Accommodation sector

, 50–51, 308–309

literature review

, 51–52

methodology

, 52–54

qualitative findings

, 58–61

quantitative findings

, 54–58

Adaptive capacity

, 115–116

airBaltic

, 19

Airline sector

, 309–310

Airspaces

, 71

Andalucia tourism

, 148

Archaeological sites

, 38

Argentina, tourism industry in

, 76–80

Artificial intelligence (AI)

, 204

Association of Uganda Tour Operators (AUTO)

, 102, 107

Attractions

, 310–311

Avian Influenza

, 26

Bali Statistic Agency (BSA)

, 28

Bali tourism

, 26–28

Baltic Bubble

, 14–15

Baltic states

, 12–13, 15

Bangladesh

, 114

tourism resilience framework for

, 120–121

Behavioral intentions (BIs)

, 275

Big data

, 93

Biosecurity threats

, 50

Bird flu

, 71–72

Border reopening (BR)

, 130–131

Border reopening: polarised opinions

, 135–139

Camel Derby

, 262–263

Case study method

, 1–3

Central bank rate (CDR)

, 106

Certification measures

, 94

Change management approach to navigate through COVID-19

, 318–319

Civil society organizations

, 161–162

community-based tourism

, 162–163

literature review

, 163–165

methodology

, 165

study findings

, 165–169

Classic of hospitality

, 74–75

Cleanness, hygiene and sanitation (CHS)

, 33

Coding method

, 16

Cold water’ islands

, 51–52

Combined reliability (CR)

, 194–195

Communal Areas Program for the Indigenous Resources (CAMPFIRE)

, 163

Communication strategy

, 325

Community of practice

, 326

Community-ased management (CBM)

, 162–163

Community-based organizations (CBOs)

, 161–162

Community-based tourism (CBT)

, 162–165

Compound annual growth rate (CAGR)

, 225

Compressed natural gas (CNG)

, 284

Confirmatory factor analysis

, 193

Content analysis

, 295

Coping strategies

, 62

Coronavirus

, 38, 150, 235

pandemic

, 246–247

Cost risk (COS risk)

, 189–190

COVID-19

, 26–27, 29–30, 38–40, 50, 70–71, 86, 161–162, 174, 187–188, 246–247, 304–305, 330

cases in Baltic states

, 16

change management approach to navigate through

, 318–319

crisis

, 13, 188–189

education sector and

, 316

educational policies and rules in COVID-19 educational crisis

, 319

epidemic

, 274

and golf

, 227

and implications on tourism education

, 294–295

key players in travel and tourism education in

, 319–320

learning in times of

, 321

negative effects

, 72–73

observed impact of COVID-19 pandemic

, 236–241

outbreak

, 1, 3, 51

pandemic

, 12–13, 100, 102, 114, 130, 203, 291–292

pandemic on social sustainability

, 249–250

perceived risk of travelling and travel evasion due to

, 305–306

physical from digital spaces in

, 320

sustainability

, 275–276

and tourism finances

, 91–94

and tourism industry in Argentina

, 76–80

in tourism supply chain

, 86–87

and tourist experience

, 88–89

Creative industries

, 223

Crisis

, 50, 276

destination management

, 26–27

management

, 13

Cultural heritage

, 38, 202

findings

, 262–265

interpretation of cultural heritage attractions

, 42

literature review

, 203–205

literature review

, 259–261

methodology

, 205–207

research methodology

, 261

results

, 207–216

sites in Egypt

, 39

tourism

, 38

Cultural heritage tourism product (CHTP)

, 258–260

benefits

, 260

Cultural products

, 261

Cultural sites’ carrying capacity

, 41–42

Cultural tourism

, 26–27, 260

Cultural tourists

, 260

Culturally attracted tourists

, 260

Culturally inspired cultural tourists

, 260

Culturally motivated tourists

, 260

Culture

, 260

Cyprus

, 93

Decision-making

, 149

Degrowth tourism

, 72–73

Destination management

, 114

finding

, 28–33

health protocol assessment and practice

, 33

research method

, 28

theoretical background

, 26–27

Destination management organisations (DMOs)

, 92, 197

Destination marketing organizations (DMOs)

, 306

Destinations

, 1

management approaches

, 1–3

Digital technologies

, 78, 202

enhancing cultural heritage through

, 203–205

Disasters

, 50

management

, 293

Domestic tourism

, 44

Dwarapala

, 31

‘Eat Out to Help Out’ discount scheme

, 93

Ebola virus

, 89

tourism industry’s response and recovery from

, 104

Ecological justice

, 73–74

Ecological resilience

, 118

Economic fears

, 138, 143

Economic losses

, 189

Economic recession

, 50

Economic resilience

, 118

Education sector and COVID-19

, 316

Educational content

, 326

Educational crisis

, 319

Egypt, cultural heritage sites in

, 39

Egyptian e-marketplace

, 44

Egyptian tourism industry

, 39

Electronic word of mouth (e-WoM)

