Index

Citation

Suhomlinova, O. and O'Shea, S.C. (2024), "Index", Transgender and Non-binary Prisoners' Experiences in England and Wales, Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. 383-390. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-80071-044-320241012

Publisher

:

Emerald Publishing Limited

Copyright © 2025 Olga Suhomlinova and Saoirse Caitlin O'Shea

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INDEX

England and Wales High Court (EWHC) cases involving transgender prisoners (in chronological order)

R (on the application of E) v Ashworth Hospital Authority [2001] EWHC 1089 (Admin)

, 63–65

R (on the application of AB) v Secretary of State for Justice [2009] EWHC 2220 (Admin)

, 67

R (on the application of Green) v Secretary of State for Justice [2013] EWHC 3491 (Admin)

, 69–71

R (on the application of H) v Secretary of State for Justice [2015] EWHC 1550 (Admin)

, 71–72

R (on the application of Hunnisett) v The Governor of HMP Frankland [2017] EWHC 742 (Admin)

, 75–76

M Jay v Secretary of State for Justice [2018] EWHC 2620 (Fam)

, 77–79

R (LW, Samantha Faulder, KT, MC) v Sodexo Limited and Secretary of State for Justice [2019] EWHC 367 (Admin)

, 82

R (on the application of KK) v Tavistock and Portman NHS Foundation Trust [2019] EWHC 3565 (Admin)

, 82–84

R (on the application of MA) v Secretary of State for Justice and Others [2021] EWHC 1266 (Admin)

, 95–96

R (FDJ) v Secretary of State for Justice [2021] EWHC 1746 (Admin)

, 96

English prison system (England and Wales)

costs

, 57, 233–235, 268

COVID-19 pandemic

regime restrictions

, 86–89

chronology

, 91–94

crisis

, 233–235, 317

crowding

, 209

Democratic Therapeutic Community (DTC)

, 154–155

disciplinary procedures

, 206–208

adjudication

, 207

discrimination incident reporting

, 324

Discrimination Incident Reporting Form (DIRF)

, 207, 324

Equalities structures and roles in prison

, 310–313

Disability Liaison Officer (DLO)

, 310

Equalities Governor

, 310–311

Equalities Lead

, 311

Equalities Manager

, 311

Race Relations Liaison Officer (RRLO)

, 310

Race Relations Management Team (RRMT)

, 310

Facilities List

Local

, 59, 253–258

National

, 59, 253, 260

health care (see also Gender-affirming medical care in English and Welsh prisons)

, 271–272

history

, 51–52

National Offender Management Service (NOMS)

, 51–52

Ministry of Justice (MOJ)

, 9, 156, 190, 371–377

organisational structure

HM Prison and Probation Service

, 52–54

individual prison (HMP Brixton)

, 304

policy-making

, 374–376

Prison National Offender Management Information System (Prison-NOMIS)

, 190, 356

prison population

, 55–56

prison staff, see Prison Service staff

prison types

, 56–57

prisoner applications (‘apps’) system

, 323

prisoner complaints system

, 323–325

prisoner Incentives and Earned Privileges system

, 59, 217, 251, 253

prison information system

, 356–357

prisoners, see Prisoners in England and Wales

private and voluntary sector involvement in public sector prisons

, 57

privately operated prisons

, 57

regulatory oversight (the ‘watchers’)

, 52, 55

Care Quality Commission (CQC)

, 52

Crown Premises Fire Safety Inspectorate (CPFSI)

, 55

Equality and Human Rights Commission (EHRC)

, 55

Healthcare Inspectorate Wales (HIW)

, 55

HM Inspectorate of Prisons (HMIP)

, 52, 351

Independent Monitoring Boards (IMB)

, 52, 55, 325

Lay Observers

, 55

Office for Standards in Education, Children’s Services and Skills (Ofsted)

, 55

Prison and Probation Ombudsman

, 55, 285, 324–325

UK National Preventive Mechanism (NPM)

, 52

rules and regulations (see also HM Prison Service policies)

Prison Rules (1999)

, 57–58

Prison Service Instructions (PSIs)

, 58

Prison Service Orders (PSOs)

, 58

Policy Frameworks (PFs)

