“Absorptive capacity”

, 99

Academic Entrepreneurship and Innovation Program

, 459

Academic labs

, 91

Academic media labs

, 94

Accenture

, 224–225

Access

to finance

, 40

mechanisms

, 282

Access Partnership

, 224–225

Access to Information Law (LAI)

, 96–97

Accommodative negotiation

, 531–532

According to the Entrepreneurs Association of Mexico (ASEM)

, 456

Achievement motivation

, 390–391

Act 11723 Legal Regime of Intellectual Property (1993)

, 69

Adaptation organizational systems process

, 518

Adult Population Survey (APS)

, 247–248

Adversity

, 10

Affordable loss principle

, 452

African Americans

, 287

Agenda 2030 for educational inclusion

, 160

Agent-based modeling

, 162

“Agricultural entrepreneurship”

, 409

Alternative Reality Games (ARG)

, 463

Amazon Prime

, 42

American Psychological Association (APA)

, 4

Analytical matrix of knowledge transfer

, 168–169

Analytics

, 166

Andean cultures

, 277

Anglo-Saxon cultures

, 276

“Anticipatory governance”

, 137

Antioquian entrepreneurship

, 415–416

Argentinian Constitution (1853)

, 68

Arriería

, 416

Art of SE from Latin American perspective

, 328–329

“Art of the possible”

, 92

Artificial intelligence

, 57–58, 166

Artisan guilds

, 279

Artisans

, 275–276

Asset

, 532

classical

, 533

human

, 532–533

neoclassical

, 533

physical

, 532

relational

, 533

Association for Private Capital Investment in Latin America (LAVCA)

, 224–225

Atlas of Social Innovation

, 209

Authorship

, 49

Autonomy (psychological attributes in entrepreneurial profile)

, 390–391

Aztec cultures

, 277–278, 289

Backwardness

, 118

ISI industrialization model and emergence of technological policy

, 120

way out of backwardness through industrialization

, 118–120

weakness of productive structure in peripheral countries

, 119–120

Badianus manuscript

, 277

Bank for International Settlements (BIS)

, 224–225

Barcelonnettes

, 407

Base of pyramid (BOP)

, 209–210

Bayesian Nash Equilibrium Analysis

, 474

Bayh Dole Act

, 73

system and implications

, 73–74

Berne Convention

, 66, 71

Bibliographic coupling

, 313

Bibliometric analysis

, 285, 299

Bibliometric studies

, 300, 327

on entrepreneurship

, 298–299

in Latin America

, 300–304

Big Data

, 166

Bilateral governance

, 533

Biodiversity

, 497

Biographies about businessmen in Mexico

, 517

Biographies of Latin American entrepreneurs

biographical studies of entrepreneurs

, 403–404

biographies and business in Colombia

, 412–417

biographies approach in business studies in Mexico and Colombia

, 417–421

biographies of entrepreneurs, biographies of families

, 411–412

biographies of entrepreneurs and immigration

, 407–408

business biographies, industries, and agricultural in regional contexts

, 408–411

entrepreneurship biographical studies

, 418

studies using biographies of businessmen in Mexico

, 404–405

study of Mexican entrepreneurs

, 405–407

Bird in hand principle

, 452

“Blindness”

, 210–211

Blockchain

, 76–80

future of IP institutions

, 80

as proof of ownership

, 78–80

Bolivian Community Solidarity Tourism Network (TUSOCO)

, 286

Brazil

organizational creativity in

, 53–55

tour operators in

, 498

Bricolage theory

, 432

British railroad companies

, 495

Broader strategic innovation approach

, 91–92

Bureaucratic procedures

, 488

Business

, 255–256, 515

activities

, 252–254

angels networks

, 308

biographies, industries, and agricultural in regional contexts

, 408–411

biographies approach in business studies in Mexico and Colombia

, 417–421

business-oriented entrepreneurial perspective in Mesoamerican indigenous culture

, 278

culture

, 284

development

, 409

development for women entrepreneurs

, 229

dimension

, 288

families

, 515–517

incubator

, 457

models

, 333

partners

, 279

registrations

, 248

SE as business strategy

, 333–335

sector

, 335

Business model innovation (BMI)

, 181

Business ownership approach

, 288–289

Businessmen biographies in Mexico

, 404–405

“By demand” approach

, 160

“By supply” approach

, 160

Cambridge Center for Alternative Finance (CCAF)

, 224–225

Capabilities

, 178, 182, 194

and entrepreneurship as traits of startups

, 180–182

innovation, and entrepreneurship

, 179–182

and startups in Latin America, entrepreneurship

, 182–189

Capgemini

, 224–225

Capital accumulation

, 282

Capitalism

, 117, 125–126, 275, 515–516

in Argentina

, 517–518

Career paths of entrepreneurs

, 405

Cash management

, 221–222

Cash tech

, 227

Caucasians

, 285

“Center-periphery”

, 126

Centralization of money supply (CeFi)

, 228

CEO

, 223

“CEPAL’s structuralism”

, 116

Cerarense Community Tourism Network (TUCUM)

, 286

“Chicas en tecnología”

, 234–235

Chile

entrepreneur in

, 394–395

entrepreneurship context in

, 460–461

Chilean Constitution (1833)

, 68

“Chinampas” (artificial islands)

, 277

Chinese immigrant entrepreneurs

, 434

Citing in-house innovation lab

, 88–89

Civil Code

, 67–68

Classical assets

, 533

Cocitation analysis

, 317

Cognitive approach

, 453

Cognitive distance

, 534

Cognitive operations

, 5–6

Cognitive organization theory

, 531, 534–535

Collaboration

, 170–171

Collaborative negotiation

, 531–532

Collaborative networks

, 313–317

Collective entrepreneurship

, 190

Colombia

biographies and business in

, 412–417

biographies approach in business studies in

, 417–421

entrepreneurship context in

, 458–460

indigenous leaders of

, 287

organizational creativity in

, 53–55

Colombian Constitution (1886)

, 68

Colonial Era

, 270, 281–282

“Colonization Laws”