, 149

Emotional distress

, 137–138, 143

Emotional solidarity for tourism

, 132

Emotional solidarity theory (EST)

, 130

Employment in tourism

, 174–175

Engineering resilience

, 116

Enhancement of cultural heritage

, 215

Environment Protection and Pollution Control Board (EPPCB)

, 241

Environmental resilience

, 118

Equipment risk (EQU risk)

, 189–190

Estonia

, 13–14, 20

Eurocentric approach

, 27

Exhibited destinations

, 43

Exploratory factor analysis (EFA)

, 191

Fears

, 137–139

Federazione Italiana Golf study (FIG study)

, 225

Feminist gender approach

, 176–177

Feudalization of world

, 80

Financial risk

, 189–190

Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI)

, 305

Foreign tourist arrival (FTA)

, 237

Gender disparities

, 174

literature review

, 174–176

research method

, 177

results

, 177–181

theoretical framework

, 176–177

Gender gap in tourism

, 175–176

General management (GM)

, 174

Global Golf Tourism Market

, 225–226

Global Sustainable Tourism Criteria for Destinations (GSTC-D)

, 276

Global tourism

, 100, 233–234

industry

, 329–330

Goa Lawah temple

, 26, 28, 30

visitor management system

, 31–33

Golf tourism

, 224–225

COVID and

, 227

magic moment of Golf tourism in Italy

, 226

Good to Go’ initiative

, 93

Governance

, 118

Gross domestic product (GDP)

, 174

Guidelines

, 307–309

H5N1

, 71–72

Hand-held devices

, 204

Heads of departments (HODs)

, 317

Health

, 89

crisis

, 129–130, 133

impacts

, 130–131

protocol assessment and practice

, 33

safety

, 27

Health and safety certification

, 93

Health sector professionals (HSPs)

, 135

Health-related fears

, 143

Heritage tourism

, 38–39

findings

, 41

literature review

, 38–40

management-related challenges

, 41–43

marketing-related challenges

, 43–44

methodology

, 40–41

promoting

, 44

Higher tourism education in India

, 295

HIV/AIDS

, 71–72

Hospitality

, 50, 74–75

Hotel sector

, 236–237

Hygiene

, 43

Idumi

, 264

Immersive reality headsets

, 204

Impacts

, 239

of COVID-19

, 50–52

India

, 246–247, 274–275

higher tourism education in

, 295

Indian transport system

, 237

Individual resilience

, 118

Industry survival

, 135–137

Influencer

, 150

Information communication technologies (ICTs)

, 202

Information technology (IT)

, 149, 202

Innovative multidimensional enhancement models

, 204–205

Insecurities

, 89–91

Institutional resilience

, 118

Intangible heritage

, 38–39

Inter-disciplinary approach

, 1–3

International Air Transport Association (IATA)

, 51–52, 274

International health procedures

, 33–34

International Labour Organization (ILO)

, 175

International sport system

, 222

Interpretation of cultural heritage attractions

, 42

Invisible enemy

, 142–143

Island tourism. See also Heritage tourism

, 62–63

Islands

, 51–52

Italy

, 50

magic moment of Golf tourism in

, 226

Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin measure (KMO measure)

, 278–280

Kedarnath disaster

, 248

Kenya

, 162, 261

Kenya Tourism Board (KTB)

, 258, 262

Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS)

, 167–168

Kruskal–Wallis H test

, 177

Kubler-Ross change 5-stage curve

, 318–319

Lamu festivals

, 263–264

Latvia

, 13–14

Learning

environment

, 321

process

, 325

in times of COVID-19

, 321

Liquid modernity

, 70–71

Lithuania

, 13–14, 19–20

Local community

, 4, 239–240

Local inhabitants (LIs)

, 135

Local organizations

, 163

Luhya initiation ceremonies

, 264–265

Macrointerventions

, 60

Management Standard of Bali Cultural Tourism

, 28

Mann–Whitney U test

, 177

Marburg virus in Uganda, tourism industry’s response and recovery from

, 104

Marketing

, 43

Mass tourism

, 86

Maulidi festivals

, 263–264

Mauritius

, 130–131

case study and methodology

, 133

findings

, 134–142

literature review

, 131–132

Mauritius Examination Syndicate (MES)

, 317

Meetings, incentives, conferencing and exhibitions (MICE)