, 58

safety

Assessment, Care in Custody and Teamwork (ACCT) protocol

, 66, 146, 148

assaults

, 182–185

homicides

, 182

self-harm

, 288–290

sexual assaults

, 191–192

suicides

, 66

security

, 181–182

as default explanation for restrictions

, 312

prisoner escapes and absconds

, 181–182

sexual activity in prison

, 188–191

use of force by prison staff against prisoners

, 308

watchers, the, see English prison system: regulatory oversight

Gender-affirming medical care in English and Welsh prisons

access

, 272–278

policy

, 272

referral to a Gender Identity Clinic

, 272–274

assessment and diagnosis

, 274–275, 278–283

real life test (RFT)/real life experience (RFE)

, 278

non-surgical treatment, including hormone replacement therapy (HRT)

, 275–276

surgical treatment, including gender-affirming surgery (GAS) 276–278

complaints about

Parliamentary and Health Service Ombudsman

, 325

consequences of poor access to gender-affirming care

, 283–292

do-it-yourself (DIY) surgery

, 291–292

forced detransition

, 283–288

self-harm

, 288–290

Gender Identity Clinic (GIC)

, 43, 64, 67, 70, 75, 79, 83, 121, 124, 126, 128, 133, 137, 139, 146–149, 156, 222, 250, 272–273, 281–282, 374, 378

General Practitioner (GP)

, 272, 378–379

problems with access

, 278–288

Amelia’s inability to access hormone replacement therapy (HRT)

, 283–288

General Practitioners’ (GP) reluctance to provide ‘bridging prescriptions’

, 283–284

Jerika’s ten-year journey to receive hormone replacement therapy (HRT)

, 278–283

HM Prison Service policies (year of issue in brackets)

on transgender prisoners (in chronological order)

history

, 58–59, 62–63

Proposals for the HM Prison Service Review of Guidelines relating to Transsexual Prisoners (1996)

, 63

Prison Service Instruction (PSI) 07/2011 The Care and Management of Transsexual Prisoners (2011)

, 68

Prison Service Instruction (PSI) 17/2016 The Care and Management of Transgender Offenders (2016)

, 74

Policy Framework The Care and Management of Individuals Who Are Transgender (2019 version)

, 18, 27, 58, 81–82, 96, 272, 349–351

Policy Framework The Care and Management of Individuals Who Are Transgender (2023 version)

, 18, 59, 97, 157, 349–351

relevant to transgender prisoners

Prison Service Instructions (PSI)

PSI 12/2011 Prisoners’ Property (issued in 2011, reissued in 2020)

PSI 05/2018 Prison Discipline Procedures (2018)

PSI 32/2011 Ensuring Equality (issued in 2011, reissued in 2020)

PSI 07/2016 Searching of the Person (2016)

Prison Service Orders (PSO)

PSO 4455 Requests from Prisoners to Change their Name (issued in 2003, reissued in 2022)

, 320

PSO 4480 Prisoners’ Representative Associations (issued in 2002, current as of 2024)

Policy Frameworks

Counter Corruption and Reporting Wrongdoing Policy Framework

, 309

Incentives Policy Framework (2019)

, 59, 251, 253, 262, 372

Searching Policy Framework (2023)

prisoners’ access to

, 315–317

prison staff knowledge of

, 317–318

prisons ‘censoring’ national policies

, 318

prisons’ local versions of national policies

, 318–319

HM Prison Service Policy Framework The Care and Management of Individuals Who Are Transgender implementation

, 315–320

reception into prison

, 319

induction of newly arrived prisoners

, 319

names and pronouns

, 319–320, 355–356

Transgender Case Board

, 124–125, 354–355

Voluntary Agreement

, 43, 125, 128, 146, 149, 354–355

Karen White case (2018)

, 80

Non-binary people in England and Wales

legal recognition

, 348–349

population

, 349

Non-binary prisoners in England and Wales

as ‘hidden people’

, 354–357

discriminatory treatment

, 358–364

in HM Inspectorate of Prisons Expectations

, 351

in prison policies

, 349–351

in Prison National Offender Management Information System (p-NOMIS)

, 356–357

risks and vulnerabilities

, 357–358

self-descriptions

Enigma

, 354

Fayth

, 353–354

Smiler

, 353

Wildgoose

, 352–353

Transgender Case Boards and Voluntary Agreements

, 354–355

Prison cell and its amenities

in 20th/21st century prison

, 238–239

in Victorian prison

, 235–238

poetic description

, 239–240

Prison gym

, 69, 85, 121, 165, 171–172, 178, 217, 232, 322

Prison dress of transgender prisoners

allowable, per prison regulations

, 251–260

per the Prison Rules (1999)