, 518

Commercial plaza

, 279

Commodity-export policy

, 70

Communal entrepreneurship

, 26

Community governance plan

, 306–308

Competition in the financial sector

, 228

Competitiveness

, 496, 498–499

Competitors

, 312

Complex organizational systems process

, 518

Compound family business

, 513

Computer technology

, 221–222

Conceptualizing transformation of innovation system framework

, 149–151

conceptual elements of traditional, transitioning, and transformed innovation systems

, 150

Conflict

, 414–415, 542

between entrepreneurs

, 500

internal

, 415

land

, 416

management approach

, 542

Conglomerates

, 272

Conservation

, 497

Consumption mechanism

, 281, 493

Contact networks

, 308–310

Contest-Program

, 459–460

Contract Farming Negotiation

, 531

Contracting mechanisms

, 536

Contracting Party

, 66–67

Contracting State

, 66

Conventional theories

, 117

Copyright

copyright-intensive industries

, 79–80

protection

, 72, 77

Corporate governance

, 517

Corporate social responsibility (CSR)

, 334

Corruption and entrepreneurship

, 470–471

Cost–benefit relationship

, 27

Council of Science and Technology

, 202

Covid-19

analysis review

, 348

conducting review

, 345–347

descriptive analysis of literature of

, 348–365

design review

, 345

impact on entrepreneurship

, 344–345

research methodology

, 345–348

structural impact of

, 37–38

structuring and reporting

, 348

thematic analysis of literature of

, 365–371

Crazy-quilt principle

, 452

Creatio ex nihilo concept

, 4

Creative entrepreneurs

, 38–39

Creativity. See also Organizational creativity

, 3, 9, 17–19, 47–48, 383, 390–391

comparative context of Mexico, Ecuador, and Colombia

, 28–30

creativity studies in Latin America

, 9–10

and culture

, 38

dynamics of entrepreneurship and

, 22–24

entrepreneurship and

, 19–22

interest in

, 46

in Latin America

, 27–31

lighthouse

, 10–12

management

, 55

relationship of creativity and entrepreneurship works in contexts

, 24–25

Creators

, 78

Credit mechanisms

, 282

Crisis

, 365–368

during crisis

, 367–368

postcrisis during

, 368

precrisis and during

, 367

Critical analysis

, 170–171, 483, 488

Cross-cultural negotiations

, 530

Crowdfunding platforms

, 207–208

Cultural and creative industries (CCIs)

, 38

Cultural capital

, 429–430

Cultural entrepreneurship

, 432

Cultural factors

, 285

Cultural identity

, 289, 493

Cultural symbolic system

, 515–516

Culture

, 20

creativity and

, 38

of entrepreneurship

, 496–497

“Culture of effort”

, 441–442

Customers

, 312

Data sources

, 272

DB server

, 98–99

Decentralized financial system (DeFi system)

, 228

Decision-making capacity

, 393

Decolonization

, 119–120

Decree-Law 588 on Organization of Industrial Property

, 69

Dedicated innovation systems

, 145

Defend Trade Secrets Act

, 80

“Dekasegi”

, 434

Deloitte

, 224–225

Democratization

, 472–473

Dependency theory

, 118, 120

Descriptive analysis of literature of entrepreneurship and Covid-19 in Latin America

, 348–365

Design thinking

, 213, 457

Development

development, industrialization, innovation, and entrepreneurship

, 112–113

developmental problems

, 126–127

exhaustion of ISI model

, 123–126

idea of development and Latin American critical positions

, 113–118

need for endogenous core and innovative entrepreneur

, 120–126

radical criticisms

, 118

regarding innovation, development, and entrepreneurship

, 127–128

science, technology, innovation, and development

, 112

structuralism approach

, 113–117

way out of backwardness through industrialization

, 118–120

Dichotomy

, 276

Digital revolution

, 38, 42

Digital technology

, 40–41, 77, 99

Digital transformation approach

, 108, 160

Digitalization

, 40, 165, 368–369

Directionality

, 143

of innovation for sustainability

, 145

Discernment

, 393

Distribution mechanism

, 281

Distributive negotiation

, 531–532

Division of Labor

, 65

DNA of Tecnologico de Monterrey

, 456

Dynamic process

, 106

Dynamic technology-based sector

, 178

E-business initiatives

, 179

e-publishing

, 77

EAFIT Media Lab

, 96

Economic Commission for Latin America and Caribbean (ECLAC)

, 112, 134, 208, 326–327

Economic crises

, 327

Economic development

increasing complexity of IP system

, 71–72

IP as tool of

, 70–72

in Mesoamerican peoples

, 281

strong IPRs vs. technology diffusion

, 70–71

Economic entity

, 179–180

Economic institutionalism

analytical proposal for study of negotiation and entrepreneurship in Latin America

, 535, 537–538

negotiation, transaction costs, and cognitive organization theory

, 531–535

negotiation and entrepreneurship in Latin America

, 538–542

Economic liberalization

, 472–473, 480

Economic recovery

, 38

through creativity and culture

, 38

LAC challenge of

, 37–38

Economic risk assessment

, 383

Economic sectors development in Latin America

, 403–404

Economic subordination mechanism

, 116

Economic systems

, 109

Economic transformation

, 380

Economy of enclave

, 287

Ecosystem

, 10, 89, 329

Ecotourism

, 497

Ecuadorean migrants

, 435–436

Ecuadorian Amazon

, 286

Editorial experimentation

, 88

Education

, 328–329, 369–370, 450

Educational and research institutions

, 183

Educational approach

, 454–455

Educational techniques for developing skills

, 453–454

Edutech

, 227

Effectuation

, 463

models

, 455

theory

, 452

Efficiency enhancers

, 249

Ek’Chuah of Mayan

, 278

El empresario mexicano

, 404–405

Elevator pitch

, 213

Embezzlement network

, 481–482, 486

Emerging countries

, 178

COVID-19 impact in

, 344

GDP and

, 442–443

innovation-based firms in

, 187–188

Japanese entrepreneurs conducting businesses in

, 434

Employment

, 40, 370–371

challenges for women in Latin American Fintechs

, 232–235

Endogenous core

, 120–126

nuanced technological dependence

, 120–121

truncated industrialization and need for endogenous nucleus

, 122

Endogenous nucleus

, 122

Engagement

, 390–391

Enterprise program (1978)

