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Methodological Issues in Management Research: Advances, Challenges, and the Way Ahead

ISBN: 978-1-78973-974-9, eISBN: 978-1-78973-973-2

Publication date: 11 November 2019

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(2019), "Index", Subudhi, R.N. and Mishra, S. (Ed.) Methodological Issues in Management Research: Advances, Challenges, and the Way Ahead, Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. 315-328. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-78973-973-220191019

Publisher

:

Emerald Publishing Limited

Copyright © 2020 Emerald Publishing Limited

INDEX

ABI/INFORM
, 19

Absolute fit indices (AFI)
, 270–272

Academic socialization of scholars
, 2

Academy of Management (AOM)
, 3, 19, 22

Action research tradition
, 4–5

Active listening skills
, 87, 89

ADB Perceptions Survey
, 69

Adjusted Goodness-of-Fit Index (AGFI)
, 273

Affective research
, 156

Alternative hypothesis (H1)
, 129, 133–134, 205, 217

Amazon Alexa
, 172

American Psychological Association (APA)
, 21

Amrita (nectar for immortal life)
, 153

Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA)
, 42, 45

Analysis of variance (ANOVA)
, 42

hypothesis for
, 132–133

one-way
, 112

Analyst triangulation
, 175

Analytic generalizations
, 173

Analytic hierarchy process (AHP)
, 226

analytic network process
, 233

consistency of priority weights
, 231–232

decomposing problem into hierarchy
, 227

dedicated software packages
, 233

extensions to basic
, 232–233

fundamental scale
, 228

group decision-making
, 233

hierarchy of goal, criteria, and alternatives
, 228

levels of criteria
, 232–233

paired comparison
, 228–231

priority weights for criteria
, 227, 229–230

ratio scale of measurement
, 227–228

synthesizing priorities
, 231

weighted average method of decision-making
, 226–227

weighted average scores for alternatives
, 231

Analytic network process
, 233

Analyzing interview
, 83

Anganwadi Centers (AWC)
, 128

Annual Survey of Industries
, 279

Antecedent set of factor
, 223

Apprehensive subjects
, 47

Appropriate research strategy
, 155

Appropriateness of focus groups
, 94–96

Archival data
, 170

Artifacts
, 170

in behavioral research
, 45

Asynchronous data collection
, 105

Attributes of writing good questionnaire
, 66–67

Autonomous enablers
, 224

Average variance extracted values (AVE values)
, 256, 274

Axial coding
, 188, 190–191
Badness of fit index (BOF index)
, 254

Banker, Charnes, and Cooper model (BCC model)
, 245–246

Bartlett’s test of sphericity
, 252

Bayesian hypothesis
, 34

Before–after design (see Pretest–posttest design)

Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL)
, 111

Biased questions
, 87

Biosocial effect
, 47

Body language expressions
, 104

Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE)
, 285–287

Boyle’s law
, 41

Bricolage
, 152

Buyer behavior
, 121
Campus-placements and On-job-probation
, 138

Case study protocol and database
, 174

Case study research
, 163

case study elements, descriptors, and focus of researcher
, 165

components of case study design
, 166–170

framework for assessing quality in qualitative case study research
, 175–176

judging quality of
, 173–175

methodological issues in case research
, 173

perspectives on
, 164

qualitative analysis in
, 171

structuring case study
, 171–172

Categorizing strategy
, 187–190

Category card
, 196

Cause-and-effect

explanation
, 49

statement
, 40–41

Center of Creative Leadership
, 89

Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy database (CMIE database)
, 286–287

Chain referral sampling (see Snowballing sampling)

Charles’ law
, 41

Charnes, Cooper, Rhodes model (CCR model)
, 236–238

efficiency
, 238, 240–241, 244

Charts
, 171

Chi-square to degrees of freedom (χ2/df)
, 274

Chi-squared tests (χ2 tests) (see also Kolmogorov–Smirnov tests (K-S tests))
, 115, 132, 204, 271

for contingency coefficient
, 209

multi-sample
, 208–209

one-sample
, 204–205

related-sample
, 207–208

two-sample
, 205–207

Close-ended questions (see also Open-ended questions)