, 251

per the Incentives Policy Framework (2019)

, 251–252

per the policies on transgender prisoners

, 251–252

prison issue

, 251–253

own clothing

, 252–259

restrictions on number, style, and sources of items

, 253–259

accessible, through the approved sources of entry

, 261–265

brought in on reception

, 261

issued by prison

, 261–262

handed or sent in

, 262

purchased from the canteen

, 262

purchased from the approved suppliers online or through mail-order catalogues

, 262–263

affordable, given the state of their finances

, 265–270

making do

, 132, 269–270

(transgender) prisoner money

, 265–266

(transgender) prisoner pay

, 266–268

(transgender) prisoner spending

, 268–269

footwear

, 263–264

hair

, 259, 264

‘gaff’ and tucking

, 264

makeup and toiletries

, 256–257, 260, 262, 264–265

prosthetics (padded bras, breast forms)

, 132, 165, 254–255, 258, 264, 372–373

recommendations for policy on transgender prisoner dress and gendered items

, 371–374

wardrobe

, 270–271

Prison laundry

, 162–163

Prison showers

‘a real bug bear’

, 242–244

dirt and dignity

, 244–245

panoptic showers

, 241–242

Prisoners in England and Wales

food

, 268

dress (see also Prison dress of transgender prisoners)

per the Prison Rules (1999)

, 251

per the Incentives Policy Framework (2019)

, 251

prison issue, or prison kit

, 252–253, 261

own clothing

, 252–259

National and Local Facilities Lists

, 253

restrictions on number, style, and sources of items

, 253–258

Incentives and Earned Privileges system

, 215, 251

living costs

, 268

numbers 55–56

marriage

, 95–96

money

, 265–266

occasional earnings

, 267

pay

, 266–268

prisoner participation (prison councils, prisoner forums)

, 326–330

representative association

, 326

rights

, 369–371

peer support roles

, 326–327

Listener

, 176–178

Rehabilitative Culture representative

, 327

‘privileges’, see Prisoners in England and Wales: Incentives and Earned Privileges system

searching of

, 320

spending

, 268–269

protesting behaviours

, 330–331

National Tactical Response Group (NTGR)

, 330

work/employment

, 267

Prison Service staff

operational staff

, 302

non-operational staff

, 302

number by category in public sector prisons

, 302–303

prison officers

as street-level bureaucrats

, 309

demographic profile

, 307–308

entry requirements

, 303

implications of staffing crisis and staff demographics for relationships with transgender prisoners

, 309

job

, 302–305

occupational stress

, 305–307

officer-prisoner relationships

, 308–309

pay

, 305

working conditions

, 305–307

stances towards transgender prisoners

, 309

the Equalities staff

, 310–313

the helpers

, 313

the hinderers

, 314

the indifferent

, 314–315

Transgender Single Point of Contact

, 313

Recommendations

to the HM Inspectorate of Prisons (HMIP)

, 379

to the legislature and the judiciary

, 369–371

to the Ministry of Justice and the HM Prison and Probation Service (HMPPS)

, 371–374, 377–379

to the National Health Service (NHS)

, 378–379

‘Transcending the Bars’ project

correspondence (letter-writing)

as data generation method

, 7–9

enclosures

, 39

letteracy

, 8

prisoners and letters

, 8–9

processing and transcription

, 37–38

record

, 29–35

volume

, 37–38

funding

, 10

participants

recruitment and selection

, 10–14

barriers to participation

, 12–13

final sample

, 13–14

attrition and non-response

, 28–36

quality of writing

, 39

participant self-introductions (‘Hello, dear reader!)