, 456

Entrepreneur

, 180, 189, 191, 194, 380, 451

approach

, 453–455

attributes of

, 387

in Chile

, 394–395

in contemporary era

, 383–384

in context of Latin America

, 384–386

evolution in study of figure of

, 381–383

initial studies on figure of

, 381–382

personality

, 191–192

in Peru

, 393–394

profile in Mexico

, 391–393

psychological profile of

, 386–389

of Twentieth Century

, 382–383

“Entrepreneur Territory”

, 459–460

Entrepreneurial activity

, 249–250, 252, 254

Entrepreneurial aspirations

, 249–250, 255–256

“Entrepreneurial ataraxia”

, 270–271

Entrepreneurial attitudes

, 250–252

Entrepreneurial attitudes and perceptions

, 249–250

Entrepreneurial capabilities (EC)

, 178, 189, 195

entrepreneur, innovation, and growth of companies

, 189–191

individual attributes and acquired skills in building of

, 191–192

knowledge and skills

, 192–193

in knowledge-intensive startups

, 193–195

“Entrepreneurial economy”

, 258–259

Entrepreneurial ecosystem

, 277, 283

under indigenous context

, 282–284

Entrepreneurial Employee Activity (EEA)

, 254, 256–257

Entrepreneurial family

, 411–412

Entrepreneurial firms

, 450

Entrepreneurial framework conditions (EFC)

, 256–257

Entrepreneurial History Analysis Scheme (EAHE)

, 419

Entrepreneurial human capital

, 283–284

Entrepreneurial Leadership Development (ELD)

, 456

Entrepreneurial learning

, 187–188

Entrepreneurial migration processes

, 430–431

family

, 441–442

institutional conditions of host countries attracting migration

, 439

institutional conditions of Latin American countries

, 438–439

institutional obstacles

, 439–441

migration motivations from and to Latin America

, 435–436

profile of foreign entrepreneurs immigrating in Latin America

, 437–438

profile of Latin American migrant entrepreneurs

, 436–437

research approach and antecedents

, 433–435

theoretical framework

, 431–432

Entrepreneurial motivation

, 370

Entrepreneurial perceptions

, 250–252

Entrepreneurial phenomenon

, 284

access to ownership

, 288

key aspects in

, 288

market conditions

, 288

predisposing factors

, 288

resource mobilizations

, 288

Entrepreneurial process

, 247, 291, 308, 310, 451

Entrepreneurial spirit

, 22, 385, 395, 429–430

Entrepreneurial State

, 108–109

Entrepreneurialism

, 20

Entrepreneurs

, 275–276, 281, 344–345

biographical studies of

, 403–404

biographies and immigration

, 407–408

biographies of

, 411–412

perceive IP institutions

, 64

Entrepreneurship. See also Social entrepreneurship (SE)

, 4–5, 17–18, 64, 106, 112–113, 125, 177–178, 180, 247, 258, 271, 284–285, 288, 301, 303, 329, 333, 344, 380, 383, 450, 456, 531

academic literature on

, 298–299

activity

, 370

analytical proposal for entrepreneurship study in Latin America

, 535–538

capabilities, innovation, and

, 179, 182, 191–192

capabilities and startups in Latin America

, 182–189

cases of study

, 456–461

in Chile

, 460–461

in Colombia

, 458–460

comparative context of Mexico, Ecuador, and Colombia

, 28–30

concept at GEM project

, 246–247

conceptualization of

, 451

corruption and

, 470–471

countries publish most on entrepreneurship in Latin America

, 304, 316

and creativity

, 19–22

crisis

, 365–368

descriptive analysis of entrepreneurship literature and Covid-19

, 348–349, 363, 365

digitalization

, 368–369

dynamics in Latin America and Caribbean

, 244, 249, 257

dynamics of creativity and

, 22–24

economic development

, 297

ecosystem

, 189, 259

education

, 369–370, 450, 464

employment

, 370–371

entrepreneurial activity

, 252–254

entrepreneurial aspirations

, 255–256

entrepreneurial attitudes and perceptions

, 250–252

entrepreneurial framework conditions

, 256–257

entrepreneurship under GEM Lens

, 258–260

evolution of

, 304–313

field

, 453

gender in

, 222–223

informal entrepreneurship

, 27

Latin America

, 27, 31, 271–272, 277–278, 298, 300, 304, 452, 535, 538, 542

Latin American women in

, 223–224

learning and teaching

, 450

linear individualism of

, 106

literature review

, 189, 450

methodology

, 455–456

in Mexico

, 456–458

negotiation in

, 530

opportunities and determined

, 451

origin of empirical sample

, 364–365

paradox

, 258–259

political corruption and entrepreneurship in Latin America

, 471–473

programs

, 453

PUC-Chile

, 460

PUJ

, 459

reflection on future of

, 462–464

relationship of creativity and entrepreneurship works in contexts

, 24–25

relevance in LAC under GEM Lens

, 258–260

relevance of GEM

, 259

research focuses between 2000 and 2006

, 305–308

research focuses between 2007 and 2013

, 308–310

research focuses between 2014 and 2020

, 310–313

rural and communal entrepreneurship

, 26

studies

, 452

TEC

, 456

thematic analysis of literature of entrepreneurship and Covid-19 in Latin America

, 365–371

top journals publishing on entrepreneurship in Latin America

, 302–303

as traits of startups

, 180–182

type of study and research methods

, 364

women’s entrepreneurship

, 25–26

year and affiliation of first author

, 348–364

Entrepreneurship Indicators Project

, 283

“Entrepreneurship Law”

, 458–459

Entrepreneurship Monitor Index (GEM Index)

, 283

Entrepreneurship Paradox

, 258–259

Entrepreneurship Program Transfer Model (EPTM)

, 453

Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice

, 301–303

Environmental sustainability

, 108

Environmentalism

, 497

Ernst and Young (EY)

, 224–225

Established Business Ownership (EBO)

, 256–257

Eternal recurrence process

, 106–107

Ethics and Governance guidelines

, 224–225

Ethnic businesses

, 285

development

, 288

Ethnic community

, 285

Ethnic dimension

, 288

Ethnic entrepreneurial ecosystem shape

, 291

Ethnic entrepreneurship. See also Social entrepreneurship (SE)