formal standardized questionnaires/structured questionnaires with
, 55–56

in questionnaire
, 65

Closed, fixed-response interview
, 82

Closing questions
, 63

Cluster analysis
, 120–122

Clustering
, 196

Code notes
, 192

Coding
, 185–190

for GT
, 185–190

paradigm
, 196–197

Coefficient of multiple determination (R 2)
, 117

Coefficient of variation
, 114

Cognitive and affective component of destination image
, 263

Cognitive dimension
, 264

Cohert
, 39

Collective case study
, 167

Color coding
, 64

Column names
, 288

Column percentage
, 115

Community gatekeepers
, 101

Comparative Fit Index (CFI)
, 272

Comparative scaling
, 110–111

Composite index
, 279

Composite reliability (CR)
, 256, 274

Comprehensive Meta-analysis
, 15

Conceptual clarity/building theories
, 158

Conceptualization of review
, 16

Conditional matrix
, 189–190

Conduct of experiment
, 42

Confidentiality issues
, 105–106

Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) (see also Exploratory factor analysis (EFA))
, 118, 250, 274

to establishing construct validity
, 253–257

measurement model after deletion of items
, 255

Confounding variables
, 44, 49

Conjoint analysis
, 122–123

Consent seeking
, 98

Consistency index (CI)
, 232

Consistency of priority weights
, 231–232

Consistency ratio (CR)
, 232

Constant comparison
, 193–195

Construct validity
, 174, 251–252

CFA to establishing
, 253–257

Constructs
, 33

Consumer behavior literature
, 262

Context, Conditions, Causes, Consequences, Covariance, Contingency coding paradigm (6-C coding paradigm)
, 189