, 39–47

Batgirl

, 40

Fayth

, 40–41

Gem

, 41–42

Jerika

, 42

Jess

, 42–43

Hotaru

, 44

Poppy

, 44–45

Skyee

, 45–46

Wildgoose

, 46

Winter Rose

, 46–47

participants’ messages to trans prisoners

, 380–381

research ethics

, 9–10

research team

, 10

timeline and evolution

, 14–28

Transgender people

historiography

, 59–61

legal recognition and protection in England and Wales

Gender Recognition Act (2004)

, 65

Gender Recognition Certificate (GRC), obtaining in the community and in prison

, 77–79

Gender Recognition Certificate (GRC) statistics

, 65

public consultation on the reform of Gender Recognition Act

, 76–77, 80–81

Equality Act (2010)

, 58, 67–68, 70, 207, 310, 355

European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR)

, 64

European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR)

, 245

Transgender prisoners in English and Welsh prisons

authenticity, or ‘realness’

, 27–28, 201–205

cisgender prisoners’ attitudes towards

, 332

change of name

, 320

‘coming out’

in prison

, 134–152

prior to incarceration

, 120–126

twice, prior to incarceration and in prison

, 126–134

compared with transgender women prisoners in Californian prisons

, 199–205

demographics

total population

, 97–98

gender

, 97–98

age

, 100–101

ethnicity

, 100, 102

location in the prison estate

, 100, 103

issues with recording data on trans prisoners

, 99–100

dress, meaning of (see also Prison dress of transgender prisoners)

dressing (for) the self

, 246–247

dressing for others

, 247–251

dressing for institutions (‘dress test’)

, 250–251

gender-affirming medical care, see Gender-affirming medical care in English and Welsh prisons

guardians of

, 205–211

location

, 209–211

prison staff

, 206–208

prisoners

, 208

history

before 21st century

, 61–63

in 21st century

, 63–97

histories (‘her-stories’) of transgender women prisoners (project participants)

Amelia

, 124–125

Batgirl

, 143–145

Brittany

, 122–123

Chloe

, 148–150

Eve

, 146–148

Gem

, 138–140

Hayden

, 125–126

Hotaru

, 150–157

Jerika

, 129–131

Jess

, 140–143

Poppy

, 134–136

Proudandfabulous88

, 145–146

Rachel

, 120–121

Samantha

, 126–128

Sharron

, 137–138

Skyee

, 123–124

Winter Rose

, 131–134

housing

single cells

, 209

cell-sharing

, 209–210

inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment

, 245

‘Life in the Day’ of a transgender prisoner

Batgirl

, 175

Fayth

, 176–179

Gem

, 174–175

Hotaru

, 164–167

Jerika

, 161–164

Jess

, 172–174

Poppy

, 160–161

Rachel

, 168–169

Wildgoose

, 167–168

Winter Rose

, 169–172

‘lifestyles and routines’

, 198–205

location/‘placing’ in the prison estate

, 211–220

clustering

, 219

integration

, 216

isolation

, 218–219

strategic segregation

, 216–218

Vulnerable Prisoner Unit (VPU)

, 67, 75, 217

perceived as ‘difficult’ by prisons

, 314

preferences for placement

transgender unit

, 220–221

transgender prison

, 221–222

other options

, 222–223

relations with other prisoners

friendships

, 331–334

romance

, 334–338

marriage-like

, 200

marriage between transgender prisoners

, 95–96

protesting behaviours,

‘going on the netting’

, 330

hunger strike

, 77, 330

refusing to return to cell

, 330–331

searching of

, 320–322

suicides of (in chronological order)

unnamed transgender woman at HMP Eastwood Park (women’s prison) (2006)

, 65–66

unnamed transgender woman at HMP Sutton (men’s prison) (2012)

, 68–69

Joanne Latham at HMP Woodhill (men’s prison) (2015)

, 72–75

Vicky Thompson at HMP Leeds (men’s prison) (2015)

, 72–75

Nicola Cope at HMP Foston Hall (women’s prison) (2016)

, 74–75

Jenny Swift at HMP Doncaster (men’s prison) (2016)

, 74–75

Jade Eatough at HMP Isle of Wight (men’s prison) (2017)

, 76

suicide rates

, 66

transgender prisoner and LGBTQI+ forums

, 328–330

Transgender Case Board

, 18, 32, 80–81, 97, 120–121, 124–126, 128, 130–131, 136–137, 141, 143–144, 146, 148, 155–156, 285, 290, 311, 313–314, 374

violence against

, 182–198

victimisation, emotional 197–198

victimisation, physical 182–185

, 186–187

victimisation, sexual 188–197

background

, 188–191

consequences for survivors

, 196–197

experiences of sexual abuse

, 193–194

rates

, 191

reporting sexual assaults

, 195

staff involvement

, 196

survival sex

, 195–196

Voluntary Agreement

, 18, 43, 125–126, 128, 131, 136, 154, 145–146, 149, 242, 244–245, 313, 319, 374