, 287, 289, 291

in Latin America

, 284–287

quality of

, 289

Ethnic group resources

, 290

Ethnic Studies Program

, 515–516

Ethnicity

, 284–285, 515

subcultural dimension of

, 285–286

European immigrants

, 494–495

Exhaustion of ISI model

, 123–126

“Experiences in Social Innovation”

, 214

Experimentation

, 88

Extended family business

, 513

“Extraordinary rents” network

, 479–480, 484

“Fab labs”

, 93

“False entrepreneurs”

, 539

Family

, 441–442

biographies of

, 411–412

family-owned accommodations

, 496–497

inheritance

, 513

rivalries

, 512

Family business

, 416, 511–512

future research Agenda

, 519–520

generations

, 511–512

literature on Latin American successions

, 513–519

Family entrepreneurship teams (FET)

, 310

Farmers

, 275–276

“Fear of failure”

, 388

Federal Electricity Commission

, 480

Female

empowerment

, 284

entrepreneurship

, 272

Feminine identity

, 9

Fideicomisos Familiares

, 517

Financial crises in some Latin American

, 433

Financial resources for entrepreneurship in Latin America

, 272

“Financial technology”

, 221–222

Financing mechanisms

, 272, 282

Fintech Revolution

, 224

data and methods

, 223–227

employment challenges for women in Latin American Fintechs

, 232–235

Fintech

, 227–229

Fintech start-ups, gender, and entrepreneurship in Latin America

, 229–232

origins and evolution of

, 227–235

Firm

, 121

Firm governance

, 517

“Flesh and blood” entrepreneurs

, 404

Flexibility

, 390–391

Foreign direct investment (FDI)

, 139–140

Foreign entrepreneurs immigrating profile in Latin America

, 437–438

Formal institutional frameworks

, 22–23

Fragmentation

, 46

Gates, Bill (Microsoft)

, 222

Gender

, 513

entrepreneurship

, 222–223, 272

General Data Protection guidelines

, 224–225

“Generation of ideas”

, 58

Generations

, 513, 516–517

Global Competitiveness Report of World Economic Forum

, 249

“Global Corruption Barometer: Latin America and The Caribbean 2019”

, 472–473

Global Entrepreneurship Index (GEI)

, 283

Global Entrepreneurship Monitor project (GEM project)

, 18–19, 107, 244, 246–247, 249, 252, 299, 384

collection

, 247

conceptual framework of

, 244, 246, 250

data

, 258–259

entrepreneurship at

, 246–247

entrepreneurship relevance in LAC under GEM lens

, 258–260

framework

, 249

in LAC

, 259–260

methodology

, 247–249

relevance of

, 259

Global Entrepreneurship Research Association (GERA)

, 259–260

Globalization

, 493

Google Scholar

, 345, 347, 389

Granting patents

, 72

Greentech

, 227, 231–232

Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (GERD)

, 146

Gross domestic product (GDP)

, 146

Hacienda

, 408

Hacks/Hackers movement

, 93

Hangzhou Internet Court Case

, 78–79

“Hedging influencing” practices

, 481

Heroic entrepreneur

, 190

Heterogeneity of entrepreneurial spirit

, 17–18

High-income economies

, 256–257

Higher education (HE)

, 326

Higher Education Institutions

, 167, 214, 383–384

Hotel chains

, 493–494

Human assets

, 532–533

Ibero-American General Secretariat (SEGIB)

, 39

Illegal economic activities

, 482–483, 486

Immigrant(s)

, 429–430

communities

, 287

entrepreneurs

, 430, 512

family

, 514

Immigration, biographies of entrepreneurs and

, 407–408

Import substitution

, 471

Import substitution industrialization model (ISI model)

, 112, 124–125

ISI industrialization model and emergence of technological policy

, 120

Inca Rail in Peru

, 498–499

Incas

, 270

Inclusive innovation frameworks

, 138

Inclusive system of innovation

, 138

Independent labs

, 92, 96

Indigenous communities

, 284, 286

Indigenous context, entrepreneurial ecosystem under

, 282–284

Indigenous Latin American context

, 291

Indigenous people

, 284, 286, 290

“Individual determinants”

, 178

“Individual entrepreneur”

, 180

Individual learning

, 94

Industrial Revolution

, 65

Industrialization

, 112–113

way out of backwardness through

, 118–120

Industry labs

, 91–92

Influence peddling

, 488

Informal entrepreneurship

, 27

Informal institutional frameworks

, 22–23

Information and communication technologies

, 222, 386

Information Technology (IT)

, 100, 386

Innovation

, 4–5, 47, 88, 90, 92, 94, 106, 112–113, 178–179, 182, 189, 191, 301, 303, 384–385, 388, 390–391

activities

, 106

center

, 461

ecosystem

, 106, 160, 163–164, 211–212, 460–461

and entrepreneurship, capabilities

, 179–182

generation of

, 107

in Latin America

, 106

linear individualism of

, 106

literature on

, 106–107

and need for entrepreneurial and innovative businessman

, 123–126

never-ending story for Latin America

, 105–109

open debates

, 107–109

policy

, 160–161

process

, 91–94, 107

regarding innovation, development, and entrepreneurship

, 127–128

“Innovation hub” category

, 167

Innovation parks. See Technology Parks

Innovation system

approach

, 134

conceptualizing transformation of

, 149–151

conceptualizing transformation of innovation system framework

, 149–151

from grand challenges to sustainable development

, 144–145

innovation and role in tackling sustainable development challenges

, 136–137

Latin American countries’ capacity for transforming innovation systems

, 145–149

responsible innovations for sustainable transformations

, 143–144

for sustainable development challenges

, 136–144

transforming traditional innovation systems framework

, 137–143

Innovative entrepreneur

, 120–126

Innovative entrepreneurship

, 127

Innovative transdisciplinary formulas

, 269–270

Institutional “labyrinths” women

, 231

Institutional conditions

of host countries attracting migration from Latin American entrepreneurs

, 439

of Latin American countries driving migration of entrepreneurs

, 438–439

Institutional frameworks

, 22, 24, 532

Institutional stability

, 432

Institutional voids

, 431–432

Institutionalism

, 207

Institutionalist approach

, 285

Institutions

, 183

Latin America

, 184

publications on entrepreneurship, capabilities, and startups

, 183

Instituto de Emprendimiento Eugenio Garza Lagüera (IEEGL)

