

Continental shelf (CS)

, 30

Continental shelf matters

, 32–34

Counterterrorism

, 153

Counterterrorism cooperation (CTC)

, 146

COVID-19

outbreak

, 12–13

pandemic

, 14–15, 146

Customary law

, 25–26

Cyber norms

, 167

Cyberspace

, 198

Debt trap

, 112, 114, 131

Dictatorship diplomacy

, 49

Digital Leninism

, 200–201

Digital Silk Road (DSR). See also Maritime Silk Road (MSR)

, 163–164, 167–168, 199

China’s technological advancement and dominance

, 200–203

regional proliferation

, 203–206

Duterte administration

, 142–144

East Asia Summit (EAS)

, 136–137

East Coast Rail Link

, 112–113

Economic sustainability

, 78–79

Electric vehicles (EVs)

, 60

Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement (EDCA)

, 151–152

Eurasian Development Bank

, 95–96

Europe-Asia connectivity strategy

, 75–76, 80

BRI

, 78

European Empire Strikes

, 81–83

European Front

, 76–78

systemic rival’ concept

, 84

Europe’s response to China’s BRI

, 55–58

European Union (EU)

, 53–54, 75–76, 179

digital transition

, 191–192

divided over China

, 190

EU–China 2020 Strategic Agenda for Cooperation

, 76–77

Exclusive economic zone (EEZ)

, 30, 32, 34

Executive Order 13959

, 185

5G networks

, 57, 169, 181–182, 205

Flow of labor

, 131–132

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)

, 79, 130–131

Foreign Investment Risk Review Modernization Act of 2018

, 184–185

Forward-basing and strengthening of regional alliances

, 11

4IR

, 198–200

Free and open Indo-Pacific (FOIP)

, 151

Freedom of Navigation Operations (FONOPs)

, 4, 26, 30, 154

G2 phenomenon in automotive industry

, 59–63

Game of loans

, 43–44

Gaven Reef

, 28

Germany’s approach to China’s rise

, 58–59

Group of Governmental Experts (GGE)

, 167

Group of Seven (G7)

, 138–139

meeting

, 170–171

summit

, 59

Guanxi

, 41

Guizhou Province

, 148

Hambantota port, Sri Lanka

, 44

Huawei

, 58, 168–169, 181–182

Huawei Corp.

, 150

Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.

, 198

Hughes Reef

, 28–29

Humanitarian assistance and disaster relief operations (HADR operations)

, 15

Humanitarian assistance/disaster response (HA/DR)

, 153

Indo-Pacific Cooperation Concept

, 136–137

Indo-Pacific region

, 3

catalysts of Indo-Pacific maritime security dynamics

, 7–9

post COVID-19 maritime geopolitics in Indo-Pacific

, 12–15

reemergence of great powers in

, 9–12

transformational dynamics of Indo-Pacific maritime security architecture

, 5–7

vistas of Indo-Pacific maritime order

, 15–18

Indo-Pacific Strategy

, 129–130, 141

perspectives on

, 136–139

Information and communications technology (ICT)

, 163, 198

China as potential rule-maker

, 166–167

Digital Silk Road

, 167–168

framework of power struggles in

, 164–165

Trump’s legacy or Biden’s policy

, 170–171

US dominance in ICT area

, 165–166

US responses and BDN

, 168–170

Information Silk Road. See Digital Silk Road (DSR)

Information technology (IT)

, 181–182

Initial public offering (IPO)

, 60–61

Innovation

, 184

Intellectual property (IP)

, 184

Interim National Security Strategic Guidance (INSSG)

, 17

International Finance Corporation (IFC)

, 131

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

, 55, 112

International rules-based connectivity

, 75–76

Internet

, 198

Investment

, 130–131

Islamic State (IS)

, 146

Jack Ma Foundation

, 150

Kazakhstan

, 91, 93–94

case

, 94–97

political elite

, 95

Uyghurs

, 100–101

Kazakhstanskaya Pravda (government-owned daily newspaper)