, 51

Meta-analysis study

, 130

MIBACT website news page

, 205

Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME)

, 239

Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS)

, 71–72, 89, 100

Middle East respiratory syndrome–related coronovirus (MERS-CoV)

, 304

Minister of Finance, Planning and Economic Development (MFPED)

, 104

Ministry of Education (MoE)

, 317

Ministry of Tourism

, 38

Ministry of Tourism, Wildlife and Antiquities (MTWA)

, 102, 106

Mount Agung eruptions

, 26

“Mukhyamantri Swarojgar Yojana” scheme

, 250–251

Multiple cases study approach

, 206

Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Napoli (MANN)

, 214

Museums

, 203, 205

National Development Plan (NDP)

, 174

National Museums and Heritage Act

, 259

National Museums of Kenya (NMK)

, 262

Natural disasters

, 50

Natural environment

, 38

Natural heritage

, 38

Nature and environment

, 240–241

Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs)

, 161–162

Nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs)

, 233–234

Novel coronavirus

, 304

Online travel agents (OTAs)

, 87

Pandemic(s)

, 38–39, 50, 86, 114–115, 246–247, 274, 330

Perceived risk

, 189

literature review

, 189–190

reliability and validity of scales

, 191–195

research methodology

, 190–195

results

, 195–197

of traveling

, 190

of travelling and travel evasion due to COVID-19

, 305–306

Perceived tourism impacts

, 139–142

Perceptions of employability

, 177

Performance risk (PER risk)

, 189–190

Personal protective equipment (PPE)

, 137

Physical distancing

, 51

Physical risk (PHY risk)

, 189–190

Policies

, 181, 307, 309

Political instability

, 50

Post-COVID-19. See also COVID-19

development

, 261

sport

, 222–223

studies

, 101

tourism recovery

, 119–120

Post-modern theory

, 258

Potential tourists

, 274–275

Private Secondary Education Authorities (PSEA)

, 317

Product diversification

, 258

Professional Golfers’ Association (PGA)

, 226

Psychological risk (PSY risk)

, 189–190

Purposive sampling method

, 133

Qualitative methodology

, 130–131

Quantitative screening method

, 190–191

Rapid situation analysis (RSA)

, 102

Recovery

Baltic states and present state of tourism

, 13–15

golf tourism

, 222–223

literature review

, 13

methodology

, 15–16

model for tourism industry

, 103

results

, 16–20

sport tourism

, 222–223

strategies

, 293–294

survey design and respondents

, 16

tactics

, 12

Regional Agency for Employment

, 52

Residents

, 147–148

data collection and analysis

, 150–151

findings

, 151–154

methodology

, 150–151

in social networks

, 152–154

study area

, 150

support for tourism

, 131

tourism and social networks

, 149–150

Resilience

, 115–117, 292

COVID-19 and implications on tourism education

, 294–295

findings

, 296–298

higher tourism education in India

, 295

literature review

, 293

methodology

, 295–296

strategies

, 293–294

of tourism to disease outbreaks and pandemics

, 103–107

Revenue per available room (REVPAR)

, 51

Revival measures

, 307–309

Risk dimensions

, 190

Risk perception

, 189–190

Robots

, 93

Ryder Cup

, 224

‘Safe Travels’ protocols

, 92

Safety

, 43, 91, 94, 323

concerns

, 86–89

Sanitary measures for border reopening

, 134–135

Search strategy

, 16

Security

, 89, 91, 94, 323

concerns

, 86–89

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)

, 26–27, 50, 71–72, 87, 100, 304

Site accessibility

, 42–43

Small and medium enterprises (SMEs)

, 107

Social exchange theory (SET)

, 130–131

Social fears

, 138, 143

Social media

, 214

Social network sites (SNSs)

, 204–205

Social networks

, 147–150

Social resilience

, 116

Social risk (SOC risk)

, 189–190

Social sustainability

, 246–247

impact of COVID-19 pandemic on

, 249–250

government initiatives

, 250–251

learning from Uttarakhand experience

, 251–252

literature review

, 247–248

methodology

, 248

study area

, 248

Solutions

, 93

Spatial fears

, 143

Sport events

COVID and Golf

, 227

Global Golf Tourism Market

, 225–226

Golf tourism

, 224–225

magic moment of Golf tourism in Italy

, 226

theoretical background

, 219–220

tourism and

, 220–222

tourism and post-COVID sport

, 222–223

Stakeholders

, 86, 130

of tourism

, 16

Standard operating procedures (SOPs)

