A Nation at Risk:The Imperative for Educational Reform

, 98

Ableism

, 128

Academies

in New York

, 12

preparatory

, 11–12

providing studies in teacher education

, 42–43

seventeenth and eighteenth centuries

, 2

Active engagement

, 151

Adequate Yearly Progress (AYP)

, 123

Administrative progressives

, 70–71

Advanced Placement (AP)

, 108–109

“Advanced work classes”

, 149

Affirming diversity:The Sociopolitical Context of Multicultural Education

African American teacher preparation

, 27

American Association of Colleges of Teacher Education (AACTE)

, 4–6, 106–107, 126, 148

American culture

, 10

American Educational Research Association (AERA)

, 102

American Educational Studies Association (AESA)

, 103–104

American Federation of Teachers (AFT)

, 84

American Journal of Education (Barnard)

, 14, 40, 63

American Normal School Association

, 55

American Revolution

, 4, 37–38

American school-aged children

, 1

American Woman’s Educational Association

, 24–25

Annual report cards

, 119–120

“Antiintellectual”

, 11

Antiracist pedagogy

, 147

Appeal (Walker)

, 9–10

Art normal school in Boston

, 39

“Art of teaching”

, 62

Assertiveness/voice

, 151

Association for the Study of Negro Life and History (ASNLH)

, 83

Atlantic Monthly, The

, 16–17

Banks, James

, 6, 102

Barnard, Henry

, 14, 39–40, 45, 59, 63

Beecher, Catharine

, 23–25

Behaviorism

, 71–72

Belonging

, 151

Bethune, Mary McLeod

, 29

Bilingual Education Act

, 93

“Bill for the More General Diffusion of Knowledge”

, 10

Black, Indigenous, and People of Color teachers (BIPOC teachers)

, 141, 152

Black Americans, education of

, 27–31

Black children

, 9

Black Lives Matter movement

, 117–118, 139

Black normal schools

, 29

Board of National Popular Education

, 19–20

Board-certified teachers

, 157

Branch State Normal School of California

, 40

Bridgewater Normal School

, 44

Brown v Board of Education (1954)

, 92

Byfield Academy

, 21–22

Canada, Geoffrey

, 6, 109

Cardinal Principles of Secondary Education

, 71

Care theory

, 104

Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching

, 99–100

Carter, James G.

, 35–36

Center on Education Policy (CEP)

, 123–124

Child Study

, 68–69

“Child-centered” approach

, 72

Child’s Assistant to a Knowledge of the Geography and History of Vermont, A

, 14–15

Children

education and schooling of

, 9

in United States

, 1

Civil Rights Act (1964)

, 93

Civil Rights Movement

, 91, 93

Civil War

, 16, 41, 52, 60

“Civilization”

, 24

Collaborative for Academic, Social, and Emotional Learning (CASEL)

, 151

College teacher education programs

participants in

, 107–109

structure and curriculum of

, 98–107

Colonial era

, 5

Comer, James

, 132–133

Common Core State Standards

, 120

state adoption of

, 120

Common schools

, 10, 25–26, 39

Contemporary pedagogical theory

, 156

Contemporary public school system

, 35

Contemporary teacher preparation programs

, 3

Coppin, Fanny Jackson

, 80–82

Council for Accreditation of Educator Preparation (CAEP)

, 3

Council for Exceptional Children (CEC)

, 1

Council for the Accreditation of Educator Preparation (CAEP)

, 6, 126–127, 144

COVID pandemic

, 1–2, 133–134

crises brought on by

, 139

Critical pedagogy

, 129

Croatan Normal School

, 42

Culturally sustaining pedagogy

, 45

Curriculum content of early twenty-first century teacher preparation programs

, 126–133

Curriculum of college and university teacher education programs

, 98–107

Curriculum of state normal schools

, 44–47

Darling-Hammond, Linda

, 121–122

Davidson, Olivia

, 53–54

“De facto”

, 91–92

Democracy

, 74

Department of Defense Education Activity (DoDEA)

, 120

Department of Education Organization Act

, 97

Dewey, John

, 73, 76, 150–151

Digital citizenship

, 152

Digital literacy

, 152

Disability

, 128

Diversifying the teacher workforce

, 126

DuBois, W. E. B.

