Action Plan

, 60–61

Adaptive capacity

, 71

Adaptive management

, 40

Agglomeration economics models

, 304–307

Albedo effect

, 71

Arbor Day Foundation

, 355–357

Association for Coastal Ecosystem Services (ACES)

, 262

Beijing

, 316

change from planting simple tree rows to restoring natural boreal forest ecosystem

, 319–320

evolution from top-down to adaptive and inclusive governance

, 320–321

lessons learnt and future challenges

, 321–322

and new urban forest

, 316–318

shift in project’s objectives

, 318–319

topographical division

, 317

Belo Horizonte Company for Urbanization and Housing (URBEL)

, 339

“Benefit transfer” technique

, 194

Biodiversity

, 12–14

conservation

, 34–35

crisis

, 34–35

loss

, 34

potential of NBS

, 37–41

urban biodiversity through NBS

, 35–37

Biodiversity Harmful Subsidies (BHS)

, 242

Biomimicry

, 72–73

Biophilia

, 72–73

Biophilic urbanism

, 73

Blue infrastructure

, 36, 292–293

in Bilbao

, 203–204

Border Carbon Adjustment (BCA)

, 251

Bosco Verticale

, 95

Bronx

, 328–329

Bronx River Alliance (BxRA)

, 328–329

Building (B)

, 155–159

Canalization

, 335–336

Capital Development Superintendence (SUDECAP)

, 339

Carbon

credits

, 261–262

pricing

, 251

Carbon dioxide (CO₂)

, 201

Casitas

, 327

Chikos Ecologicos

, 217

Choice modeling technique

, 194

City diplomacy

, 231–232

Civil society (CS)

, 130

CLEVER Cities

, 127

Climate change

, 12, 326–327

urban regeneration in

, 115–119

Coastal Waste and Marine Sediments Management Act

, 353

Cocreation of NBS

, 125–126, 349

actor roles

, 355–357

collaborative governance arrangements

, 131–144

Korea

, 352–353

Peru

, 349–350

reflections

, 360–361

self-governance in EdiCitNet

, 142–144

from theory to action

, 126–127

USA

, 351–352

Coexistence in technosphere

, 88–89

Cogovernance in London

, 136–137

Cohesion fund (CF)

, 230

Comanagement/cogovernance of green roofs and walls

, 137

Command and Control instruments. See Regulatory instruments

Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services (CICES)

, 49, 187–188

Community environmental stewardship

New York City as socioecological system

, 326–327

past, present, and future

, 327–331

Complementarity green and gray for transition

, 102–103

Concessional loans

, 258–259

Construction costs

, 271–272

Contingent valuation method

, 194

Contributions/earmarked taxes and fees

, 247–248

Convention on Biodiversity (CBD)

, 13–14, 35

COVID-19 pandemic

, 98–99

Credit trading systems

, 260–261

Crowdfunding strategies

, 262

Cultural landscape

, 232–233

Cumulative opportunity

, 214

Direct market category approach

, 192

Disaster risk reduction (DRR)

, 229

Ecological tax reform

, 243–244

Economic instruments. See also Financial instruments

, 241–243

for NBS

, 251

PES as

, 249

Economic valuation

, 189, 191

Ecosystem disservices

, 161

Ecosystem resilience

, 115–117

Ecosystem services (ES). See also Payments for Ecosystems Services (PES)

, 3–4, 48, 98, 120, 154, 187–188, 200–201, 316–317, 326

and drivers of change

, 52

green area management

, 268–269

integrated valuation of urban ES

, 204

to natural resilience and biodiversity

, 318–319

and NBS

, 48–49

NBS and societal challenges

, 54–57

urban areas administrative boundaries

, 50

urban ecosystems

, 49, 51, 59, 61

valuation at urban level

, 191–196

valuation from Blue infrastructure

, 203–204

valuation from Green infrastructure

, 201–203

to value NBS

, 189–191

ways to structure NBS

, 51–59

Ecosystem-based Adaptation (EbA)

, 4

Ecosystem-based Disaster Risk Reduction (EcoDRR)

, 4

Edible City Solutions (ECS)

, 142–143

EdiCitNet

, 127

self-governance in

, 142–144

EKLIPSE framework

, 155, 159, 177

Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS)

, 251

Emscher river system

, 292

Energy Performance Contracts (EPC)

, 259

Energy Service Company (ESCO)

, 259

Energy Tax Directive (ETD)

, 251

Energy-Saving Trees Program

, 355–357

Ente Regionale per i Servizi all’Agricoltura e alle Foreste (ERSAF)

, 93

Environmental assessment instruments

, 243

Environmental impact assessment (EIA)