, 457

Instituto Tecnológico de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey

, 410–411

Integrative negotiation. See Collaborative negotiation

Intellectual asset commercialization

, 64

Intellectual Property (IP)

, 64

as international competitive strategy

, 72–75

as tool of economic development

, 70–72

commercialization

, 64, 80

emergence of IP institutions

, 65–70

Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs)

, 67

Intellectual traits

, 4

“Inter partes review” process

, 73–74

Inter-American Development Bank (IDB)

, 9, 38–39, 214, 224–225, 298, 313, 316

Intermediary entrepreneur

, 406–407

Internal locus of control

, 390–391

Internal restructuring process

, 412

International competitive strategy, IP as

, 72–75

Bayh Dole Act system and implications

, 73–74

future of IP institutions

, 76–80

IP institutions in developing countries after 1980

, 74–75

International empirical evidence

, 247

International Labor Organization (ILO)

, 286

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

, 221–222, 224–225, 228

Internationalization

, 394–395

Internet of Things (IoT)

, 98–99, 166

Internet-mediated communication

, 224–225

Intraorganizational conflict research

, 542

Intrapreneurs

, 254

Invention Patents Act

, 69

Inventors

, 78

Itinerant sellers

, 279

Janic thought

, 533

Jews and Modern Capitalism, The

, 284–285

Journal of Business Venturing

, 301–303

Journal of Cleaner Production and Sustainability

, 300–301

Journal of Development Economics

, 301–303

Journals in Latin America

, 185

Juxtaposition, two worlds, two logics in

, 281–282

Knowledge transfer

, 162

Knowledge-intensive startups

, 189–195

entrepreneurial capabilities in

, 193–195

KPMG (management consulting company)

, 224–225

Labor market

, 286

Laboratoria

, 234

Laboratório de Convergência deMídias, hosted by Federal University of Maranhão (LABCOM)

, 96

Labs

, 88–89

forms of

, 93–94

as innovation events

, 93

Laissez-faire approach

, 65

LATAM, entrepreneurship in

, 271–272

Latin America (LA)

, 67

Latin America

, 106, 134, 326, 450, 455

analytical proposal for study of negotiation and entrepreneurship in

, 535, 537–538

art of SE from

, 328–329

authors of works on

, 203–207

case studies

, 213–215

cases of political corruption in

, 479

creativity and entrepreneurship in

, 27–31

creativity studies in

, 9–10

descriptive analysis of literature of entrepreneurship and Covid-19 in

, 348–365

entrepreneurship dynamics in

, 243–244

ethnic Entrepreneurship in

, 284–287

family businesses’ succession in

, 512

Fintech start-ups, gender, and entrepreneurship in

, 229–232

foreign entrepreneurs immigrating profile in

, 437–438

GEM Project

, 246–249

importance of social entrepreneurship for

, 326–327

literature review

, 202–212

media labs and expansion in

, 95–96

methods and techniques for

, 212–213

migration motivations from and to

, 435–436

negotiation and entrepreneurship in

, 538–542

organizational creativity in

, 45–46, 49, 53

pay-offs to players of typical clientelist network in

, 477

political corruption and entrepreneurship in

, 471–473

proposed framework for

, 287–291

research methodology

, 345–348

SE in

, 335–337

social innovation in

, 201–202

thematic analysis of literature of entrepreneurship and Covid-19 in

, 365–371

Latin America and Caribbean (LAC)

, 37–38, 243–244

economies

, 258–259

entrepreneurship dynamics in

, 244, 249, 257

evolution of entrepreneurial activity in early stages in

, 245

Latin American

academic circles

, 106–107

approach

, 160

approach of University for Development

, 164

capitalism

, 117

civilizations

, 270

countries

, 258–259, 283–284, 298

countries’ capacity for transforming innovation systems

, 145–149

economic model

, 284

economies

, 512

educational system

, 271

entrepreneurial migration

, 433

entrepreneurial phenomenon

, 276

entrepreneurs

, 271

entrepreneurship

, 270

grand challenges

, 135

indigenous people

, 291

innovation community

, 106–107

institutional conditions driving migration of entrepreneurs

, 438–439

literature on Latin American successions

, 513–519

media lab examples

, 96–97

migrant entrepreneurs profile

, 436–437

region

, 283

territory

, 106–107

universities

, 271

women in entrepreneurship

, 223–224

Latin American Development School

, 162

“Latin American Switzerland”

, 270

Latin American thought approach (LTA)

, 112–113, 126

idea of development and Latin American critical positions

, 113–118

science, technology, innovation, and development

, 112

toward development, industrialization, innovation, and entrepreneurship

, 112–115

Launching an Orange Future

, 39

“Lava Jato”, political scandal

, 481

Laxity

, 71

Leadership

, 383, 388

characteristics

, 541–542

collaboration and faceless

, 106

confidence

, 55

decisions

, 542

inclusive and nonauthoritarian

, 170–171

institutional

, 106

for management quality

, 496–497

MSMEs and

, 502–503

patent

, 67

self-leadership

, 24

Learning

, 178, 180–181

Legal anticorruption framework

, 487–488

Legitimacy

, 143

Lemonade principle

, 452

Life-cycle learning model

, 121

Linkage of academy

, 160

LinkedIn

, 225–226

“Living labs”

, 93

Localized Agri-Food Systems

, 213–214

Location specificity. See Site specificity

Machine learning

, 166

Madrid Agreement

, 66–67

Management

consulting companies

, 224–225

control systems

, 55

“Management economy”

, 258–259

“Management of New Enterprises”

, 452

Managerial skills

, 390–391

Marant Etoile

, 290

María Laura Cuya (Innova-Funding and founder of FactoringLab)

, 229

Market governance

, 533

Marketing systems of Mesoamerica

, 279

Marshall Plan

, 112

Marxist theory of dependency

, 118

Mastercard (payments processors)

, 224–225

Mayan calendar

, 278

Mayan culture

, 278, 289

Mayan deities

, 278

McKinsey (management consulting company)