, 78–79

Duckworth, Eleanor

, 101

Early childhood education

, 3, 127

Economic hardships

, 1

Edelman, Marian Wright

, 94

Educated citizenship in United States

, 35

Education as the Practice of Freedom

, 130

Education(al)

, 35

administrators and legislators

, 63

of Black Americans and teachers

, 27–31

in Early America and New Republic

, 9–11

inequity

, 141

in Japan

, 43

plans and programs

, 96

Educational Review (Chadwick)

, 67

Educational Testing Services (ETS)

, 124–125

Educators

, 140–141

Eisenhower Professional Development Program

, 122–123

Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA)

, 95–96, 119

Elementary education

, 3, 127

Elementary Science Study (ESS)

, 101–102

English Language Learners (ELL)

, 131

English learners/Limited English Proficiency

, 93

Equal Educational Opportunities Act (EEOA)

, 131

Equality of Educational Opportunity Survey (EEOS)

, 97

Escalante, Jamie

, 108

Essential Schools

, 1045

Ethical and Moral Instruction in Schools (Palmer)

, 68

European colonial traditions

, 2

Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA)

, 6, 124–125

Federal acts shaped Twenty-first century teacher preparation programs

, 119–126

Federal government’s role in education

, 97, 103, 123

Female seminaries prepare missionary teachers

, 18–27

For-profit teacher preparation programs

, 145–146

Formal educational experiences of young people

, 35

Formal teacher preparation

, 2

programs

, 12

in United States

, 6–7

Forten, Charlotte

, 49–50

Free public “common” schools

, 10

Freedmen’s Bureau (Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands)

, 28–30

Freire, Paulo

, 130

French Ecole Normal

, 37

Fugitive pedagogy

, 83

Gardner, Howard

, 106

Garfield, James

, 61

“General school-keeping”

, 12

Goals 2000 Educate America Act

, 119–121

Greene, Maxine

, 103–104

Grow Your Own Teacher programs

, 157–158

Gun control

, 1

Hall, G. Stanley

, 68–69

Hall, Samuel Read

, 12–13

Hall’s method

, 69–70

Harding, Warren G.

, 61

Harris, Ian

, 104

Harris, William Torrey

, 68

Head Start

, 95

Higginson, Thomas Wentworth

, 16–17

Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs)

, 30, 153–154

Homestead Act

, 29

Imbalances

, 35

Improving America’s Schools Act (IASA)

, 6, 120–121

In-system programs

, 60–65

Indigenous Peoples’ Day

, 117–118

Inequities in education

, 35

Influence of an Early Education

, 35–36

Isawa, Shuji

, 43

Jim Crow

, 6

preparing teachers of color under

, 77–83

Jim Crow Laws

, 68

Job Corps

, 95

Kilpatrick, William Heard

, 72–73

Laboratory school

, 72–73, 75

Lamson, Mary Swift

, 51–52

Lancaster, Joseph

, 64

Land-grant universities

, 65

Lau, Kinney (Lau v. Nichols)

, 93

“Law of Effect”

, 71–72

Learning

, 72

Learning Policy Institute

, 156

Lectures on School-Keeping

, 14–15

Lectures to Female Teachers

, 15–16

Lexington Normal School

, 38, 46

LGBTQ students and families

, 117–118

Liberator

, 49

Lincoln Normal School at Marion

, 41

Lyon, Mary

, 22

Mann, Horace

, 35–37

Martin, Jane Roland

, 3

Martin’s theory

, 3

Massachusetts Curriculum Standards

, 120

Master of Arts in Teaching (M. A. T.)

, 98–99

McAuliffe, Christa

, 110–111

McGuffey’s Readers

, 20–21

Meier, Deborah

, 105

Mid-to-Late Twentieth Century, teachers preparation in

participants in college and university teacher education programs

, 107–109

social and political contexts in latter half of Twentieth Century United States

, 91–98

structure and curriculum of college and university teacher education programs

, 98–107

Middle Atlantic States Philosophy of Education Society

, 103–104

Miner, Myrtilla

, 27–28

“Model School Course”

, 65

Model schools

, 46

Monitorial System

, 64

Morrill, Justin

, 74

Morrill Act of 1862

, 29, 60, 65–66, 74

Multicultural education

, 103

Multiple intelligences (MI)