, 243

Environmental impact bonds

, 263–264

Environmental innovation

, 335

Environmental Management Schemes (EMAS)

, 243

Environmental stewardship

, 228, 236

Environmental tax reform

, 243–244

Environmental taxes

fiscal nature and object of

, 245–248

goals and objects of

, 246–247

Environmentally Harmful Subsidies (EHS)

, 242–243

Ethnicity

, 214

European challenges for Ruhr region

, 294–295

European Commission

, 39, 112–113

European Investment Bank (EIB)

, 258

European regional development fund (ERDF)

, 230

European Union (EU)

, 228

Federal German green infrastructure concept

, 297–298

Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG)

, 338, 340

Financial instruments

, 257–264

carbon credits

, 261–262

climate and sustainability funds

, 263

concessional loans

, 258–259

crowdfunding strategies

, 262

environmental impact bonds

, 263–264

government subsidies

, 259

project bundling

, 262–263

resilience bonds

, 258

savings-based financing

, 259–260

SLLs

, 257–258

stormwater markets

, 260–261

tax breaks

, 259

TIF

, 260

Financing NBS

, 256–257

deploying and

, 256–257

financial instruments

, 257–264

Fossil Fuel Subsidies (FFS)

, 242

Functional urban area (FUA)

, 50–51

Geographical Information System (GIS)

, 337

Global Commission on Adaptation (GCA)

, 15

Governance

, 339–340

Government (G)

, 130

subsidies

, 259

Grand Paris Express project

, 302–306

Gray infrastructure

, 98, 304, 307

Green and blue infrastructure (GBI)

, 200

Green area

benefits of

, 269–275

management

, 268–269

Green blue infrastructure

, 114

Green compact city approach

, 117

Green Deal

, 251

Green financing

, 304–305

Green fiscal reform

, 243–244

Green growth

, 76–77

Green infrastructure (GI)

, 4, 36, 93–94, 214–215, 292–294

in Barcelona

, 201–203

in Germany

, 295–298

in North Rhine-Westphalia

, 298–300

in Ruhr region

, 298–300

Green Plan

, 267–268

Green Public Procurement (GPP)

, 243

Green spaces

, 21–22, 24, 36, 212–213

Green tax reform

, 243–244

Greenhouse gases emissions (GHGs emissions)

, 70, 99

Greenhouses

, 81

Greening unusual spaces

, 136–139

GROWGREEN project

, 101

Gyeonnaeryang Strait Coastal Litter Cleanup

, 352–353

Health

, 22

components of

, 22

determinants

, 23–24

outcomes

, 24–26

urban nature characteristics, health, and well-being

, 27–30

Healthy City

, 72–73, 76

Hedonic price method

, 194

Hedonic pricing

, 193

Horizon 2020 program (H2020 program)

, 103, 109, 126

i-Tree Eco model

, 201

Impact Assessment (IA)

, 243

Innovation

, 335

Integrated urban landscape development

, 292–293

Integrated valuation of urban ES

, 204

Inter-American Development Bank (IDB)

, 339

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)

, 76

International Building Exhibition (IBA)

, 293

International Panel on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES)

, 303–304

International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)

, 303–304

International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)

, 14, 39

“Just green enough” policies

, 218–219

Key performance indicators (KPIs)

, 154, 257–258

to measuring NBS

, 161–177

for NBS impact assessment

, 178–183

Korea

, 352–353

Leaf Area Index (LAI)

, 270

Lima’s Green Belt Independencia

, 349–350

“Living Lab” project

, 357

Loan Market Association

, 257–258

Local governments

, 285–286

Make peace with nature (MPN Report)

, 251

Mapping and Assessment of Ecosystems and Services (MAES)

, 50–51

Marginalized groups

, 127, 144, 146

Market-based instruments

, 241–242

Mental Health Centers (HMCs)

, 132

Methane (CH₄)

, 201

Metropolitan (M)

, 155

building stock

, 307–309

Constellation

, 94

Mikoko Pamoja Community Organization (MPCO)

, 262

Millennium development goals (MDGs)

, 232

Millennium Ecosystem Assessment

, 3

Minas Gerais Sanitation Company (COPASA)

, 339

Monetary/nonmonetary valuation

, 200–204

Mortality

, 24

Multilateral organizations

, 284–285

Municipal Sanitation Council (COMUSA)

, 339

Municipal Secretariat of Urban Policy (SMURBE)

, 339

Municipal Secretariats of Environment (SMAMA)

, 339

Municipal Secretariats of Finance (SMF)

, 339

Municipal Secretariats of International Relations (SMRI)

