Index

Olga Suhomlinova (University of Leicester School of Business, UK)
Saoirse Caitlin O'Shea (The Open University Business School, UK)

Transgender and Non-binary Prisoners' Experiences in England and Wales

ISBN: 978-1-80071-045-0, eISBN: 978-1-80071-044-3

Publication date: 28 November 2024

This content is currently only available as a PDF

Citation

Suhomlinova, O. and O'Shea, S.C. (2024), "Index", Transgender and Non-binary Prisoners' Experiences in England and Wales, Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. 383-390. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-80071-044-320241012

Publisher

:

Emerald Publishing Limited

Copyright © 2025 Olga Suhomlinova and Saoirse Caitlin O'Shea


INDEX

England and Wales High Court (EWHC) cases involving transgender prisoners (in chronological order)

R (on the application of E) v Ashworth Hospital Authority [2001] EWHC 1089 (Admin)
, 63–65

R (on the application of AB) v Secretary of State for Justice [2009] EWHC 2220 (Admin)
, 67

R (on the application of Green) v Secretary of State for Justice [2013] EWHC 3491 (Admin)
, 69–71

R (on the application of H) v Secretary of State for Justice [2015] EWHC 1550 (Admin)
, 71–72

R (on the application of Hunnisett) v The Governor of HMP Frankland [2017] EWHC 742 (Admin)
, 75–76

M Jay v Secretary of State for Justice [2018] EWHC 2620 (Fam)
, 77–79

R (LW, Samantha Faulder, KT, MC) v Sodexo Limited and Secretary of State for Justice [2019] EWHC 367 (Admin)
, 82

R (on the application of KK) v Tavistock and Portman NHS Foundation Trust [2019] EWHC 3565 (Admin)
, 82–84

R (on the application of MA) v Secretary of State for Justice and Others [2021] EWHC 1266 (Admin)
, 95–96

R (FDJ) v Secretary of State for Justice [2021] EWHC 1746 (Admin)
, 96

English prison system (England and Wales)

costs
, 57, 233–235, 268

COVID-19 pandemic

regime restrictions
, 86–89

chronology
, 91–94

crisis
, 233–235, 317

crowding
, 209

Democratic Therapeutic Community (DTC)
, 154–155

disciplinary procedures
, 206–208

adjudication
, 207

discrimination incident reporting
, 324

Discrimination Incident Reporting Form (DIRF)
, 207, 324

Equalities structures and roles in prison
, 310–313

Disability Liaison Officer (DLO)
, 310

Equalities Governor
, 310–311

Equalities Lead
, 311

Equalities Manager
, 311

Race Relations Liaison Officer (RRLO)
, 310

Race Relations Management Team (RRMT)
, 310

Facilities List

Local
, 59, 253–258

National
, 59, 253, 260

health care (see also Gender-affirming medical care in English and Welsh prisons)
, 271–272

history
, 51–52

National Offender Management Service (NOMS)
, 51–52

Ministry of Justice (MOJ)
, 9, 156, 190, 371–377

organisational structure

HM Prison and Probation Service
, 52–54

individual prison (HMP Brixton)
, 304

policy-making
, 374–376

Prison National Offender Management Information System (Prison-NOMIS)
, 190, 356

prison population
, 55–56

prison staff, see Prison Service staff

prison types
, 56–57

prisoner applications (‘apps’) system
, 323

prisoner complaints system
, 323–325

prisoner Incentives and Earned Privileges system
, 59, 217, 251, 253

prison information system
, 356–357

prisoners, see Prisoners in England and Wales

private and voluntary sector involvement in public sector prisons
, 57

privately operated prisons
, 57

regulatory oversight (the ‘watchers’)
, 52, 55

Care Quality Commission (CQC)
, 52

Crown Premises Fire Safety Inspectorate (CPFSI)
, 55

Equality and Human Rights Commission (EHRC)
, 55

Healthcare Inspectorate Wales (HIW)
, 55

HM Inspectorate of Prisons (HMIP)
, 52, 351

Independent Monitoring Boards (IMB)
, 52, 55, 325

Lay Observers
, 55

Office for Standards in Education, Children’s Services and Skills (Ofsted)
, 55

Prison and Probation Ombudsman
, 55, 285, 324–325

UK National Preventive Mechanism (NPM)
, 52

rules and regulations (see also HM Prison Service policies)

