‘Transcending the Bars’ project
correspondence (letter-writing)
as data generation method
, 7–9
enclosures
, 39
letteracy
, 8
prisoners and letters
, 8–9
processing and transcription
, 37–38
record
, 29–35
volume
, 37–38
funding
, 10
participants
recruitment and selection
, 10–14
barriers to participation
, 12–13
final sample
, 13–14
attrition and non-response
, 28–36
quality of writing
, 39
participant self-introductions (‘Hello, dear reader!)
, 39–47
Batgirl
, 40
Fayth
, 40–41
Gem
, 41–42
Jerika
, 42
Jess
, 42–43
Hotaru
, 44
Poppy
, 44–45
Skyee
, 45–46
Wildgoose
, 46
Winter Rose
, 46–47
participants’ messages to trans prisoners
, 380–381
research ethics
, 9–10
research team
, 10
timeline and evolution
, 14–28
Transgender people
historiography
, 59–61
legal recognition and protection in England and Wales
Gender Recognition Act (2004)
, 65
Gender Recognition Certificate (GRC), obtaining in the community and in prison
, 77–79
Gender Recognition Certificate (GRC) statistics
, 65
public consultation on the reform of Gender Recognition Act
, 76–77, 80–81
Equality Act (2010)
, 58, 67–68, 70, 207, 310, 355
European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR)
, 64
European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR)
, 245
Transgender prisoners in English and Welsh prisons
authenticity, or ‘realness’
, 27–28, 201–205
cisgender prisoners’ attitudes towards
, 332
change of name
, 320
‘coming out’
in prison
, 134–152
prior to incarceration
, 120–126
twice, prior to incarceration and in prison
, 126–134
compared with transgender women prisoners in Californian prisons
, 199–205
demographics
total population
, 97–98
gender
, 97–98
age
, 100–101
ethnicity
, 100, 102
location in the prison estate
, 100, 103
issues with recording data on trans prisoners
, 99–100
dress, meaning of (see also Prison dress of transgender prisoners)
dressing (for) the self
, 246–247
dressing for others
, 247–251
dressing for institutions (‘dress test’)
, 250–251
gender-affirming medical care, see Gender-affirming medical care in English and Welsh prisons
guardians of
, 205–211
location
, 209–211
prison staff
, 206–208
prisoners
, 208
history
before 21st century
, 61–63
in 21st century
, 63–97
histories (‘her-stories’) of transgender women prisoners (project participants)
Amelia
, 124–125
Batgirl
, 143–145
Brittany
, 122–123
Chloe
, 148–150
Eve
, 146–148
Gem
, 138–140
Hayden
, 125–126
Hotaru
, 150–157
Jerika
, 129–131
Jess
, 140–143
Poppy
, 134–136
Proudandfabulous88
, 145–146
Rachel
, 120–121
Samantha
, 126–128
Sharron
, 137–138
Skyee
, 123–124
Winter Rose
, 131–134
housing
single cells
, 209
cell-sharing
, 209–210
inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment
, 245
‘Life in the Day’ of a transgender prisoner
Batgirl
, 175
Fayth
, 176–179
Gem
, 174–175
Hotaru
, 164–167
Jerika
, 161–164
Jess
, 172–174
Poppy
, 160–161
Rachel
, 168–169
Wildgoose
, 167–168
Winter Rose
, 169–172
‘lifestyles and routines’
, 198–205
location/‘placing’ in the prison estate
, 211–220
clustering
, 219
integration
, 216
isolation
, 218–219
strategic segregation
, 216–218
Vulnerable Prisoner Unit (VPU)
, 67, 75, 217
perceived as ‘difficult’ by prisons
, 314
preferences for placement
transgender unit
, 220–221
transgender prison
, 221–222
other options
, 222–223
relations with other prisoners
friendships
, 331–334
romance
, 334–338
marriage-like
, 200
marriage between transgender prisoners
, 95–96
protesting behaviours,
‘going on the netting’
, 330
hunger strike
, 77, 330
refusing to return to cell
, 330–331
searching of
, 320–322
suicides of (in chronological order)
unnamed transgender woman at HMP Eastwood Park (women’s prison) (2006)
, 65–66
unnamed transgender woman at HMP Sutton (men’s prison) (2012)
, 68–69
Joanne Latham at HMP Woodhill (men’s prison) (2015)
, 72–75
Vicky Thompson at HMP Leeds (men’s prison) (2015)
, 72–75
Nicola Cope at HMP Foston Hall (women’s prison) (2016)
, 74–75
Jenny Swift at HMP Doncaster (men’s prison) (2016)
, 74–75
Jade Eatough at HMP Isle of Wight (men’s prison) (2017)
, 76
suicide rates
, 66
transgender prisoner and LGBTQI+ forums
, 328–330
Transgender Case Board
, 18, 32, 80–81, 97, 120–121, 124–126, 128, 130–131, 136–137, 141, 143–144, 146, 148, 155–156, 285, 290, 311, 313–314, 374
violence against
, 182–198
victimisation, emotional 197–198
victimisation, physical 182–185
, 186–187
victimisation, sexual 188–197
background
, 188–191
consequences for survivors
, 196–197
experiences of sexual abuse
, 193–194
rates
, 191
reporting sexual assaults
, 195
staff involvement
, 196
survival sex
, 195–196
Voluntary Agreement
, 18, 43, 125–126, 128, 131, 136, 154, 145–146, 149, 242, 244–245, 313, 319, 374