, 224–225

Media Industry, media labs beyond

, 97–99

“Media lab construct” entity

, 88

Media labs

, 87–88, 90, 94

concept

, 90–94

expansion in detail

, 94

forms of labs

, 93–94

historical perspective

, 88–90

Latin American media lab examples

, 96–97

beyond Media Industry

, 97–99

media labs created

, 89

model

, 90

roles and future

, 99–100

today and expansion in Latin America

, 95–96

Mentors Network

, 461

MERCOSUR Cultural

, 39

Mesoamerican civilizations

colonial era

, 281–282

entrepreneurial ecosystem under an indigenous context

, 282–284

entrepreneurial perspective in mesoamerican context

, 277–281

ethnic entrepreneurship in Latin America

, 284–287

proposed framework for Latin America

, 287–291

types of producers and sellers found in Mexican markets

, 281

Mesoamerican indigenous culture

, 276

business-oriented entrepreneurial perspective in

, 278

Methodology, research agenda focused on

, 518

Mexican

context

, 306–308

entrepreneurs study

, 405–407

family business

, 514

handicrafts

, 290

social enterprises

, 333–334

succession process of

, 515

Mexican Constitution (1857)

, 68

Mexico

biographies approach in business studies in

, 417–421

biographies of businessmen in

, 404–405

entrepreneur profile in

, 391–393

entrepreneurship context in

, 456–458

tourism in

, 495

Micro-, small, and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs)

, 344, 493–494

Middleman minority theory

, 287

Migrant

entrepreneurs

, 429–430, 442

entrepreneurship

, 429–430

Migration

, 270, 513

ethnicity in context of

, 287

motivations from and to Latin America

, 435–436

Migratory

socioeconomic relevance of

, 429–430

Minor corruption

, 471

Minority entrepreneurship

, 287

Mission-oriented innovation

, 108–109

MIT Media Lab

, 88, 97–98

Mixe indigenous people

, 290

Mixed-methods approach

, 224

Moderate risk-taking method

, 390–391

Modern mechanisms

, 284

Multi-Latinas

, 272

Multidimensional crisis

, 171

Multiple social hierarchies

, 285

Multivariate statistical analysis

, 364

Narrative for sector

, 40

Nascent entrepreneur

, 247

National Agency for Overcoming of Poverty (ANSPE)

, 207

National Creativity System (NCS)

, 10

National development policy

, 69

National entrepreneurship policy

, 458–459

National Entrepreneurship Systems (NIS)

, 10

National Expert Survey (NES)

, 247–249, 256–257

National Federation of Community Tourism of Guatemala (FENATUCGUA)

, 286

National innovation systems (NIS)

, 9–10, 107

National laws

, 66

Nationalism

, 493

“Necessity entrepreneurs”

, 20–21

Necessity-driven entrepreneurs

, 430–431

Negotiation

, 529–531, 535

in entrepreneurship

, 530

in Latin America

, 535, 538, 542

Neo-Schumpeterian approaches

, 113

“Neo-structuralist” approach

, 126

Neoclassical assets

, 533

Neoclassical economics

, 113

Neoclassical theory

, 116

Neoliberal model

, 125

Neoliberalism

, 113

Netflix

, 42

Networks

, 192, 310

New business

creation

, 248–249

models

, 40

“New entrepreneurial profile”

, 271

New institutional economics framework (NIE framework)

, 470

New York Times media lab (NYTs media lab)

, 100

Non-Disclosure Agreements

, 77

Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs)

, 79–80

Non-Latin American Countries (NLC)

, 303

Non-Schumpeterian innovation

, 171

Noncentralized commercial interactions

, 279

Noneconomic factors

, 285

Nonimmigrant land

, 412–413

Nonprofit organization

, 224–225

Normative trust

, 535

North American Free Trade Agreement

, 75

Nuclear family business

, 513

NYC Media Lab

, 92–93

Oaxacan Mixe indigenous community

, 290

Observatorio Turístico del Perú (OTP)

, 501

Official government statistics

, 248

Ojo Lab

, 96

Opportunity

and determined entrepreneurship

, 451

opportunity-driven migrants

, 430–431

“Opportunity entrepreneurs”

, 20–21

Optimism

, 390–391

Orange economy

, 9, 38

impact of pandemic and challenges for sector

, 39–41

sectors with high potential

, 41–42

OrbitalLab

, 96–97

Organisational knowledge

, 93

Organization mechanisms, and/or formalization

, 328–329

Organization of Ibero-American States (OEI)

, 39

Organizational creativity

, 57–58

cases of Brazil and Colombia

, 53–55

implications for theory and practice

, 58

in Latin America

, 45–46, 49, 53

limitations and suggestions for future studies

, 58–59

method

, 49

reflections on Latin American production

, 55–58

Organizational culture

, 52–53

Organizational learning

, 94

Organizational mechanisms

, 517

Organizational reality

, 57–58

Organizational research

, 54–55

Organizational strategies

, 496–497

Orthodox model

, 117

Osterwalder’s Business Model Canvas

, 457

Owner-Manager of an Established Business

, 247

Panel data model

, 308–310

Paradoxical creativity

, 7–8

Paraguayan public institutions

, 480

Paris Convention

Paris Convention

, 66, 69, 71

Patent Cooperation Treaty system growth (PCT growth)

, 76

Patent law

, 71

Patentability

, 65

Pedagogical and Technological University of Colombia (UPTC)

, 202

Pedagogical techniques

, 457

PEMEX (state-owned oil enterprise)

, 480

Penta-Helix model

, 162–163

Persevere (psychological attributes in entrepreneurial profile)

, 390–391

Persistent problems

, 134–135

Personal trust

, 535

Peru

case of Peru within regional perspective

, 501–503

entrepreneurs in

, 393–394

Inca Rail in

, 498–499

Perú ToDay

, 501–502

Peruvian case

, 518–519

Phonograph

, 69

Physical asset specificity

, 532

Pilot in the plane principle

, 452

Platonic conception

, 3

Political corruption

cases of political corruption in Latin America

, 479

corruption and entrepreneurship

, 470–471

critical analysis

, 483–488

democratization and economic liberalization

, 472–473

embezzlement

, 481–482

first years of new regional Sovereign states

, 471

illegal economic activities

, 482–483

literature review

, 470–473

methods and sources

, 473–479

pay-offs to players of typical clientelist network in Latin America

, 477

political corruption and entrepreneurship in Latin America

, 471–473

protectionism and import substitution

, 471

rent-extraction

, 479–480

trading in influence

, 481

transparency of public administrations

, 469–470

Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile (PUC-Chile)