Contextual factors
, 96

Contextual performance (CP)
, 250, 257

Contingency coefficient, chi-square for
, 209

Continuous measures
, 110, 113

Control group
, 42

Control of causal factor
, 41

Convenience sampling technique
, 250

Convergent validity
, 274

of constructs
, 256–257

Corbin’s coding paradigm
, 189

Correlation of constructs
, 251

Correlational design
, 49–50

Covariance and correlations
, 112

Cramer’s V
, 115

Credibility in qualitative research
, 174–175

Credible research
, 156

Credulous subjects
, 47

Critical analysis
, 18

of literature
, 16

Critical management researchers
, 94

Critical region
, 133–136

Cronbach’s coefficient for constructs
, 264

Cronbach’s α
, 251, 256, 264

Cross-loading of items
, 250

Cross-sectional design
, 39–41

Cross-tabulation
, 115

CSPro Software
, 69

Culmination of literature review
, 18
Data

churning
, 153

collection
, 169–170, 286–287

context
, 286–287

extraction
, 14

interpretation
, 153–154

preparation
, 286

quality
, 63

reduction
, 120

Data analysis
, 109

for GT
, 184–185

strategy
, 111–112

Data cleaning methodologies
, 285, 287

apparent anomalies
, 288

complete case of data
, 288

descriptive statistics from R output
, 290

review of data and check for data-type
, 288

rows and columns extent
, 287–288

and transformation steps
, 294

visual inspection of row and columns
, 287–288

working with variables
, 288–289

Data envelopment analysis (DEA)
, 233

CCR model
, 236–238

productivity and TE
, 234–236

Deductive approach
, 150

Deductive reasoning hypothesis
, 192

Defensible research
, 155

Degrees of freedom (DF)
, 254

Demand characteristic
, 47

Density plot
, 292

Departure phase
, 148

Dependence techniques
, 112, 118

Dependent enablers
, 224

Dependent variable
, 42, 44, 117

Descriptive analysis
, 14

Descriptive case study design
, 167

Descriptive research
, 30

Descriptive statistics
, 113

Descripto-logical examinations
, 30

Design flexibility
, 151

Designing interview
, 81

Destinations
, 261

branding
, 262

image
, 262–264

marketing organizations
, 261–262

Developmental research designs
, 38

Diagram
, 192

Digraph for reachability matrix
, 222–223

Direct observation
, 33

Direct score formula
, 264

Discovery process
, 37

Discriminant validity
, 274

of constructs
, 256–257

Distributing questionnaire
, 67–68

Documents
, 170

Dominant research paradigms
, 3–5

Double-blind technique
, 46–47

Draft questionnaire
, 64

Drug
, 43–44

Dual LP model

for input-oriented model
, 245

for kth unit
, 243

Dual output-oriented LP model
, 245

“Dummy” questions
, 58
e-journals
, 19

Early Childhood Care and Education (ECCE)
, 128

Earning Before Interest, Tax, Depreciation and Amortization (EBIDTA)
, 288–289

EBSCO Business Source Premier/Elite
, 19

Eclectic/flexible approach
, 151

Economic Survey of India
, 279

Effective probes
, 90

Efficient frontier
, 235–236, 238

Eigen values
, 119

Eigenvector method
, 230

ELECTRE
, 219

Electronic evaluation
, 22

Elimination
, 45

Emic approach
, 151

Emic orientation
, 151

Emic-etic orientation
, 151

Emoticons
, 105

Empathy
, 86

Employee performance (EmpPerf)
, 250

as second-order factor
, 257–258

as uni-dimensional first-order construct
, 257

Empowerment stud
, 101

EndNote software
, 21

Epistemological positions of FGD
, 94

Epistemology
, 3

Estimated covariance model
, 270

Ethical considerations of FGDs
, 105–106

Ethnographic studies
, 149

Expectancy bias
, 46

Expectancy effect
, 46

Experience survey
, 29

Experimental control
, 42

Experimental design
, 41

randomization
, 43–45

single-blind procedure
, 46–47

single-case experimental design
, 48–49

temperature
, 41–42

Experimental group
, 42

Experimenter’s expectancy effect
, 45

Expert choice
, 233

Explanation building
, 171

Explanatory case study design
, 166–167

Explanatory focus
, 95–96

Explanatory research
, 30–31

Exploratory case study design
, 166

Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) (see also Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA))
, 118, 250, 264

to checking factor structure
, 252–253

final pattern matrix obtained through
, 253

Exploratory focus
, 95

Exploratory information
, 54–55

Exploratory questionnaires/unstructured questionnaires
, 55

Exploratory research
, 28–29

External validity
, 51, 174

Extraction method
, 252, 264

Extraneous variables
, 44
F statistic
, 116

Face-to-face interviews
, 68

Facial expressions
, 87

Facilitation skills
, 102

competencies for FGDs
, 102–103

dealing with silences
, 103–104

Facilitator role
, 99, 101–102

Factor analysis
, 118–120, 264

steps of designing
, 119–120

types
, 118–119

Factor correlation matrix
, 252

Factor hierarchy
, 224–225

Factor loading
, 120

Factor rotation
, 120

Factorial experimental design
, 48

Factsheet
, 81

Final reachability matrix
, 222

Fit indices
, 270

AFI
, 270–272

fit evaluation
, 271

IFI
, 272

PFI
, 273

Flexibility
, 151, 154–155

Focus group discussion (FGD)
, 93–94, 170

appropriateness
, 94–96

comparing FGDs and interviews
, 104–105

design
, 97–98

discussion guide
, 98–100

ethical considerations
, 105–106

facilitation skills
, 102–104

group composition and size
, 101–102

internet and FGDs
, 105

ontological and epistemological positions
, 94

recoding and transcribing FGDs
, 104

“Focused interviews”
, 93

Formal standardized questionnaires/structured questionnaires
, 55–56

Fractional LP problem, equivalence of
, 238

Frequency analysis
, 113

Frequency distribution
, 113

Functional attributes
, 262

Fundamental scale
, 228
Gap
, 18

Gender
, 45

Geometric mean method
, 229–230

Gini coefficient
, 279

Glaser views theory
, 197

Glaser’s coding families
, 188

Glaser’s interpretation of operational procedures
, 186

Globalization
, 31–32

Good subjects
, 47

Goodness-of-Fit Index (GFI)
, 272

Goodness-of-fit indices (GOFI)
, 254, 270

recommended values
, 273

values and validity test
, 274–275

Google Assistant
, 172

Grounded theory (GT)
, 181

analytical process in GT research
, 186

application
, 195

approach
, 182

category card
, 196

coding
, 185–190

constant comparison
, 193–195

data analysis
, 184–185

emergence
, 181–183

future scope of research in
, 198

memo writing
, 191–193

procedures and techniques
, 197

relevance in today’s context
, 182–183

Group composition and size
, 101–102

Group decision-making
, 233
Harvard style referencing
, 21

Hermeneutic tradition
, 4

Heterogeneity
, 5, 12

Heteroscedasticity
, 293

Hierarchical clustering
, 121

Homogeneity
, 101

Homoscedasticity
, 117

Honor codes
, 22

Human resource development (HRD)
, 18

Humility
, 16

Hypothesis
, 34

Hypothesis testing (see Testing of hypothesis)