, 339

Municipal Secretariats of Planning, Budgeting, and Management (SMPL)

, 339

Municipal Secretariats of Regional Administration (SARMU)

, 339

Nanoparticles

, 77–78

National governments

, 285–286

Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs)

, 14, 229–230, 286

Natural boreal forest ecosystem, change from planting simple tree rows to restoring

, 319–320

Natural capital

, 187–188

Natural Capital Financing Facility (NCFF)

, 258

Natural Water Retention Measures (NWRM)

, 4

Nature

, 22

determinants

, 23–24

outcomes

, 24–26

urban nature characteristics, health, and well-being

, 27–30

Nature Forum

, 137

Nature-based solutions (NBS)

, 4, 9, 12, 34–35, 48, 71, 87–88, 98, 113, 125, 154, 188, 200, 212, 228, 241–242, 255–256, 279–280, 293–294, 302, 315–316, 326, 337

in architecture and urban planning

, 89–95

and Brownfields in urban regeneration

, 113–114

categorization and impact scale

, 155–161

categorization of

, 162–176

challenges

, 282–283

classification of

, 6–7

codesigned living labs using

, 128–130

coexistence in technosphere

, 88–89

conserving, restoring, and thriving

, 37–41

economic instruments for

, 251

ecosystem services to

, 189–191

ES and

, 48–49

generating financial gains

, 281

governance arrangements in

, 131

innovation

, 281–282

KPIs for impact assessment

, 178–183

KPIs to measuring

, 161–177

linking accessibility and cultural heritage

, 117–119

perception vs. reality

, 14–15

policy recommendations for private sector

, 284–286

principles for implementation

, 15–17

public–private partnerships

, 282

reducing costs

, 281

regulatory requirements

, 280

reputational gains

, 281

and respective scale

, 156–159

risk reduction

, 280–281

sustainable

, 103–110

urban biodiversity through

, 35–37

in urban contexts

, 5, 283–284

and urban ecosystem services

, 200–201

in urban green areas

, 267–268

for urban resilience

, 11–14

Nature-based Urban Innovation (Naturvation)

, 249

New Urban Agenda (NUA)

, 234–235

New York City as socioecological system

, 326–327

Nitrous oxide (NO₂)

, 201

Nonanthropised and ethical approach

, 89

Nongovernmental actor–led model

, 132, 136

Nongovernmental organization (NGOs)

, 127–130

Nonuse value

, 190

Nordatlanten House

, 115–117

North Rhine-Westphalia (NRW)

, 298

GI in

, 298–300

OECD instruments for environmental policy

, 242–245

“One Million Mu¹” Plain Afforestation Project

, 318

“One Person, One Tree” Program in Orlando

, 351–352

Paris

, 302

system change

, 302–304

Particulate matter (PM)

, 77

Payments for Ecosystems Services (PES)

, 249

as economic instrument

, 249

finance mobilized programs

, 250–251

PERIFERIA

, 350, 355

Peru

, 349–350

Physical activity

, 26

Pigouvian taxes

, 245

Place-based transformative potential

, 228

Pollinator-friendly food forest

, 132–134

Polluter Pays Principle

, 242

Polycentric governance

, 236

Prato Urban Jungle (PUJ)

, 91

Precautionary Principle

, 242

Private sector (P)

, 130, 279–280

Program for Environmental Restoration and Sanitation of Natural Riverbeds (DRENURBS)

, 336–338

sociotechnical system

, 339–341

Project bundling

, 262–263

Public green space

, 213

access and benefits from

, 213–215

enabling environment/governance

, 216–217

planning, designing, and managing for inclusiveness

, 217–219

Public spaces for social inclusiveness

, 212–213

Public–private partnerships

, 255–256, 281–282

Reference Framework for Sustainable European Cities (RFSC)

, 118

Regenerative approach

, 112

Regional scale (R)

, 155

Regreening

, 71, 82–83

Regulatory instruments

, 241–242

“Reinventing Paris”

, 302

Renaturalization

healthy and resilient cities

, 73–76

post-COVID-19 city

, 72–73

principles for integration of NBS

, 76–78

regional challenge in American Southwest

, 79–82

tree planting and rewilding of urban spaces

, 78–79

urban ecosystems

, 70

urban resilience of cities

, 71

urban sprawl

, 70

Replacement cost method

, 193

Resilience

, 12–13

bonds

, 258

Resilient cities

, 73–76

Revenue raising taxes

, 247

Rewilding of urban spaces

, 78–79

Risk reduction

, 280–281

Rockaway Initiative for Sustainability and Equity (RISE)

