Prelims

Nnamdi O. Madichie (Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nigeria and Bloomsbury Institute, UK)
Robert Ebo Hinson (University of Ghana, Ghana and Lincoln International Business School, UK)

The Creative Industries and International Business Development in Africa

ISBN: 978-1-80071-303-1, eISBN: 978-1-80071-302-4

Publication date: 21 January 2022

Citation

Madichie, N.O. and Hinson, R.E. (2022), "Prelims", The Creative Industries and International Business Development in Africa, Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. i-xix. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-80071-302-420211010

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Emerald Publishing Limited

Copyright © 2022 Emerald Publishing Limited


Half Title Page

The Creative Industries and International Business Development in Africa

Title Page

The Creative Industries and International Business Development in Africa

BY

NNAMDI O. MADICHIE

Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nigeria and Bloomsbury Institute, UK

AND

ROBERT EBO HINSON

University of Ghana, Ghana and Lincoln International Business School, UK

United Kingdom – North America – Japan – India – Malaysia – China

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Emerald Publishing Limited

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First edition 2022

Copyright © 2022 Emerald Publishing Limited

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British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN: 978-1-80071-303-1 (Print)

ISBN: 978-1-80071-302-4 (Online)

ISBN: 978-1-80071-304-8 (Epub)

Dedication Page

I would like to dedicate this book to my lovely family. My son Obinna who spurred the need for another book after taking to a previous one on digital entrepreneurship in sub-Saharan Africa. To the women in my life – Lynda, my dear wife and Nnenna my daughter, keep being you and remain the creative sparks in our home. To my mum, sister and rest of the Madichie family, thanks for your support.

Nnamdi O. Madichie

I would like to dedicate this book to the beautiful female pillars in my life. From my nuclear family, my wife Duchess and daughter Faith. From my extended family, my mother Frederica, sisters, Isabella and Shirley-Ann; and grandmother Eudora. I love you all. God bless and keep you all!