Hypothetico-deductive research models
, 183–184
Ideal social self-concept
, 262

Ill-designed questionnaires
, 63

Immersion
, 155

IMPACT
, 219

In-depth interviews
, 104–105

Inattentional deafness
, 86

Incentive
, 67

Incremental fit indices (IFI)
, 270, 272

Independent enablers
, 224

Independent samples t-test for means
, 115

Independent variable(s)
, 42, 44, 117

Indigenous theories of management
, 2

Indirect observation
, 33

Inductive approach
, 150–151

Inductive reasoning hypothesis
, 192

Industry groups
, 297–300

Informal conversational interview
, 82

Information resources
, 18–20

Information technology–enabled services (ITES)
, 287

Informed consent
, 85

Initial reachability matrix
, 222

Institutional Review Board (IRB)
, 66

Instrument decay
, 50

Instrumental case study
, 167

Integrative literature reviews
, 15–16

Intellectual goals of qualitative research
, 156

Inter-states India
, 278

Interdependence techniques
, 112

Internal validity
, 51, 174

Internet in questionnaire design
, 68–69

Interpersonal facilitation (IPF)
, 250

Interpretive diagram
, 192

Interpretive structural model (ISM) (see also Structural equation modeling (SEM))
, 219

checking for transitivity and modifying reachability matrix
, 222

converting SSIM into reachability matrix
, 221–222

deriving model levels by iterative partitioning of reachability matrix
, 223

drawing digraph for reachability matrix
, 222–223

factor hierarchy
, 224–225

finding contextual relationships between pairs of variables
, 220–221

listing factors contributing to study objective
, 220

location of factors in driving power-dependence plane
, 225

MICMAC analysis
, 224–226

process steps
, 219–220

Intersection set of factor
, 223

Interval scale
, 110

Intervening variables
, 44

Interviewer
, 64, 85, 150

Interviewing
, 83, 85

Interviews
, 79–80, 170

comparing FGDs and
, 104–105

guide approach
, 82

questions
, 83

Intonations
, 87

Intrinsic case study
, 167

Intuition phase
, 148

Iterative partitioning of reachability matrix, deriving model levels by
, 223
Job commitment
, 39

Job dedication (JD)
, 250, 252

Job profile
, 101

Jugal-bandi
, 152
Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin value (KMO value)
, 252

measure of sampling adequacy
, 264

Kendall coefficient of concordance
, 217–219

Kendall rank correlation coefficient
, 215–217

Knowing, research as
, 146

Knowledge
, 146–147

Kolb’s experiential learning cycle
, 147

Kolmogorov–Smirnov tests (K-S tests)
, 209

empirical cumulative probabilities
, 210

one-sample K-S test
, 209–211

two-sample
, 211

KSIM3
, 219

Kurtosis
, 114
Large sample tests
, 129–131

Law of single variable
, 41

Lead investigator
, 103

Learning
, 27–28, 146–147

Legitimization
, 34

Level of measurement (see Scale of measurement)

Level partitioning
, 223–224

Life Insurance Schemes
, 95

Linear programing (LP)
, 233, 243

optimal solutions
, 239

optimal weights for five units
, 238–239

Linear relationship between dependent and independent variables
, 117

Linkage enablers
, 224

Listening skills
, 87

Literature review
, 11–13

avoiding plagiarism
, 22–23

evaluating information resources
, 18–20

integrative
, 15–16

narrative
, 16–17

pointers on making effective
, 17–18

referencing in
, 20–21

systematic
, 13–15

types
, 13

Living standard survey questionnaire
, 69

Logic diagram
, 192

Logical inconsistencies
, 288–289

Logical research
, 28

Logical technique
, 34

Logical validity
, 174

Longitudinal case
, 168

Longitudinal design
, 38–39, 41
Macro-coding paradigm
, 189

Management research
, 1–2, 12–13

bridging quantitative qualitative divide
, 6–7

contributions and organization
, 7–9

nature of
, 2–3

triangulation in
, 6

Manipulation
, 41

Manipulation-guided designs
, 40–41

Mann–Whitney U-test
, 212–213

Market segmentation
, 119, 121

Matching groups
, 42

Matching method
, 45

Matrice d’ Impacts Croises Multiplication Applique an Classment analysis (MICMAC analysis)
, 220, 224–226