, 313, 316, 462

Pontificia Universidad Javeriana (PUJ)

, 458–460

Post-pandemic

, 135

Postcrisis

, 368

Powerhouse movement

, 271

Practice-based and skills knowledge

, 93–94

Pre COVID-19 pandemic

, 135

Pre-Columbian indigenous market system

, 279

Precrisis

, 367

Private corruption

, 470

Private sector

, 135, 243–244

Private-public cooperation schemes

, 107–108

Proactivity

, 390–391

Problem management

, 390–391

Problem-solving methods

, 55, 383

Process approach

, 453

ProChile Pymexporta Program

, 394–395

Procurement practices

, 480

Product and technology knowledge

, 93

Production workshops

, 279

Productive Integration Projects (PIPs)

, 531

Productivity

, 313–317

Program for International Student Assessment (PISA)

, 283–284

Project Oriented Learning (POL)

, 457

Promotion of tourism

, 495–496

Property law

, 70

Protectionism

, 471

“Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, The”

, 284–285, 382

Psychological approach

, 383–384

Psychological assistance program

, 395

Psychological profile of Latin American entrepreneur

case studies

, 391–395

entrepreneur in Chile

, 394–395

entrepreneur in contemporary era

, 383–384

entrepreneur in context of Latin America

, 384–386

entrepreneur of Twentieth Century

, 382–383

entrepreneur profile in Mexico

, 391–393

entrepreneurs in Peru

, 393–394

evolution in study of figure of entrepreneur

, 381–383

methodology

, 389–391

psychological attributes

, 390–391

psychological profile of entrepreneur

, 386–389

Public administrations, transparency of

, 469–470

Public corruption

, 470

Public policies

, 201–202, 213–214, 290

pertinent

, 443

restrictive migration

, 440–441

Public sector

, 135, 272

Public television media labs

, 91–92

Public-private cooperation schemes

, 107–108

Publications from Latin America

, 182

Quadruple Helix model

, 162–163

Qualitative methods

, 52

Quality control circle

, 55

Quantitative analysis

, 20–21, 52, 364

Radical paradigm shift

, 142

Ranchers

, 275–276, 286

Raw materials mechanisms

, 282

Real Academia de la Lengua (RAE)

, 12

Recognize opportunities

, 390–391

Redalyc database

, 389

Reflexive innovation systems

, 145

Region’s entrepreneurs

, 258–259

Regional context

, 282, 289–290

business biographies, industries, and agricultural in

, 408–411

Regional ecosystem

, 271

Regionalized approach

, 160

Regression analysis technique

, 364

Regtech

, 227

Relational assets

, 533

Relational risks

, 534, 536

Rent-extraction

, 479–480

Rent-redistribution network

, 483–485

Rent-seeking activity

, 470, 488

Research and development (R&D)

, 20–21, 122

Research parks. See Technology Parks

Research priorities in entrepreneurship

bibliometrics and entrepreneurship in Latin America

, 300–304

evolution of entrepreneurship in Latin America

, 304–313

productivity and collaborative networks

, 313–317

Responsibility

, 143, 390–391

Responsible innovations for sustainable transformations

, 143–144

Responsible University Social Innovation project (ISUR)

, 211

Restrictive migration public policies

, 440–441

“Resurgence” of entrepreneurship

, 270

Retention risk

, 534

Rights of authorization

, 66

Risk analysis

, 393

Robotics

, 166

Rural development

, 284

Rural entrepreneurship

, 26

“Ruta N” project

, 167

“S Curve”

, 213

“Saco Crea”

, 214

Scarcity

, 64

Schumpeterian and Kirznerian approaches

, 21

Schumpeterian concept of entrepreneur

, 179–180

SCIELO database

, 54, 56

Science, technology, and innovation (STI)

, 112, 134, 137, 161–162, 395

and development

, 112

policies

, 108–109

Science, Technology, and Society (STS)

, 161–162

Science and Technology Policy

, 161–162

Science parks. See Technology Parks

ScienceDirect database

, 389

Scientific research

, 161

analysis in Latin America

, 301

entrepreneurship and

, 380

evolution of

, 303–304

and innovation

, 137

priorities of

, 160

Scientific trajectory

, 183

Scientometric analysis

, 300

SCImago Journal and Country Rank (SJR)

, 303–304

“Scissor” effect

, 222–223

Scopus database

, 165–166, 345, 347, 389

Second Industrial Revolution

, 64–65

Second wave, Latin America

, 270

Self-duplication

, 11

Self-efficacy

, 390–391

Self-employment

, 371

Self-preservation

, 11

Self-realization

, 5

Semi-structured interviews

, 223–225

distribution of

, 226

Single-axis approach

, 285

Site specificity

, 532

Skills

, 383

educational techniques for developing

, 453–454

individual attributes and acquired skills in building of entrepreneurial capabilities

, 191–192

managerial

, 390–391

practice-based and skills knowledge

, 93–94

“Skip the valley of death” concept

, 247

Slim family group

, 515

Small and Medium Enterprises (SME)

, 108, 177–178, 222, 227–228, 383, 496–497

Small shops

, 279

Small-scale Latino immigrant entrepreneurs

, 430

Small-scale production system

, 258–259

“Smart and learning campus” project

, 167

Smart Brick project

, 97–98

Social and family relationships

, 516

Social and Solidarity Economy (SSE)

, 531

Social capital

, 451

Social conditions

, 284

Social dimension

, 137

Social enterprise

, 328, 334–335

Social entrepreneurship (SE)