Robert Ebo Hinson

Contents

List of Tables and Figures xi
About the Authors xiii
Foreword xv
Preface xvii
Part I. The Landscape of Creative Industries in Africa
Chapter 1: Introduction to the Landscape of Creative Industries in Africa 3
1.1: Introduction 3
1.2: The Creative Industries 4
1.3: International Business 5
1.4: Synopsis of Competing Books 6
1.5: Organisation of the Book 8
1.6: Summary and Conclusions 9
Chapter 2: Challenges and Opportunities of Africa’s Creative Industries 13
2.1: Introduction 13
2.2: Challenges of the Creative Industries in Africa 14
2.2.1: Vulnerability and Resilience 16
2.3: Opportunities for Africa’s Creative Industries 18
2.3.1: Canal+ and MultiChoice 21
2.4: Creative Economy Outlook and Country Profiles 21
2.5: Summary and Conclusions 24
Part II. Strategies for Developing Africa’s Creative Industries
Chapter 3: The African Creative Industry in a Free Trade Area 29
3.1: Introduction 29
3.2: Creative Industries in the AfCFTA 30
3.2.1: The AfCFTA and the 4th Industrial Revolution (4IR) 34
3.2.2: The Africa Regional Integration Index (ARII 2019) 34
3.3: AfCFTA Lockdown Webinars 36
3.4: AfCFTA and the Nigerian Creative Industries 38
3.4.1: Trade of Goods/Services 39
3.4.2: AfCFTA and IPRs 39
3.5: Summary and Conclusions 40
Chapter 4: Re-engaging with Europe and the Commonwealth in a post-Brexit Era 43
4.1: Introduction 43
4.2: Europe and the West – African Art Investments and Challenges 43
4.3: Creative Industries and the Commonwealth Advantage 46
4.3.1: The CBWN 47
4.3.2: Commonwealth and Diasporic Engagement 47
4.3.3: Universal Music Group (UMG) – Partnering with Small Business 48
4.4: African Creative Industries: The Sleeping Giant 51
4.5: Fashionomics Africa and the African Development Bank (AfDB) 52
4.6: Summary and Conclusions 52
Part III. Digitalisation and African Creative industries
Chapter 5: Africa in the Age of Digitalisation 57
5.1: Introduction 57
5.2: Overview of the Creative Industries and Digitisation in Africa 59
5.3: Advertising and Digitisation 59
5.4: Forced Digitisation of the Creative Industries 61
5.4.1: The Case of Nigeria 61
5.4.2: The Case of Ghana 63
5.5: Brand and Rebranding of the Creative Economy 63
5.6: Africa’s Creative Industries and the Global Value Chain 64
5.7: Summary and Conclusions 68
Chapter 6: The Legal Landscape and Challenges 71
6.1: Introduction 71
6.2: Intellectual Property in Africa 72
6.2.1: IPRs in Kenya 73
6.2.2: IPRs in Rwanda 74
6.2.3: IPRs in Ghana 75
6.2.4: IPRs in Tanzania 77
6.2.5: IPRs in Botswana 80
6.2.6: IPRs in Nigeria 82
6.3: Summary and Conclusions 85
Part IV. Best Practice Case Studies
Chapter 7: Value Co-creation of Places and Spaces in Africa’s Creative Hubs 91
7.1: Introduction 91
7.2: Creative Hubs 92
7.3: African Tech Hubs Building a Budding Culture of Innovation 93
7.3.1: CcHub Nigeria 95
7.3.2: South African Cultural Observatory 97
7.3.3: Starplace Hub 98
7.3.4: Playable City Lagos 99
7.4: Other Places and Spaces: A Sectoral Journey 100
7.4.1: African Literature Sub-sector 100
7.4.2: Music Sub-sector 101
7.4.3: The Fashion Sub-sector 102
7.4.4: Design Spaces – Design Indaba South Africa 103
7.4.5: Art Galleries and Cultural Centres 104
7.5: Conclusions 107
Chapter 8: Country Level Case Studies 109
8.1: Introduction 109
8.2: Sectoral Mapping of the African Creative Industries 109
8.2.1: Film Festival in Burkina Faso 109
8.2.2: Art Fairs, Galleries and Museums – The AGMs 110
8.2.3: Photography in Mali 111
8.2.4: Somalia photography – Changing Perceptions and Narratives 115
8.3: Animation in Africa 117
8.3.1: Animation in Ghana 117
8.3.2: Animation in Nigeria 117
8.3.3: Animation in Djibouti 118
8.4: Forging Partnerships in Africa 118
8.4.1: Partnerships in Zimbabwe 118
8.4.2: Partnerships in Mozambique 119
8.4.3: Partnerships in Zambia 120
8.5: Streaming Services 123
8.5.1: Netflix in Africa 123
8.5.2: Amazon Prime and African Animation Projects 124
8.5.3: Spotify in Africa 126
8.5.4: Twitter and Jack Dorsey 127
8.6: Digital Publishing 128
8.7: Mobile/Video Games in Africa 129
8.8: Summary and Conclusions 129
Part V. Back to the Future
Chapter 9: The Future of Africa’s Creative Industries 135
9.1: Introduction 135
9.2: The Changing Landscape of the Creative Economy 136
9.2.1: Towards More Collaborative Cultural Governance 136
9.2.2: Changing the Focus from Urban to Rural 137
9.2.3: MyAfCFTA Nodes: Localising Creative Business Support in Africa 138
9.3: Creative Industries and the Sustainable Development Goals 140
9.4: Getting Animated – African Creative Industries144 144
9.5: Playing to the Gallery. 145
9.6: Confronting ‘Wicked’ Problems through WikiAfrica 146
9.7: Conclusions 147
Appendix 153
Index 163