Maturation
, 50

Maximal reliability (MR)
, 256

Mc Nemar test for significance of changes
, 207–208

Meaningful coherence
, 156

Means

hypothesis testing of
, 136–137

independent samples t-test for
, 115

paired sample t-test for
, 115

Measurement model
, 250

CFA to establishing construct validity
, 253–257

construct validity
, 251–252

EFA to checking factor structure
, 252–253

mean, SD, correlations, and reliabilities of study constructs
, 251

model-fit indices and thresholds
, 254

reliability and correlation of constructs
, 251

research measures
, 251

research methodology
, 250–251

sample and data collection
, 250–251

scale reliabilities, AVE, and inter-construct correlations
, 256

with TP and CP as two first-order constructs
, 257

Measurement tools/techniques
, 4

Median
, 114

Memo writing
, 191–194, 196

Memoing
, 191–192, 195

Mendeley software
, 21

Meta-analysis
, 14–15

Meta-analyst
, 15

Methodological domain
, 5

dominant research paradigms
, 3–5

management research
, 1–2

quantitative and qualitative research methods
, 5–6

triangulation in management research
, 6–9

Methods triangulation
, 175

Mis-loading of items
, 250

Mode
, 114

Moderating synchronous focus groups
, 105

Moderator
, 103

Modern Languages Association (MLA)
, 21

Modification indices (MIs)
, 250

Multi-factor experimental design
, 48

Multi-sample chi-squared test
, 208–209

Multicollinearity
, 118, 291

Multidimensional scaling (MDS)
, 112, 123

Multidisciplinary approach
, 12

Multiple case study design
, 169

Multiple inputs and outputs
, 242–245

Multiple regression analysis
, 116–117

Multivariate

analysis
, 109

statistics
, 112, 115

techniques
, 112
Narrative literature reviews
, 16–17

Negative emotions
, 98

NETWORK
, 219

Non-loading of items
, 250

Non-parametric statistics
, 203

Chi-squared tests
, 204–209

K-S tests
, 209–211

Kendall coefficient of concordance
, 217–219

Kendall rank correlation coefficient
, 215–217

Mann–Whitney U-test
, 212–213

rank differences for subjects
, 214

ranks for solution options
, 218

Runs test
, 211–212

Spearman rank correlation coefficient
, 214–215

transformed form of presentation of data on ranks and scores
, 216

Non-timber forest product price policy in Odisha
, 70–78

Noncomparative scales
, 111

Nonmetric scaling (see Comparative scaling)