, 209, 271, 325, 327, 383–384

as business strategy

, 333–335

ecosystem

, 335

in Latin America

, 335–337

for Latin America, importance of

, 326–327

from Latin American perspective, art of

, 328–329

method used

, 327

narrative

, 222

as solution to social problems

, 329–330, 332–333

Social inclusion challenges

, 134–135

Social innovation

, 209, 328–329

authors of works on

, 203–207

case studies

, 213–215

ecosystems

, 211

in Latin America

, 208

literature review

, 202–212

methods and techniques for

, 212–213

poles

, 208

policies

, 207

Social network

, 470, 515

Social organizations

, 207–208

Social processes

, 418–419

Social transformation

, 380

Social value

, 335

Society

, 162–163

Socio-institutional collaboration

, 107

South America, tourism chain in

, 494–500

South-North migration

, 436

South-South migration

, 436

Spanish colonizers

, 282

Spanish Conquest Colonial Era

, 277

Spanish viceroyalty

, 281

Stakeholders in tourism

, 499

Startups in Latin America

capabilities and entrepreneurship as traits of startups

, 180–182

construction of

, 179–180

countries and coauthorships

, 183

entrepreneurial capabilities

, 189–195

entrepreneurship, capabilities and

, 182–189

as initial stage

, 189–191

institutions

, 183

journals

, 185

methodology and Latin American presence

, 182–185

methodology and sample selection

, 182

networks and nodes

, 187

research topics in Latin America

, 185–189

scientific trajectory

, 183

startups, capabilities, innovation, and entrepreneurship

, 179–182

topics of publications

, 188

“Strong sustainability”

, 149

Structural equation model

, 364

Structuralism approach

, 113–117

Substantive law

, 65

Succession process of Mexican family businesses

, 515

Successions process

, 515

Super wicked problems

, 134–135

Suppliers

, 312

Supranational organizations

, 224–225

“Survival entrepreneurs”

, 252–254

Sustainability

, 134–135, 497

approach

, 160, 369

directionality of innovation for

, 145

sustainability-oriented innovation systems

, 145

Sustainable business models

, 187–188

Sustainable Community Tourism Network for Latin America (REDTURS)

, 286

Sustainable Community Tourism Network of Latin America (RITA)

, 286

Sustainable development

directionality of innovation for sustainability

, 145

from grand challenges to

, 144–145

research

, 328

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

, 134–135

Sustainable entrepreneurship

, 271

Sustainable innovation

, 144–145

Sustainable long-term strategy

, 109

Sustainable transformations, responsible innovations for

, 143–144

Systematic literature review (SLR)

, 345

protocol

, 346–347

“Tangible” property rights

, 67

Teaching approach

, 450, 453, 455–456, 462

Technological dependence

, 120–121

Technological innovation

, 64, 210

and entrepreneurship

, 25

Technological learning

, 187–188

Technological modernism

, 117

Technological movement in Latin America

, 108–109

Technological policy

, 120

Technology

, 88, 91–92, 182, 221–222

Technology diffusion

, 70–71

Technology Parks

, 458

Technology-based company

, 179, 193

Tecnológico de Monterrey (TEC)

, 313, 316, 456

Telesistema Mexicano

, 411

Territorial activation processes

, 213–214

Thematic analysis of entrepreneurship literature and Covid-19 in Latin America

, 365–371

Third wave, Latin America

, 270

Tianguis

, 279

Tlatelolco market

, 279

TLCAN trade agreement

, 434

Tobit regression model

, 312

Total Early-Stage Entrepreneurial Activity (TEA)

, 247, 256–257

Tour operators in Brazil

, 498

Tourism chain

case of Peru within regional perspective

, 501–503

in Latin America

, 493

in South America

, 494–500

Traceability

, 77

Tracing shutdown labs

, 90

Trade

as in Mesoamerican civilizations

, 279

Trade secrets

, 71–72, 77

laws

, 80

Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS)

, 74

Trademark rights

, 72

Trading in influence

, 481, 485

Trading system

, 281

Traditional group (TG)

, 476

Traditional innovation systems framework, transforming

, 137–143

Traditional mechanisms

, 284

Traffic of influence

, 488

Trajectories of Mexican businessmen

, 405

Transaction cost

, 532

perspective

, 534

theory

, 530–531, 535

Transformed innovation system framework

, 143

Transforming beings

, 11

Transparency International

, 470

Transversal stands out

, 383–384

“Triangle of interactions” model

, 161–162

Trilateral governance

, 533

Triple Helix

, 160, 162–163

Triple helix agents

, 312

Truncated industrialization

, 122

Trust

, 534–535

Tuning Latin America project of European Union

, 211

Twentieth Century, entrepreneur of

, 382–383

UC-Anacleto Angelini Innovation Center

, 461

UK’s BBC News Labs

, 93

UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce

, 78

Unfair Competition Prevention Act

, 80

United Nations, Multilateral Investment Fund (MIF)

, 212

United Nations Development Program (UNDP)

, 212

United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)

, 39

United Nations General Assembly

, 39

United States Agency for International Development (USAID)

, 212

United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO)

, 73–74

Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona

, 313–316

Universidad de Valencia

, 313–316

Universidad del Desarrollo

, 313–316

Universities

, 453, 455–456

University knowledge transfer

, 159–160

analysis of keywords related to

, 163

cases of study

, 166–167

critical analysis

, 170–171

frequency of co-occurrence of keywords by Latin American authors

, 164

literature review

, 161–165

methods

, 165–166

organizational and operational model for

, 170

Uruguay Round agreements

, 70

USMCA. See TLCAN trade agreement

Venture capital

, 308

Video games

, 41–42

Violence

, 435

Visa (payments processors)

, 224–225

Vos Viewer software (VOS)

, 185

Wakyo

, 434

Washington Consensus approach

, 134

“Weak sustainability”

, 149

Web of Science (WoS)

, 165–166, 301, 345, 347

core collection database

, 299

Wicked problems

, 134–135

Women

business development for women entrepreneurs

, 229

employment challenges for women in Latin American Fintechs

, 232–235

entrepreneurship

, 25–26

women-founded fintechs

, 230–231

women-only venture capital funds

, 231

Work organization system

, 282

World Bank (WB)

, 298

World Health Organization (WHO)

, 343–344

World IP Organization (WIPO)

, 67

“World System”

, 125–126

World Trade Organization (WTO)

, 74

World-class Latin America

, 272

Xavierian Entrepreneurship Center

, 459–460

Xochitecatl archaeological site

, 213–214

Yacatecuhtli of Aztecs

, 278

Youth

care programs for youth at risk

, 209

unemployment in Latin American

, 370