Prison Rules (1999)
, 57–58

Prison Service Instructions (PSIs)
, 58

Prison Service Orders (PSOs)
, 58

Policy Frameworks (PFs)
, 58

safety

Assessment, Care in Custody and Teamwork (ACCT) protocol
, 66, 146, 148

assaults
, 182–185

homicides
, 182

self-harm
, 288–290

sexual assaults
, 191–192

suicides
, 66

security
, 181–182

as default explanation for restrictions
, 312

prisoner escapes and absconds
, 181–182

sexual activity in prison
, 188–191

use of force by prison staff against prisoners
, 308

watchers, the, see English prison system: regulatory oversight

Gender-affirming medical care in English and Welsh prisons

access
, 272–278

policy
, 272

referral to a Gender Identity Clinic
, 272–274

assessment and diagnosis
, 274–275, 278–283

real life test (RFT)/real life experience (RFE)
, 278

non-surgical treatment, including hormone replacement therapy (HRT)
, 275–276

surgical treatment, including gender-affirming surgery (GAS) 276–278

complaints about

Parliamentary and Health Service Ombudsman
, 325

consequences of poor access to gender-affirming care
, 283–292

do-it-yourself (DIY) surgery
, 291–292

forced detransition
, 283–288

self-harm
, 288–290

Gender Identity Clinic (GIC)
, 43, 64, 67, 70, 75, 79, 83, 121, 124, 126, 128, 133, 137, 139, 146–149, 156, 222, 250, 272–273, 281–282, 374, 378

General Practitioner (GP)
, 272, 378–379

problems with access
, 278–288

Amelia’s inability to access hormone replacement therapy (HRT)
, 283–288

General Practitioners’ (GP) reluctance to provide ‘bridging prescriptions’
, 283–284

Jerika’s ten-year journey to receive hormone replacement therapy (HRT)
, 278–283

HM Prison Service policies (year of issue in brackets)

on transgender prisoners (in chronological order)

history
, 58–59, 62–63

Proposals for the HM Prison Service Review of Guidelines relating to Transsexual Prisoners (1996)
, 63

Prison Service Instruction (PSI) 07/2011 The Care and Management of Transsexual Prisoners (2011)
, 68

Prison Service Instruction (PSI) 17/2016 The Care and Management of Transgender Offenders (2016)
, 74

Policy Framework The Care and Management of Individuals Who Are Transgender (2019 version)
, 18, 27, 58, 81–82, 96, 272, 349–351

Policy Framework The Care and Management of Individuals Who Are Transgender (2023 version)
, 18, 59, 97, 157, 349–351

relevant to transgender prisoners

Prison Service Instructions (PSI)

PSI 12/2011 Prisoners’ Property (issued in 2011, reissued in 2020)

PSI 05/2018 Prison Discipline Procedures (2018)

PSI 32/2011 Ensuring Equality (issued in 2011, reissued in 2020)

PSI 07/2016 Searching of the Person (2016)

Prison Service Orders (PSO)

PSO 4455 Requests from Prisoners to Change their Name (issued in 2003, reissued in 2022)
, 320

PSO 4480 Prisoners’ Representative Associations (issued in 2002, current as of 2024)

Policy Frameworks

Counter Corruption and Reporting Wrongdoing Policy Framework
, 309

Incentives Policy Framework (2019)
, 59, 251, 253, 262, 372

Searching Policy Framework (2023)

prisoners’ access to
, 315–317

prison staff knowledge of
, 317–318

prisons ‘censoring’ national policies
, 318

prisons’ local versions of national policies
, 318–319

HM Prison Service Policy Framework The Care and Management of Individuals Who Are Transgender implementation
, 315–320