, 106

Music education

, 43

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)

, 111

National Antislavery Standard

, 50

National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP)

, 97

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

, 50, 83

National Association of Teachers in Colored Schools (NATCS)

, 83

National Board of Professional Teaching Standards (NBPTS)

, 157

National Center for Educational Statistics (NCES)

, 4–5

National Council for the Accreditation of Teacher Education (NCATE)

, 106–107, 126–127

National Council for the Social Studies (NCSS)

, 102

National Council on Teacher Quality (NCTQ)

, 126

National Defense Education Act (NDEA)

, 96

National Education Association (NEA)

, 97

National Governors Association (NGA)

, 120

National/Federal Policies and Support

, 156–159

Native Americans/First Nation

, 64, 117–118

Native teachers

, 2

Nieto, Sonia

, 103

NINE9/11 terrorist attacks

, 117

No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB)

, 6, 96, 123–124, 141–142

Noam, Gil.

, 139–140

Noddings, Nel

, 104

Normal school model

, 91

Norton, Arthur

, 46

Nye, Susan

, 18

Oberlin College in Ohio

, 26

Ogren, Christine

, 39

Old Deluder Satan Act

, 9–10

“Outward-facing” strategies

, 149

Partnerships in Education and Resilience (PEAR)

, 151

Pedagogical models

, 68

“Pedagogical progressives”

, 70

Pedagogy of the Oppressed

, 130

Penn School

, 26–28, 78

Political contexts in latter half of Twentieth Century United States

, 91–98

“Port Royal Experiment”

, 26–27

Post-Revolutionary War 1777 Constitution

, 10

Post-war Reconstruction

, 28

Poverty rates

, 1

Practicum experiences

, 3, 133–134

Pre-practicum experiences

, 133–134

“Preceptresses”

, 66–67

Preparing Teachers for Deeper Learning

, 150–151

Prepracticum experiences

, 3

Primary sources

, 4–5

Professional development school models

, 147–148

Professional education

, 68–69

Program content

, 148–149

Progressive education

, 76

Progressive Education movement

, 6

Progressive Paradox

, 70–77

“Progressive” educators

, 70

Prussian influence on normal schools

, 37

Psychology

, 59

Public responsibility for teacher preparation

, 31

Public School Administration

, 71

Public schools

, 59

declining faith in

, 143–144

Quality of teaching

, 98

“Radical Republicans”

, 28

Ravitch, Diane

, 103

Reagan, Ronald

, 111

Reconstruction

, 5, 26–27

Reflection

, 151

Religion

, 46

Remote learning

, 1–2

“Republican womanhood”

, 16

Resistance

, 77–83

Resourcefulness

, 77–83

Robust economy

, 10–11

Robust educational system

, 10–11

Roosevelt, Franklin D.

, 61

Rural teachers

, 61–62

Rural teaching

, 61

Rush, Benjamin

, 17–18

Russel, Rebecca

, 25–26

Sarmiento, Domingo

, 43

School Development Program (SDP)

, 132

Schooling of children

, 9

Scripture

, 46

“Second Great Awakening”

, 18

Second Morrill Act (1890)

, 65–66

Secondary education

, 3, 100–101, 127

Secondary sources

, 4–5

Segregation

, 41–42

Sense of civic responsibility

, 10–11

Sheltered English Immersion (SEI)

, 131

Slavery

, 5, 26, 83, 158

Social contexts in latter half of Twentieth Century United States

, 91–98

Social efficiency

, 71

Social Emotional Learning (SEL)

, 128, 151

Social intelligence

, 74

Social justice

, 91

Social Service of Industry (SESI)

, 130

“Social-emotional development”

, 151

Sociology

, 59

Space Race

, 6, 96, 111–112

Spanish-American Normal School

, 42

Special education

, 1, 45, 101, 127

Standards for certification

, 91

State level influence on education

, 3, 11, 37, 118–119

State Normal School in New Britain

, 39, 45

State normal schools

, 35–43

Branch State Normal School of California in Los Angeles

, 40

Lexington Normal School

, 38

movement

, 42–43

State Normal School at New Britain

, 39

structure and curriculum of

, 44–47

State teachers’colleges

, 65

States responsibility for teacher preparation

state normal schools

, 35–43

structure and curriculum of state normal schools

, 44–47

students

, 48–55

STEM teacher education program

, 124–125

Structure of college and university teacher education programs

, 98–107

Structure of state normal schools

, 44–47

Student teaching

, 98, 100–101, 150

Students

, 48–55

of twenty-first century teacher preparation programs

, 134–135

Supplemental Education Services (SES)