, 329

Ruhr region

challenges and new perspectives

, 293–294

European challenges for

, 294–295

integrated urban landscape development

, 292–293

Sanitation

, 335

Savings-based financing

, 259–260

Self-governance in EdiCitNet

, 142–144

Sendai Framework for DRR

, 229–232

Silent Spring

, 72–73

Small and medium-sized enterprise (SME)

, 142

Smart Forest City project

, 92

Social inclusiveness

, 212–213

Social Innovation

, 117

Social Innovation Promotion Bureau

, 353

Social isolation

, 202

Social–ecological systems

, 36, 38, 40

Socioecological systems

, 100, 326–327

Socioeconomic status

, 214

Sociotechnical system

, 338

Sociotechnical transitions

, 336–339, 342, 344

“Source provision” services

, 52

State of North Rhine Westphalia (NRW)

, 293

Stated preferences approach

, 194

Stormwater markets

, 260–261

Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA)

, 7, 101, 243

Street (S)

, 155

“Superblock” intervention

, 27–28

Superintendence of Urban Cleaning (SLU)

, 339

Sustainability

, 98, 100, 102

green and gray solutions

, 104–106

sustainable NBS

, 103–110

threshold

, 54–57

Sustainability Linked Loans (SLLs)

, 257–258

Sustainable development goals (SDGs)

, 155, 228–229

Sustainable drainage systems (SuDS)

, 259

Sustainable Energy and Climate Action Plans (SECAPs)

, 231

Sustainable infrastructures

, 99–100

Sustainable Urban Waters for Tomorrow Cities’ Health (SWITCH)

, 340

System of Environmental Economic Accounting (SEEA)

, 16–17

Tax increment financing (TIF)

, 260

Technosphere

, 87–88

coexistence in

, 88–89

Total economic value (TEV)

, 189–190, 269

Travel cost method

, 193

“Tree Cities USA” recognition program

, 355–357

Tree planting of urban spaces

, 78–79

Trudo Vertical Forest

, 90–91

“200-Mile City”

, 74

2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development

, 232–234

21st Conference of Parties (COP21)

, 229–231

22@ concept

, 117

UN Convention on Biological diversity (CBD)

, 242

UN Habitat’s COVID-19 Policy and Program Framework

, 120

UNEP Biofin financial solutions

, 248–249

United Cities and Local Governments (UCLG)

, 231

United Nations (UN)

, 13–14

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)

, 232–233

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)

, 229–230

Urban (U)

, 155

Urban areas administrative boundaries

, 50

Urban biodiversity

, 335–336

through NBS

, 35–37

Urban Drainage Master Plan (1996)

, 337

Urban ecology

, 326

Urban ecosystems

, 34, 49, 51, 70

NBS and

, 200–201

structure and monitoring changes in

, 59–61

Urban forest

, 316–318

Urban forestry

, 91, 93–94

Urban Forestry Center

, 216–217

Urban GBIs

, 205

Urban green areas

, 267–268

Urban green spaces

, 21–22, 296

Urban greening

, 71–72

Urban heat island effect (UHI effect)

, 71

Urban infrastructures

, 98

Urban Innovative Actions (UIA)

, 91

Urban landscape

, 299

Urban living labs (ULLs)

, 125–126

Urban metabolism

, 74

Urban nature characteristics, health, and well-being

, 27–30

Urban planning

, 89–95

Urban redevelopment

, 112

Urban regeneration

, 112–113

Brownfields in

, 113–114

in climate change

, 115–119

ecosystem resilience

, 115–117

green compact city approach

, 117

linking accessibility and cultural heritage

, 117–119

in Post–COVID-19 scenario

, 119–120

rebuilding nature for climate adaptation

, 115–117

Urban renewal

, 112

Urban resilience

of cities

, 71

NBS for

, 11–14

Urban revitalization

, 112

Urban spaces

tree planting and rewilding of

, 78–79

Urban sprawl

, 70

Urban water restoration

, 335–336

DRENURBS program

, 337–338

DRENURBS sociotechnical system

, 339–341

sociotechnical transitions

, 338–339, 342, 344

US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE)

, 330

US Environmental Protection Agency

, 212–213

USA

, 351–352

Use value

, 190–191

User Pays Principle

, 242

Value generated by urban nature

, 187–189

Vegetation

, 24

Vertical forest models

, 90

Vieux-Port of Marseille

, 118

“Virtual City Hall” interactive website

, 355–357

VIVA-PLAN project

, 216

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs)

, 161

Voluntary instruments

, 241–243

Wastewater treatment plant (WWTP)

, 203

World Economic Forum (WEF)

, 279–280

World Health Organization

, 22