Aboriginal communities

, 1, 5, 7, 68, 137

Access and Benefit Sharing (ABS)

bio-prospecting

, 62

bio-resources

, 62

Bonn Guidelines

, 64–66

Hoodia

, 70–71

INBio-Merck agreement

, 72

Jeevani

, 69–70

Nagoya Protocol

, 66–68

Acupuncture

, 23

African Model Law

, 122

Agro-climatic conditions

, 117

All India Coordinated Research Project on Ethnobiology (AICRPE)

, 69

Amazon rainforest

, 60

Antibiotic-resistant tobacco plant

, 31

AstraZeneca

, 53

Aventis

, 53

Ayahuasca

, 59–60

Ayurveda

, 57

Berne Convention

, 83, 84, 131, 133

Biodiversity

, 19, 25–26, 49–50

Biodiversity Act

, 2002, 108–111

Biodiversity Convention

, 6

Bio insecticides

, 24

Biological resources

, 5

Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)

, 35–40

legislation

, 123

traditional knowledge (TK)

, 10

Bio pesticides

, 24

Bio-piracy

Access and Benefit Sharing (ABS) Mechanism

, 62–68, 62–72

ayahuasca

, 59–60

biodiversity

, 49–50

definition

, 45–46

economic impacts

, 46–57

Enola bean

, 61

exchequer

, 49

food security

, 48, 50–54

health security

, 48–49, 54–57

incidents

, 59

in India

, 57–59

livelihood, of indigenous people

, 47–48

neem

, 58–59

probability

, 4

traditional knowledge (TK)

, 11

turmeric

, 57–58

Bio-prospecting

, 62, 72, 78

Biotechnology

, 3, 8, 21, 46, 112, 127

BioZulua project, Venezuela

, 94–95

Bonn Guidelines

mutually agreed terms (MAT)

, 65–66

prior informed consent (PIC)

, 64–65

Breeders

, 3, 6, 32, 128, 113–115

Centre for International Environmental Law (CIEL)

, 60

Codified traditional knowledge

, 87

Community knowledge

, 145

Conference of the Parties (COP)

, 39

Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)

, 27

biological resources

, 37

Conference of the Parties (COP)

, 39

indigenous and local communities

, 35

mutually agreed terms (MAT)

, 38

prior informed consent (PIC)

, 38

Copyright Act

, 45, 73, 81–84, 107–108

adaptation

, 132

authorship

, 130

fixation requirement

, 131–132

limited term of protection

, 133

originality

, 129–130

traditional cultural expression (TCE)

, 128–129

Council of Scientific Research (CSIR)

, 58

Cultural heritage

, 20

Da Vine

, 60

Defensive protection

, 75–78, 87

BioZulua project, Venezuela

, 94–95

codified traditional knowledge

, 87

definition

, 87

initiatives, India

, 90–92

Korean Intellectual Property Office (KIPO)

, 94

non-codified traditional knowledge

, 94

Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM)

, 92–93

traditional knowledge databases

, 92

Traditional Knowledge Digital Library (TKDL)

, 88–90

Ulwazi Programme, Durban

, 95

Doha Declaration

, 142

Dow Chemical

, 53

DuPont

, 53

Enola bean

, 61

European Patent Office (EPO)

, 58

Exchequer

, 49

Farmers rights

, 113–114

Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)

, 5, 27, 31–33, 50, 80

Food insecurity

, 50

Food security

, 25

definition

, 50

genetically modified (GM) crops

, 52

green revolution

, 51

herbicide-resistant plants

, 53

high-yielding varieties (HYV) seeds

, 51

mono-cropping culture

, 51

weed species

, 53

Gene Giants

, 53

Genetically modified organism (GMO)

, 31

Genetic resources

bio-resources

, 63

Bonn Guidelines

, 64

demand for

, 8

importance

, 19

Nagoya Protocol

, 66

plant patent

, 79

prior informed consent (PIC)

, 64

traditional knowledge (TK)

, 27

Geographical indication (GI)

, 40, 80–81

Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act

, 1999

definition

, 106

limitations of

, 133–135

Globalization

, 25

Green revolution

, 51

Health security

, 48–49, 54

biodiversity

, 56

herbal medicine

, 56

medicinal plants

, 55

Herbicide-resistant plants

, 53

High-yielding varieties (HYV) seeds

, 3, 51, 80

Holders rights

, 115–116

Hoodia

, 70–71

Human civilization

, 7

INBio-Merck agreement

, 72

Industrial property

, 73

Insecticide

, 52

Insofar

, 62

Intellectual property (IP)

, 2, 73

copyright

, 73

defensive protection

, 87

definition

, 73

industrial property

, 73

intellectual property right (IPR)