, 103–104, 305

Support for tourism through emotional solidarity

, 132

Support system

, 321

Sustainability

, 115, 234

COVID-19 crisis and

, 275–276

of tourism to disease outbreaks and pandemics

, 103–107

Sustainable development

, 235

future challenges

, 241–243

methodology

, 235

result

, 236–243

Sustainable tourism. See also Heritage tourism

, 234, 275

COVID-19 crisis and sustainability

, 275–276

literature review

, 275–277

research methodology

, 277

results

, 278–283

tourists behavior post-COVID-19

, 277

Swine flu

, 26

SWOT analysis

, 265

Tallinn

, 15

Tangible heritage

, 38–39

Teaching process

, 325

Technology

, 44, 93

Terroristic attacks

, 50

Thematic/conceptual approach

, 122

Time risk

, 189–190

Tirta Empul temple

, 26, 28

visitor management system

, 31–33

Tirtha

, 31

Tour operator

, 238–239

Tourism

, 1, 12, 26, 29–30, 50, 86, 129–130, 148–150, 163, 187–188, 234, 274, 291–292

COVID-19 and implications on tourism education

, 294–295

COVID-19 and tourism industry in Argentina

, 76–80

COVID-19 in tourism supply chain

, 86–87

curriculum

, 295–296

disaster preparedness post-COVID-19 pandemic

, 75–76

employment in

, 174–175

finances

, 91–94

hospitality

, 74–75

perspective

, 3–4

policy and planning frameworks to support post-COVID-19 pandemic recovery and resilience

, 107–108

and post-COVID sport

, 222–223

post-COVID-19 crisis

, 176

present state

, 13–15

response, recovery and sustainability strategies

, 102

response and recovery from Marburg virus in Uganda

, 104

sector

, 161–162, 174

service providers

, 12

and sport

, 220–222

virus and tourism

, 71–74

vulnerability

, 129–130

Tourism industry

, 1, 3, 13, 114, 274–275

in Argentina

, 76–80

and disease outbreaks in Uganda

, 101

response and recovery from Ebola virus

, 104

response to COVID-19 pandemic

, 104–107

Tourism professionals (TPs)

, 135

Tourism resilience. See also Resilience

, 114–116

domains

, 116–118

findings

, 119–121

framework for Bangladesh

, 120–121

implications

, 121–122

literature review

, 115–118

methodology

, 119

problem statement

, 115

Tourist

behavior

, 187–188

behavior post-COVID-19

, 277

destination region

, 86–87

experience

, 88–89

Tourist Destination Kenya (TDK)

, 258

Training and education importance in post-COVID-19 times

, 306–307

Transformation

, 13

Transit zone

, 86–87

Transport industry

, 237–238

Travel

, 12

adapt, adopt or perish

, 325

agent

, 238–239

assumptions

, 317

change management approach to navigate through COVID-19

, 318–319

communication strategy

, 325

community of practice

, 326

distribution of computer hardware and online resources

, 323

educational content

, 326

educational policies and rules in COVID-19 educational crisis

, 319

findings and analysis

, 322

key players in travel and tourism education in COVID-19

, 319–320

learning in times of COVID-19

, 321

methodology

, 321–322

pedagogical problem

, 316–317

physical from digital spaces in COVID-19

, 320

plans

, 275

proposals to policymakers

, 322–323

proposals to schools administration

, 323–325

rationale

, 317

restrictions

, 188–189

safety and security

, 323

support system

, 321

teaching and learning process

, 325

and tourism education

, 316

and tourism educators

, 322

Traveller generating zone

, 86–87

Turkey

, 188

Uganda

methods

, 102

response, resilience and sustainability of tourism to disease outbreaks and pandemics

, 103–107

socioeconomic impacts of diseases

, 101

tourism industry and disease outbreaks in

, 101

tourism response, recovery and sustainability strategies

, 102

Uganda Hotel Owners Association (UHOA)

, 102

Uganda Tourism Association (UTA)

, 102

Uganda Tourism Board (UTB)

, 102, 106

Uganda Wildlife Authority (UWA)

, 102

Uganda Wildlife Conservation and Education Centre (UWEC)

, 102

UMEED network

, 250–251

United Nations (UN)

, 175

United Nations Environment Program (UNEP)

, 275

United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO)

, 1, 51, 114, 219–220, 246–247, 274, 305

Uttarakhand

, 248–250

learning from Uttarakhand experience

, 251–252

Value added tax (VAT)

, 106

Virtual reality

, 204–205

Visitor management system

, 31–33

Visual communication tools

, 204

Vulnerability

, 115–116

Word of mouth (WoM)

, 149

World Health Organization (WHO)

, 6, 50, 88, 305

World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC)

, 51, 187–188, 236–237

Xenos

, 74–75