, 97

Khorgos railway cargo

, 94–95

Kuomintang (KMT)

, 105

Kyrgyzstan

, 91, 93–94

case

, 97–99

infrastructural investments in

, 98

Law of the Sea Convention

, 26

Lawfare

, 13

Low-tide elevation (LTE)

, 27

Lowy Institute

, 113

Made in China 2025 initiative

, 181

Malacca Strait

, 42

Maritime Domain Awareness (MDA)

, 154

Maritime multilateralism

, 12

Maritime Silk Road (MSR)

, 39–40, 114, 197

analytical framework

, 39–40

Chinese investment strategies to enhance long-term goals

, 43–44

containment at great-power scale

, 45–48

literature review

, 40–42

military implications

, 48–49

strategic encirclement affected by BRI at regional level

, 43

Memorandum of understanding (MOU)

, 204–205

Military Assistance Agreement (MAA)

, 151–152

Military Bases Agreement in 1947

, 151–152

Military transformations

, 12

developments

, 10–11

Mischief Reef

, 28–31

Mutual Defense Board and Security Engagement Board (MDB-SEB)

, 155

Mutual Defense Treaty (MDT)

, 31, 151

National Basketball Association (NBA)

, 117

National Defense Authorization Act (2019)

, 168–169

National Identity

, 107–109

National rejuvenation, three enablers of

, 109–111

National Security Policy 2017–2022 (NSP)

, 141

National Security Strategy (NSS)

, 30, 141, 143

NATO

, 187–188

New bipolar world order

, 179–182

EU divided over China

, 190

EU’s digital transition

, 191–192

relations and tensions between United States and European Union

, 187–189

technological competition between United States and China

, 184–187

US–China Relations during Trump Administration

, 182–184

New Europe countries

, 180

New Silk Road

, 92

Non-Clausewitzian War

, 117–118

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

, 53

Nuclear ballistic and cruise missile deployments

, 11

Official investment

, 130–131

One Belt One Road (OBOR)

, 144, 197

initiative

, 91

project

, 75

scheme

, 53

Online Silk Road. See Digital Silk Road (DSR)

Open-Ended Working Group (OEWG)

, 167

Oralmans

, 96

Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE)

, 92

Panhua Group

, 150

Paracel Islands

, 30

Paris Club

, 113–114

Pax Sinica

, 6–7

Pentagon’s Operation Enduring Freedom-Philippines (OEF-P)

, 154

People-to-people connectivity

, 131–132

People’s Liberation Army (PLA)

, 4, 33, 108

People’s Liberation Army-Navy (PLAN)

, 4, 114

People’s Republic of China (PRC)

, 3, 26, 32, 39, 53, 76–77, 105, 129–131, 141, 179

Peripheral diplomacy

, 114

Philippine Amusement and Gaming Corporation

, 147

Philippine Bureau of Immigration

, 146

Philippine Development Plan 2018–2022

, 141, 143

Philippine National Police

, 153

Philippine Offshore Gaming Operations (POGOs)

, 147

Philippine-American alliance

, 152–153

Philippines

, 141

and BRI

, 143–151

government

, 143

national security interests

, 142

and US Indo-Pacific Strategy

, 151–155

Piraeus Port Authority

, 112

Portfolio investment

, 130–131

Post COVID-19 maritime geopolitics in Indo-Pacific

, 12–15

Quad potential

, 47–48

Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (QUAD)

, 6–7, 17, 130

Regional Comprehensive Partnership contest

, 6

Renminbi (RMB)

, 110

Republic of China (ROC)

, 105

Research and development centers (R&D centers)

, 186

Revisionist power

, 164

Rhodium Group

, 113

Romance of three economic blocs

, 54–55

common concern

, 63–64

Europe’s response to China’s BRI

, 55–58

G2 phenomenon in automotive industry

, 59–63

Germany’s approach to China’s rise

, 58–59

Rules-based international order

, 17

Russian-Belarusian-Kazakh Customs Union

, 98

Sea lines of communication (SLOCs)