, 73–74

positive protection

, 78

traditional knowledge (TK)

, 74–75

World Trade Organization (WTO)

, 74

Intellectual property rights (IPR)

, 8, 12, 73–74, 97

International Undertaking on Plant Genetic Resources (IUPGR)

, 32

International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV)

, 28

comparison

, 29

Distinctiveness criteria

, 30

Novelty criteria

, 29–30

Stability criteria

, 31

Uniformity criteria

, 30

Jeevani

, 69–70

Kabiraj family

, 19

Kerala Kani Samudaya Kshema Trust (KKSKT)

, 69

Knowledge-holders

, 121

Korean Intellectual Property Office (KIPO)

, 94

Local communities

, 124

Medicines

, 18–20

Modern medicines

, 21

Mono-cropping culture

, 51

Monsanto

, 53

Multi-national companies (MNC)

, 9, 45, 46, 87, 100, 112

Mutually agreed terms (MAT)

, 38, 63, 65–66, 145

Nagoya Protocol

, 66–68

National Competent Authority

, 124

Natural resources

, 5

Neem

, 58–59

Non-codified traditional knowledge

, 94

Novartis

, 53

Paris Convention

, 79, 81, 98–99, 103

Patent

, 78

European Patent Office (EPO)

, 58

limitations of

, 126–127

non-biological matters

, 2

Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT)

, 34

turmeric

, 9

US Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO)

, 61

Patent Act of India

in 1970

, 101–104

amendments

, 104–105

The Indian Patents and Designs Act

, 1911, 98–101

Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT)

, 34

Patent Law treaty (PLT)

, 34

Pharmacia

, 53

Phytopharm

, 71

Plant patent

, 79–80

genetic resources

, 47

indigenous communities

, 128

limitations of

, 127–128

Plant Varieties and Farmer’s Rights Act (PPVRA)

, 140

POD-NERS

, 61

Positive protection

copyright

, 81–84

geographical indication

, 80–81

patent

, 78

plant patent

, 79–80

trademark

, 84–85

trade secrets

, 85–86

Prior informed consent (PIC)

, 38, 64–65, 67, 120, 123, 146

Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmer’s Rights Act

, 2001

breeders rights

, 114–115

farmers rights

, 113–114

holders rights

, 115–116

TRIPS agreement

, 112

Recombinant DNA technology

, 5

Seeds Bill

, 116–118

Sui genesis

, 6, 93, 112, 125, 133, 142

Syngenta

, 53

Trademark

, 84–85, 135–136

Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS)

, 6, 40–43, 50, 80, 84, 86

Trade secrets

, 85–86, 136–138

Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM)

, 92–93

Traditional Cultural Expressions (TCE)

, 10, 20, 127, 135, 139–140

Traditional knowledge (TK)

, 7, 74–75

advancement of science

, 23–24

Africa

, 122–124

agriculture

, 18

Biodiversity Act

, 2002, 108–111

biological resources

, 10

bio-piracy

, 1, 11

Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)

, 27, 35–40

Copyright Act

, 1957, 107–108

cultural identity

, 26

defensive protection

, 76–78

definition

, 1, 15–17

economic importance

, 21–22

Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)

, 31–33

food security

, 25

Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act

, 1999, 106

importance

, 22

indigenous communities

, 22

initiatives, India

, 98

intellectual property right (IPR)

, 97

international milestones

, 27–28

international union

, 28–31

medicinal benefit

, 22–23

misappropriation

, 1, 12

Panama

, 120–122

Patent Act of India

, 98

The Philippines

, 118–120

positive protection

, 75–76

Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmer’s Rights Act, 2001. See Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmer's Rights Act, 2001

Seeds Bill

, 116–118

traditional cultural expressions (TCE)

, 20

World Intellectual Protection Organization (WIPO)

, 33–35

World Trade Organization (WTO)

, 40–43

Traditional Knowledge Digital Library (TKDL)

, 88–90

Traditional medicines

, 21, 23

definition

, 23

insofar

, 62

traditional knowledge (TK)

, 1

Traditional Knowledge Digital Library (TKDL)

, 88

Transgenerational

, 1, 140

Tropical Botanical Garden and Research Institute (TBGRI)

, 69

Turmeric

, 57–58

Ulwazi Programme, Durban

, 95

Unani therapy

, 62

UNDP

, 47, 48

United Nations (UN)

, 28, 33, 34, 37, 42

US Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO)

, 61

Weed species

, 53

World Food Summit (WFS)

, 50

World Health Organization (WHO)

, 23, 54, 56

World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO)

, 1, 20, 33–35, 75, 85, 132

World Trade Organization (WTO)

, 27, 45, 74, 97, 127, 142

bio-resources

, 41

Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS)

, 42