List of Tables and Figures

Tables
Table 2.1 Country Export Destinations (Creative Goods). 23
Table 3.1 Getting to Grips with the ARII. 35
Table 4.1 Restitution and Europe. 44
Table 5.1 Jacon Osinachi Crypto Artist. 66
Table 6.1 ORG IP Classification. 75
Table 6.2 Factors for Partial Copyright Industries in Tanzania. 80
Table 6.3 IP Legal Frameworks and Institutions. 84
Table 7.1 Animation Research: Callus Chronicles. 94
Table 7.2 Fisayo Longe – Nigerian Fashion Designer. 103
Table 8.1 Pan African Heritage World Museum Ghana. 112
Table 8.2 The Javett Art Centre at the University of Pretoria (Javett–UP). 113
Table 8.3 Meeting Mdundo. 125
Table 9.1 Categorisations of the Creative Industries. 136
Table 9.2 The Andela Story – A Remote Pan-African Model. 139
Table 9.3 Boomplay – Not a Plaything. 140
Table 9.4 SDG Scenarios. 143
Table A-1 A Decade of The Callus Chronicles on African Animation (2010–2019) 158
Table A-2 Goge Africa Worldwide 160
Figure
Figure 6.1 Contribution of Copyright Industries in Botswana (African Comparison). 81

About the Authors

Nnamdi O. Madichie is a Professor of Marketing at the Unizik Business School, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka Nigeria; Research Fellow at the Bloomsbury Institute in London; and Graduate Research Fellow at the University of Economics, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.

Robert Ebo Hinson is a Professor at the Department of Marketing and Entrepreneurship, University of Ghana Business School, Ghana, and a Visiting Professor at the Department of Marketing and Tourism, Lincoln International Business School, Lincolnshire in the United Kingdom. He holds a DPhil in Marketing from the University of Ghana and a PhD in International Business from the Aalborg University Business School in Denmark.

Foreword

My sincere gratitude to the authors for the privilege and opportunity afforded me to write the foreword on this pioneering book project. The book, Creative Industries and International Business Development in Africa, is clearly a pioneering project that showcases the ‘beatitudes’, and ‘pain points’, of a sector at the forefront of African development both economically and socially.

From an economic standpoint, the book highlights how decent work especially among the burgeoning youth population and other vulnerable groups have harnessed their pent up talent to make themselves relevant beyond seeking the so-called ‘white collar’ jobs behind desks in multinational corporations. It provides a call to getting hands dirty by monetizing raw talent from arts and crafts to everything digital – animation and games, photography, film, music and streaming.

On the social front, these talents have been able to bring about the much needed change aligning with the slogan of ‘The Africa We Want’. Across the book, there are clear examples of the African story told from the eyes of Africa cutting across the continent and with some strong messages for custodians of the African Continental Free Trade Agreement, as well as investors aligned with the initiatives of the African Development Bank (especially in the area of fashion), and Commonwealth – whether through the British Council and its Playable Cities project.

Although the book provides a broad coverage of the sector from intellectual property rights to digital pivoting of film, music and photography, it is Chapter 8 that particularly does it for me. The reason is simple, as an actor myself, it was heart-warming to see the documentation of a series of global streaming services such as Amazon Prime, Canal+, Disney and especially Netflix where I have a catalogue of movies, including some in production, and post-production stages, for example, ’76, The Therapist and Pillars of Africa.

It was also interesting to see the fashion sub-sector of the creative industry being afforded its space alongside animation and games as well as digital photography. Indeed, as a fashion designer and retailer myself, I also like the spotlight on Fisayo Longe, a Nigerian Fashion Designer.

Overall, this book opens minds and provides grounds for further deliberation on a sector that has been ignored for far too long in the African context.

His works are:

Chidi Mokeme, renowned Nigerian Movie (Nollywood) Actor, TV Personality, Fashion Designer and Motivational Speaker.

Preface

The international business environment has undergone a major turbulence in the past year following the onset of lockdowns, travel restrictions and social distancing all prompted by COVID-19 being declared a global pandemic in March 2020. These restrictions have limited the revenue generation capacity of both countries and businesses – large and small.

In terms of sector impact, some have been more adversely affected than others. While the winners have been mostly those with a digital footprint, for example, streaming services and video-conferencing platforms, the creative industries have felt a much harder blow.