Normality
, 291–293

Normed chi-square
, 271

Normed fit index (NFI)
, 272

Null hypothesis (H0)
, 129, 133–134, 205, 217

Null model
, 272

Numeric styles
, 21
Observed covariance model
, 270

One tailed tests of hypothesis
, 133–136

One-sample chi-squared test
, 204–205

One-sample K-S test
, 209–211

Online questionnaire
, 68–69

Ontological positions
, 2

of FGD
, 94

Open coding
, 187–190

Open-ended questions (see also Close-ended questions)
, 59

exploratory questionnaires/unstructured questionnaires with
, 55

in questionnaire
, 65

Opening questions
, 62

Operational memos
, 192

Operational notes
, 192

Optimal weights, interpretation of
, 238

Ordinal scale
, 110

Organizational adaptation
, 168

Outlier treatments
, 289

Outliers in cluster analysis
, 121
Paired comparison
, 228–229

Paired comparison of alternatives against each criterion
, 230–231

Paradigms
, 3–4

Parametric tests
, 204

Parsimonious normed fit index (PNFI)
, 273

Parsimony
, 119

Parsimony fit indices (PFI)
, 270, 273

Parsimony goodness-of-fit index (PGFI)
, 273

Partial correlation
, 116

Partially structured questions
, 56

Participants
, 94

effect
, 47

recruiting
, 101

role
, 101

type
, 47

“Pasta-in-a-jar” concept test
, 61

Pattern matching
, 190

Pearson correlation coefficient
, 115–116

Peer group
, 238

Performance evaluation
, 233

Person-oriented warm interviewing style
, 86

Personal knowledge
, 146

Phonemics
, 151

Phonetics
, 151

Placebo
, 43

Plagiarism
, 22–23

Polar type identification
, 169

Population proportion, hypothesis testing for
, 135

Positive destination image
, 263

Positivist tradition
, 4

Post interview
, 89–90

comment sheet
, 83

Power

dynamics
, 103

of globalization
, 31

Practice
, 48

interviewing
, 85

Pre-testing questionnaire
, 64

Preliminary decisions in questionnaire design
, 56

closing questions
, 63

deciding on information required
, 57

deciding on question content
, 58

defining target respondents
, 57

method selection of reaching target respondents
, 57–58

opening questions
, 62

physical appearance of questionnaire
, 63–65

question flow
, 62–63

question wording development
, 58–62

steps
, 56–57

Pretest–posttest design
, 49–50

Principal qualitative methodological approach
, 173

Principle

of access
, 20

of economy
, 20

of intellectual property
, 20

of standardization
, 20

of transparency
, 21

Priori determination
, 119

Priority weights for criteria
, 229–230

Probability
, 168

Process oriented limitations of qualitative research
, 158

Product segmentation
, 121

Production function
, 234–235

Productivity
, 234–236

Profit after tax (PAT)
, 288

Profit before tax (PBT)
, 288

Propositions
, 4, 34

Public Sector Units (PSUs)
, 250, 252

Purposive sampling
, 84

Pygmalion effect
, 45
Q-Factor analysis
, 119

QSIM2
, 219

Qualitas
, 148

Qualitative analysis in case study
, 171

Qualitative approach
, 150

Qualitative data
, 155

Qualitative GT coding
, 186–187

Qualitative interviews
, 79–80, 84

conducting interview
, 85–89

post interview
, 89–90

preparation before interview
, 84–85

preparing for interviewing
, 84

steps of interviewing preparation
, 81–83

types
, 80–82

Qualitative methods
, 149

Qualitative research
, 145–147, 154, 163

broad literature review
, 153

broad research question
, 152–153

challenges in conducting
, 154

characteristics
, 150

concepts in
, 148–150

conceptual and theoretical linkages and significance of findings
, 154

data churning
, 153

data interpretation
, 153–154

eliciting human experiences
, 153

flexibility
, 154–155

good research linked with ‘being and quest for learning’
, 147–148

immersion
, 155

interviews
, 79

limitations
, 158

methods
, 5–6

relevance
, 156–158

researcher subject relationship in
, 150–152