reception into prison
, 319

induction of newly arrived prisoners
, 319

names and pronouns
, 319–320, 355–356

Transgender Case Board
, 124–125, 354–355

Voluntary Agreement
, 43, 125, 128, 146, 149, 354–355

Karen White case (2018)
, 80

Non-binary people in England and Wales

legal recognition
, 348–349

population
, 349

Non-binary prisoners in England and Wales

as ‘hidden people’
, 354–357

discriminatory treatment
, 358–364

in HM Inspectorate of Prisons Expectations
, 351

in prison policies
, 349–351

in Prison National Offender Management Information System (p-NOMIS)
, 356–357

risks and vulnerabilities
, 357–358

self-descriptions

Enigma
, 354

Fayth
, 353–354

Smiler
, 353

Wildgoose
, 352–353

Transgender Case Boards and Voluntary Agreements
, 354–355

Prison cell and its amenities

in 20th/21st century prison
, 238–239

in Victorian prison
, 235–238

poetic description
, 239–240

Prison gym
, 69, 85, 121, 165, 171–172, 178, 217, 232, 322

Prison dress of transgender prisoners

allowable, per prison regulations
, 251–260

per the Prison Rules (1999)
, 251

per the Incentives Policy Framework (2019)
, 251–252

per the policies on transgender prisoners
, 251–252

prison issue
, 251–253

own clothing
, 252–259

restrictions on number, style, and sources of items
, 253–259

accessible, through the approved sources of entry
, 261–265

brought in on reception
, 261

issued by prison
, 261–262

handed or sent in
, 262

purchased from the canteen
, 262

purchased from the approved suppliers online or through mail-order catalogues
, 262–263

affordable, given the state of their finances
, 265–270

making do
, 132, 269–270

(transgender) prisoner money
, 265–266

(transgender) prisoner pay
, 266–268

(transgender) prisoner spending
, 268–269

footwear
, 263–264

hair
, 259, 264

‘gaff’ and tucking
, 264

makeup and toiletries
, 256–257, 260, 262, 264–265

prosthetics (padded bras, breast forms)
, 132, 165, 254–255, 258, 264, 372–373

recommendations for policy on transgender prisoner dress and gendered items
, 371–374

wardrobe
, 270–271

Prison laundry
, 162–163

Prison showers

‘a real bug bear’
, 242–244

dirt and dignity
, 244–245

panoptic showers
, 241–242

Prisoners in England and Wales

food
, 268

dress (see also Prison dress of transgender prisoners)

per the Prison Rules (1999)
, 251

per the Incentives Policy Framework (2019)
, 251

prison issue, or prison kit
, 252–253, 261

own clothing
, 252–259

National and Local Facilities Lists
, 253

restrictions on number, style, and sources of items
, 253–258

Incentives and Earned Privileges system
, 215, 251

living costs
, 268

numbers 55–56

marriage
, 95–96

money
, 265–266

occasional earnings
, 267

pay
, 266–268

prisoner participation (prison councils, prisoner forums)
, 326–330

representative association
, 326

rights
, 369–371

peer support roles
, 326–327

Listener
, 176–178

Rehabilitative Culture representative
, 327

‘privileges’, see Prisoners in England and Wales: Incentives and Earned Privileges system

searching of
, 320

spending
, 268–269

protesting behaviours
, 330–331

National Tactical Response Group (NTGR)
, 330

work/employment
, 267

Prison Service staff

operational staff
, 302

non-operational staff
, 302

number by category in public sector prisons
, 302–303

prison officers

as street-level bureaucrats
, 309

demographic profile
, 307–308

entry requirements
, 303

implications of staffing crisis and staff demographics for relationships with transgender prisoners
, 309

job
, 302–305

occupational stress
, 305–307

officer-prisoner relationships
, 308–309

pay
, 305

working conditions
, 305–307

stances towards transgender prisoners
, 309

the Equalities staff
, 310–313

the helpers
, 313

the hinderers
, 314

the indifferent
, 314–315

Transgender Single Point of Contact
, 313

Recommendations

to the HM Inspectorate of Prisons (HMIP)
, 379

to the legislature and the judiciary
, 369–371

to the Ministry of Justice and the HM Prison and Probation Service (HMPPS)
, 371–374, 377–379

to the National Health Service (NHS)
, 378–379

‘Transcending the Bars’ project

correspondence (letter-writing)

as data generation method
, 7–9

enclosures
, 39

letteracy
, 8

prisoners and letters
, 8–9

processing and transcription
, 37–38

record
, 29–35

volume
, 37–38

funding
, 10

participants

recruitment and selection
, 10–14

barriers to participation
, 12–13

final sample
, 13–14

attrition and non-response
, 28–36

quality of writing
, 39

participant self-introductions (‘Hello, dear reader!)
, 39–47

Batgirl
, 40

Fayth
, 40–41

Gem
, 41–42

Jerika
, 42

Jess
, 42–43

Hotaru
, 44

Poppy
, 44–45

Skyee
, 45–46

Wildgoose
, 46

Winter Rose
, 46–47

participants’ messages to trans prisoners
, 380–381

research ethics
, 9–10

research team
, 10

timeline and evolution
, 14–28

Transgender people

historiography
, 59–61

legal recognition and protection in England and Wales

Gender Recognition Act (2004)
, 65

Gender Recognition Certificate (GRC), obtaining in the community and in prison
, 77–79