, 39, 42, 114

Sea-based missile defenses

, 11–12

Second Thomas Shoal

, 28

Secure and Trusted Communications Networks Act

, 168–169

Senkaku Islands

, 108–109

Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO)

, 92

framework

, 93

Silk Road Economic Belt

, 53, 75

Silk Road Spirit

, 45

Single Draft South China Sea Code of Conduct Negotiating Text (SDNT)

, 132–134

Sino-American geopolitics and geo-economics

BRI 2.0

, 111–112

global response

, 115–116

grand plan and six stabilities

, 107

national identity

, 107–109

new era of president Xi

, 106–107

new realities in Western Ocean for noninterference

, 115

Non-Clausewitzian War

, 117–118

peripheral diplomacy

, 114

Sri Lanka

, 112–114

three enablers of national rejuvenation

, 109–111

war

, 116–117

Sino-US trade war

, 60

Six stabilities

, 107

South China Sea (SCS)

, 25, 39, 46, 141

Arbitration Award

, 27–30

EEZ and continental shelf matters

, 32–34

US Actions in SCS after 2016 SCS Arbitration

, 30–31

US legal opinions on China’s South China Sea claims

, 26–27

US Repromise and Regional Response

, 31–32

Spratly Islands

, 30

State-owned enterprises (SOEs)

, 109–110

Steel tariffs

, 47

Strategic Air Force (Hui)

, 108

Strategic encirclement affected by BRI at regional level

, 43

String of Pearls

, 45

Subi Reef

, 28–29

Sustainable connectivity

, 75–76

Systemic rival’ concept

, 84

TCP/IP v6 standard

, 166

Tech Cold War

, 181–182

Technology transfer

, 184

Tencent

, 117

Terminal High Altitude Area Defense (THAAD)

, 10

3IR

, 198–200

Trans Pacific Partnership Agreement (TPP Agreement)

, 136

Transformational dynamics of Indo-Pacific maritime security architecture

, 5–7

Treaty of Amity and Cooperation (TAC)

, 132–134

Tribunal

, 28–29

Trump’s legacy

, 170–171

Turkestan. kz portal

, 97

Twenty-first Century Maritime Silk Road

, 53–54, 75

UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)

, 25–26, 132, 134

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)

, 46, 180

United States (US)

, 180

Actions in SCS after 2016 SCS Arbitration

, 30–31

Coast Guard

, 32

concerns and efforts to contain China

, 45–47

Department of Defense

, 26

dominance in ICT area

, 165–166

Indo-Pacific Strategy

, 151–155

International Development Finance Corporation

, 116

legal opinions on China’s South China Sea claims

, 26–27

military presence

, 33

Repromise and Regional Response

, 31–32

supremacy in Indo-Pacific region

, 46

US-Caribbean Strategic Engagement Act of 2016

, 117

US–China Relations during Trump Administration

, 182–184

US–China trade war

, 186

United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA)

, 54

Unsinkable aircraft carrier

, 108

US Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC)

, 138–139

Uyghur issue

, 100–101

Visa Upon Arrival program (VUA program)

, 146

Visiting Forces Agreement (VFA)

, 151–152

Vistas of Indo-Pacific maritime order

, 15–18

Voice of East Turkistan, The

, 100–101

Volkswagen

, 61–62

War

, 3, 14, 32, 41, 47, 50, 55, 61, 108, 116–117, 164

Weiqi

, 41

West Philippine Sea (WPS)

, 142

Western Ocean

, 114

new realities in Western Ocean for noninterference

, 115

World Health Organization (WHO)

, 14

World Internet Conference (WIC)

, 199

World Trade Organization (WTO)

, 55

Xinjiang Province

, 93, 100–101

Zhas Alash

, 97

ZTE Corp.

, 198