steps in
, 152

trustworthiness and quality in
, 155–156

unit of study
, 153

Quality

assessment
, 14

in qualitative research
, 155–156

of questions
, 87–88

Quantitative coding
, 186

Quantitative data analysis

cluster analysis
, 120–122

conjoint analysis
, 122–123

cross-tab example
, 123–125

data analysis strategy
, 111–112

factor analysis
, 118–120

multidimensional scaling
, 123

regression analysis
, 116–118

scale of measurement
, 110–111

univariate analysis
, 112–116

Quantitative information
, 55

Quantitative research methods
, 5–6

Quantity of data
, 63

Quasi-experimental design
, 49

Quasi-independent variable
, 49

“Quest for learning”
, 147

good research linked with ‘being and quest for learning’
, 147–148

Question flow
, 62–63

Question wording development
, 58–62

Questionnaire
, 53–54

attributes of writing good
, 66–67

design
, 53

distributing
, 67–68

exploratory questionnaires/unstructured
, 55

formal standardized questionnaires/structured
, 55–56

internet in questionnaire design for smart online
, 68–69

open-ended vs. close-ended questions
, 65

physical appearance
, 63–65

preliminary decisions in questionnaire design
, 56–65

Sandee Research Project
, 70–78

semi-structured questionnaires
, 56

steps preceding questionnaire design
, 56

types
, 54

useful questionnaires
, 69

Quota sampling
, 84
R command
, 289

R programming software
, 289, 291

R-Factor analysis
, 118

[R-Syntax]
, 301–304

Random method
, 48

Random sampling
, 168

Randomization
, 42, 44–45

of conditions
, 43, 49

of participants
, 42–43, 49

Rank correlation
, 116

Rapport
, 86

building stage
, 98

Ratio scale
, 110, 227–228

Reachability matrix

checking for transitivity and modifying
, 222

converting SSIM into
, 221–222

deriving model levels by iterative partitioning of
, 223

drawing digraph for
, 222–223

Reachability set of factor
, 223

Reality
, 149–150

Recoding FGDs
, 104

Record making
, 85

Recorded interviews
, 85

Recording qualitative interviews
, 85

Recruiting participants
, 101

Reference management software
, 21

Reference set
, 238

Referencing in literature reviews
, 20–21

Reflexivity
, 94, 149

RefWorks software
, 21

Region of rejection (see Critical region)

Regression analysis
, 116–118, 264, 291

Regression model
, 117

Related-sample chi-squared test
, 207–208

Relative chi-square (see Normed chi-square)

Reliability
, 251

in case research
, 174

validity of constructs
, 256–257

Replication
, 169

Reporting
, 83

Research
, 28, 37, 128, 146–148

descriptive research
, 30

explanatory research
, 30–31

exploratory research
, 28–29

formulating research questions
, 32–33

learning process
, 27–28

questionnaire
, 53

research concepts and constructs
, 33–34

research propositions and hypothesis
, 34

suitable research area
, 31–32

synthesis
, 14

theory building
, 35

verifying theory
, 34–35

Research design
, 37

classification
, 38

correlational design
, 49–50

cross-sectional design
, 39–41

developmental research designs
, 38

epilogue
, 51

experimental design
, 41–49

longitudinal design
, 38–39, 41

manipulation-guided designs
, 40–41

pretest–posttest design
, 50

quasi-experimental design
, 49

Researcher
, 94

researcher-oriented limitations of qualitative research
, 158

role
, 6

subject relationship in qualitative research
, 150–152

Return on capital (ROCE)
, 289

Return on net worth or equity (RONW)
, 289

Return phase
, 148

Right to Education Act (RTE Act)
, 128

“The Roof” (real-estate marketing company)
, 137

Root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA)
, 254, 271–272

“Row percentage”
, 115

Running-notes
, 21

Runs test
, 211–212
Safety hazard
, 186

Sample mean
, 113

Sample standard deviation
, 131

Sample-testing (see Testing of hypothesis)