Broadly speaking this book takes an unorthodox approach to showcasing the trends and challenges of the contemporary creative economy with a view to positioning the sector for a global audience. Drawing upon the categorisations of the Creative Industries Federation, the book interrogates, and highlights, the challenges and opportunities of the creative industries in Africa with a view to aggregating how the sector has coped with a myriad of challenges even before the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic and the ensuing lockdowns.

Discussions across the chapters document the changing landscape of the sector, capturing insights from the global value chain to everything digital – from arts to publishing, fashion, film and music production and distribution. Further insights are discussed around recent events such as the take-off of the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) and the exit of Britain from the European Union (i.e. Brexit) – with the latter event reinvigorating the Commonwealth Agenda and renewed, albeit piecemeal East and West interest in Africa’s creative industries.

Book Rationale

Indeed, a 2015 World Economic Forum article entitled ‘How can Africa profit from its creative industries?’1 argued that Africa’s presence in global markets for creative goods and services has been hindered by a variety of factors including limited supply capacity and obsolete policies and regulations. This book takes its ethos from the belief that Africa can greatly boost its international business fortunes by better strategizing to reap the full dividend of its creative sector.

The creative industry in this book encompasses critical sectors like advertising, architecture, arts and antique markets, crafts, design, film, interactive leisure software, music, television and radio, hospitality, and tourism, performing arts, publishing, and software. We seek to demonstrate pathways for the creative sector in Africa as the take their rightful place as socioeconomic contributors to the region, especially in the light of AfCFTA.

Like in other parts world, this sector relies mainly on audiences to survive and in the light of the COVID-19 pandemic, the disconnect in physical space only increased the volatility, uncertainty, complexity and ambiguity of the sector in its bid to be recognised and harnessed. In the light of the foregoing, therefore, the book covers a range of themes:

  1. The landscape of creative industries in Africa.

  2. Challenges and opportunities of Africa’s creative industries.

  3. The African Creative Industry in a Free Trade Area (exploring the promise of AfCFTA).

  4. Re-engaging with Europe and the Commonwealth in a post-Brexit era.

  5. Africa in the Age of Digitalisation.

  6. The legal landscape for the creative industries.

  7. Value co-creation of places and spaces in Africa’s creative hubs.

Without laying any claims to a grand coverage, the book takes it readership on a journey across the continent, and cutting across sub-sectors with case illustrations from film festivals in Burkina Faso; heritage and tourism in Ghana; photography in Mali and Somalia; animation and video game projects in selected African countries; digital publishing; museums and art galleries; as well as the influx of big Tech streamlining services such as Amazon Prime, Disney+, Netflix, Spotify and Twitter. Indeed, as if to respond to the question posed by Elberse and Cody (2019) in a Harvard Business School article, Disney (with Disney+) seems to be catching up with Netflix in Africa. This is in the fight for dominance in video streaming – content, storytelling, iconic franchises and cutting edge technology.

Readership

The book is positioned in a manner that would be accessible to undergraduate and postgraduate courses in marketing, international business, international relations, creative industries, hospitality and tourism – both within and outside of Africa. At the undergraduate levels, professors can choose parts of the book that they find most relevant. At the graduate or postgraduate levels, professors can use the whole book. Graduate and postgraduate students will find specific topics useful for a broad understanding of their topics and formulating the focus of their research. The book provides a fundamental reference point for knowledge and discussions when writing theses or articles on the creative sector in Africa. It can also be used for executive training. For practising managers, the book is a reference for applicable concepts, models and cases of creative industry activity in Africa, that will inform and motivate their strategy-formulation and decision-making. Executives of government and private sector institutions, as well as non-governmental organisations will gain new insights around creative sector management that will motivate them to improve their performance.

Why Read this Book?

This book is a pioneering effort at unpacking knowledge of the creative industries in Africa and to those interested in gaining a better understanding of the sector as it pertains to international business development and investment opportunities. It avails readers insights into:

  • Historical and contemporary discourse on the creative industries in Africa.

  • Negotiating partnerships and navigating the hoops of intellectual property.

  • A space to develop relevant competitive and collaborative strategies for sustainable development.

  • Avenues for improved performance of the sector through curriculum development and redesign.