Gender Recognition Certificate (GRC) statistics
, 65

public consultation on the reform of Gender Recognition Act
, 76–77, 80–81

Equality Act (2010)
, 58, 67–68, 70, 207, 310, 355

European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR)
, 64

European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR)
, 245

Transgender prisoners in English and Welsh prisons

authenticity, or ‘realness’
, 27–28, 201–205

cisgender prisoners’ attitudes towards
, 332

change of name
, 320

‘coming out’

in prison
, 134–152

prior to incarceration
, 120–126

twice, prior to incarceration and in prison
, 126–134

compared with transgender women prisoners in Californian prisons
, 199–205

demographics

total population
, 97–98

gender
, 97–98

age
, 100–101

ethnicity
, 100, 102

location in the prison estate
, 100, 103

issues with recording data on trans prisoners
, 99–100

dress, meaning of (see also Prison dress of transgender prisoners)

dressing (for) the self
, 246–247

dressing for others
, 247–251

dressing for institutions (‘dress test’)
, 250–251

gender-affirming medical care, see Gender-affirming medical care in English and Welsh prisons

guardians of
, 205–211

location
, 209–211

prison staff
, 206–208

prisoners
, 208

history

before 21st century
, 61–63

in 21st century
, 63–97

histories (‘her-stories’) of transgender women prisoners (project participants)

Amelia
, 124–125

Batgirl
, 143–145

Brittany
, 122–123

Chloe
, 148–150

Eve
, 146–148

Gem
, 138–140

Hayden
, 125–126

Hotaru
, 150–157

Jerika
, 129–131

Jess
, 140–143

Poppy
, 134–136

Proudandfabulous88
, 145–146

Rachel
, 120–121

Samantha
, 126–128

Sharron
, 137–138

Skyee
, 123–124

Winter Rose
, 131–134

housing

single cells
, 209

cell-sharing
, 209–210

inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment
, 245

‘Life in the Day’ of a transgender prisoner

Batgirl
, 175

Fayth
, 176–179

Gem
, 174–175

Hotaru
, 164–167

Jerika
, 161–164

Jess
, 172–174

Poppy
, 160–161

Rachel
, 168–169

Wildgoose
, 167–168

Winter Rose
, 169–172

‘lifestyles and routines’
, 198–205

location/‘placing’ in the prison estate
, 211–220

clustering
, 219

integration
, 216

isolation
, 218–219

strategic segregation
, 216–218

Vulnerable Prisoner Unit (VPU)
, 67, 75, 217

perceived as ‘difficult’ by prisons
, 314

preferences for placement

transgender unit
, 220–221

transgender prison
, 221–222

other options
, 222–223

relations with other prisoners

friendships
, 331–334

romance
, 334–338

marriage-like
, 200

marriage between transgender prisoners
, 95–96

protesting behaviours,

‘going on the netting’
, 330

hunger strike
, 77, 330

refusing to return to cell
, 330–331

searching of
, 320–322

suicides of (in chronological order)

unnamed transgender woman at HMP Eastwood Park (women’s prison) (2006)
, 65–66

unnamed transgender woman at HMP Sutton (men’s prison) (2012)
, 68–69

Joanne Latham at HMP Woodhill (men’s prison) (2015)
, 72–75

Vicky Thompson at HMP Leeds (men’s prison) (2015)
, 72–75

Nicola Cope at HMP Foston Hall (women’s prison) (2016)
, 74–75

Jenny Swift at HMP Doncaster (men’s prison) (2016)
, 74–75

Jade Eatough at HMP Isle of Wight (men’s prison) (2017)
, 76

suicide rates
, 66

transgender prisoner and LGBTQI+ forums
, 328–330

Transgender Case Board
, 18, 32, 80–81, 97, 120–121, 124–126, 128, 130–131, 136–137, 141, 143–144, 146, 148, 155–156, 285, 290, 311, 313–314, 374

violence against
, 182–198

victimisation, emotional 197–198

victimisation, physical 182–185
, 186–187

victimisation, sexual 188–197

background
, 188–191

consequences for survivors
, 196–197

experiences of sexual abuse
, 193–194

rates
, 191

reporting sexual assaults
, 195

staff involvement
, 196

survival sex
, 195–196

Voluntary Agreement
, 18, 43, 125–126, 128, 131, 136, 154, 145–146, 149, 242, 244–245, 313, 319, 374