Sampling

in case study design
, 168–169

methods
, 84

Sandee Research Project
, 70–78

Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA)
, 128

Scale of measurement
, 109–111

Scaling
, 119

Scatterplots of data and outliers
, 289, 291

Scopus
, 19

Scree plot
, 120

Secondary data
, 286–287

testing assumptions required for analysis
, 291–293

Seeking divergent views
, 99

Selective coding
, 190

Self-concept
, 262

Self-congruity
, 262–266

Self-perception
, 262

Semi-structured interviews
, 80

Semi-structured questionnaires
, 56

Semi-verbal expressions
, 89

Sequential design
, 40–41

Sham-operated group
, 44

Shape, measure of
, 114

Side-barring
, 86

Simple regression
, 116

Single-blind procedure
, 46–47

Single-case experimental design
, 48–49

Single-factor experimental design
, 48

Single-input–single-output case
, 245

Single-input–single-output units
, 238

CCR efficiency for
, 240

Single-input–two-output units
, 240–242

Siri (Apple)
, 172

Skewness
, 114

Sky-rocketing Real-estate Price
, 137

Small sample tests
, 132–133

Smart online questionnaire
, 68–69

Snowballing sampling
, 84–85

Social reality
, 157

Social Sciences Citation Index
, 19

Social self-concept
, 262

Socio-cultural factors
, 96

Socio-economic development
, 277

data and selection of variables
, 278–279

disparity in India
, 278

of major states of India
, 281

methodology
, 279–280

results and findings
, 280–283

Socio-economic development index (SEDI)
, 278–279

of India
, 280

across rural–urban divide
, 282

Sociological imagination
, 147–148

Solomon four-group design
, 50

Spearman rank correlation coefficient
, 214–215

Speculation
, 34–35

Speech fillers
, 104

SPIN
, 219

Spin Bike
, 226

Standard deviation
, 112, 114

Standard error (SE)
, 117, 137

Standard multiple regression analysis
, 265

Standardized open-ended interview
, 82

Standardized regression coefficients
, 117

Standardized root mean square residual (SRMR)
, 254

State Statistical Abstracts
, 279

Statements linking
, 4

Statistical

control
, 45

data analysis
, 128

generalizations
, 173

hypothesis
, 128–129

techniques
, 111

tests
, 204

Strauss coding paradigm
, 189

Strauss’ approach
, 186, 189

Stress
, 30

Structural equation modeling (SEM) (see also Interpretive structural model (ISM))
, 269–270

fit indices
, 270–273

GOF values and validity test
, 274–275

Structural self-interaction matrix (SSIM)
, 220–221

converting SSIM into reachability matrix
, 221–222

forms
, 221

Structure of Scientific Revolutions, The (Kuhn)
, 3

Structured interviews
, 80–81

Subjects effect (see Participants effect)

Suboptimal procurement outcome
, 186

Summated score approach
, 265

Super-decisions
, 233

Survey (see Research questionnaire)

Symbolic attributes
, 262

Synchronous groups
, 105

Synthesis
, 14

Systematic literature reviews
, 13–15
t-statistics
, 137

t-Test
, 132

Table Tennis Board (TT Board)
, 226

Tails of tests
, 133–136

Target respondents
, 57

choosing method(s) of reaching
, 57–58

Task performance (TP)
, 250, 257

Technical efficiency (TE)
, 233–236

Test-criterion
, 130, 133

Testing effect
, 50

Testing of hypothesis
, 127–128, 129–130

critical region and tails of tests
, 133–136

exercise
, 138–140

large sample tests
, 130–131

of proportions
, 136–137

research questions
, 127–128

self-study exercises
, 140–142

small sample tests
, 132–133

solved, application-oriented examples
, 137–138

statistical hypothesis
, 129

test criterion
, 130

type I and type II errors
, 130

types
, 129

Thematic analysis
, 14

Thematizing interview
, 81

Theoretical/theory
, 34

categories
, 186

development
, 191

framework
, 35

notes
, 192

propositions, analysis based on
, 171

sampling
, 184–185

saturation
, 185

sensitivity
, 185

theory/perspective triangulation
, 175

verification
, 34–35

Time-series data
, 288

Tourism
, 261

self-congruity concept in
, 262–263

Transcribing
, 83

FGDs
, 104

Trees
, 219

Triangulation
, 83, 174–175

in management research
, 6–9

of sources
, 175

Truly-operated group
, 44

Trustworthiness in qualitative research
, 155–156

Tucker Lewis index (TLI)
, 254, 272

Turnitin
, 22

Two-input–single-output units
, 239–241

Two-sample chi-squared test
, 205–207

Two-sample K-S test
, 211

Two-tailed tests

of hypothesis
, 133–134, 136

of proportions
, 136

Type I errors
, 117, 130

Type II errors
, 117, 130
Unbiased questions
, 87

Unit of analysis
, 167–168

United Nations’ World Tourism Organization (UNWTO)
, 261

Units of measure
, 238

Univariate

analysis
, 112–116

techniques
, 111

Unstructured interviews
, 80

Utterances
, 89
Validation
, 190

Variability
, 101

measure of
, 114

Variables
, 44

confounding
, 44, 49

controlling extraneous
, 44

dependent
, 42, 44, 117

extraneous
, 44

independent
, 42, 44, 117

intervening
, 44

quasi-independent
, 49

Variance
, 114

Verstehen
, 6

Video recording
, 104

Virtual focus groups
, 105

Visha (poison)
, 153

Visual inspection of row and columns
, 287–288

Vocal dynamics
, 103

Voice Control and Voice Assisted Smart Devices (VCVASD)
, 172

Volatile, Uncertain, Complex, and Ambiguous era (VUCA era)
, 145–146
Web of Science
, 19

Web resources
, 20

Weighted average method of decision-making
, 226–227

Well-designed questionnaire
, 53

Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index (WEAI)
, 96

World Bank survey questionnaire
, 69
XIMP
, 219
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