, 123

Swift, Mary

, 46

Talks on Pedagogies

, 72–73

Teach for America (TFA)

, 106–107, 145

Teacher education

, 59

expanding access to

, 60–65

normal schools move to state colleges and universities

, 65–67

problem of

, 146

Smith School Near Sunflower, Mississippi

, 60

in US

, 59

Teacher Education Accreditation Council (TEAC)

, 126–127

Teacher Education Curriculum

, 68–70

Teacher education programs, structure and curriculum of college and university

, 98–107

Teacher Institutes

, 60–65

Teacher licensure exams

, 3, 124–125

Teacher preparation in Twenty-first century United States

current challenges in teacher preparation

, 141–147

models for practice

, 147–159

recommendations for National/Federal Policies and Support

, 156–159

recommendations related to program content

, 147–152

recommendations related to program form and structure

, 152–156

Teacher preparation programs

, 2–4

curriculum content of early twenty-first century

, 126–133

federal acts shaped Twenty-first century

, 119–126

patchwork of

, 11–13

public responsibility for

, 31

students of twenty-first century

, 134–135

Teacher residency programs

, 143, 154, 157–158

Teacher shortage

, 12–13, 135, 143, 157

Teachers

education of Black Americans and

, 27–31

Teaching

, 13–14, 35–36, 147–148, 154–155

as “women’s work”

, 16–18

declining interest in teaching as career

, 143

Teaching profession

expanding access to teacher education

, 60–65

preparing teachers of color under Jim Crow

, 77–83

progressive paradox

, 70–77

Teacher Education Curriculum

, 68–70

Teens For Gun Reform

, 117–118

The Common School Journal

, 47

The Practical Teacher

, 72–73

Thematic threads

, 3

Thorndike, Edward

, 70–72

Tokyo Normal School

, 43

Topical Action Group on the Internationalization of Teacher Education

, 150

“Transcript of Morrill Act”

, 29

Transforming Teacher Education for Social Justice

, 148

Tuskegee Institute

, 40, 52–53

Twenty-first century children

, 1

learning of

, 1

Twenty-first century teacher preparation programs

COVID Pandemic

, 133–134

Creative Commons

, 117

curriculum content of early

, 126–133

federal acts shaped

, 119–126

students of

, 134–135

in United States

, 117

Tyack, David

, 65

Uncle Tom’s Cabin (Stowe)

, 23–24

United States

children enrollment in public elementary and secondary schools in

, 1

COVID-19 pandemic and children education in

, 1–2

educated citizenship in

, 35

formal teacher preparation in

, 6–7

research methodology

, 4

social and political contexts in latter half of Twentieth Century

, 91–98

teacher preparation programs in

, 3–4

United States Department of Education

, 97

University of Illinois

, 101

University of Iowa

, 66

University of Michigan

, 66

University of Virginia

, 10

University teacher education programs

participants in

, 107–109

structure and curriculum of

, 98–107

University-based education program

, 66–67

Up From Slavery (Davidson)

, 54

US Land Ordinance

, 19–20

US Secretary of Education

, 125–126

US teacher preparation

, 145

USA Patriot Act (2001)

, 117

Voice of the Fugitive

, 48

War on Poverty

, 91, 93, 95

and ESEA

, 95–96

Washington, Booker T.

, 52–53, 77–78

Western migration

, 31

White Anglo-Saxon Protestant

, 10

Willard, Emma

, 5, 17, 19

Woodson, Carter

, 83

World Health Organization (WHO)

, 133

Young, Ella Flagg

, 72–75

Young Republic

education in Early America and New Republic

, 9–11

education of Black Americans and teachers

, 27–31

female seminaries prepare missionary teachers

, 18–27

patchwork of programs for teacher preparation

, 11–13

public responsibility for teacher preparation

, 31

teaching as “women’s work”

, 16–18