Citation

Fowler, J. (2019), "Index", London Transport: A Hybrid in History 1905–1948 (Frontiers of Management History), Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. 145-153. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-78973-953-420191008

Publisher

:

Emerald Publishing Limited

Copyright © 2019 Emerald Publishing Limited

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INDEX

Index

Page numbers followed by “f” indicate figure; those followed by “n” indicate footnote; and those by “t” indicate table.

accountability

, 61, 63, 71

agencification

, 61, 62, 72–76

agency theory

, 62, 76

‘Agentification and Public Sector Performance: A systematic comparison in 20 countries’ (Overman)

, 5

Ansoff, Igor

, 112

‘Are Trams Socialist?’ (Wolmar)

, 4

arguments

, 3–12

finance

, 6–9

public governance

, 9–12

aristocracy of business, LPTB as

, 86–88, 86f–87f

arms-length agencies

, 72

Ashfield, Lord

, 6, 6n1, 12, 12n2, 13, 15, 24, 25, 63, 66, 68, 71, 72, 74–76, 78, 82, 85, 88, 104

See also London Passenger Transport Board (LPTB)

corporate strategy of

, 111–117, 118t

as ‘Crisis Commander’

, 92–93

dealing with MPs and Ministers

, 95–102

family

, 92

on finance

, 6, 7, 8

as leader

, 91–103

leadership and managerial ability

, 12–15

leadership behavioural postures

, 131, 132f

personal life

, 91–92

Pick-Ashfield working relationship

, 111

political connections

, 102

public career

, 92

qualities

, 92

on reasonable returns

, 35–41

speeches (1929 AGM)

, 54–55

wartime experience

, 22

ASLEF. See Associated Society of Locomotive Engineers and Firemen (ASLEF)

Associated Equipment Company

, 7, 70

Associated Society of Locomotive Engineers and Firemen (ASLEF)

, 53–54, 57, 82

The Audit (LAs) Act, 1927

, 69

average speed, of underground railways

, 44t

Bank of England

, 7, 24, 41

Barker, Theodore

, 3, 4, 6, 7–8, 12, 13, 14

Barman, Christian

, 14, 15, 89

benevolent funds, LPTB expenditure on

, 56t, 126t

Berlin Elevated and Underground Railway

, 33

‘Big Four’ railway companies

, 7, 41

Board of Trade

, 63, 64

The Boards of Guardian (Default) Act

, 69

bondholders

, 31, 32t

See also investors

bricoleur leadership

, 95

Bright, Keith, Dr

, 117

The British Broadcasting Corporation

, 72

British Transport Commission

, 24

Bull, Sir William

, 97

buses

, 7, 34

competition and wartime inflation

, 46–47

conductors’s wages

, 54, 57, 84–85

driver’s wages

, 54, 57, 84–85

historical development

, 19–21, 23, 33

increasing number

, 67, 123

increasing rides

, 33, 34

long-distance fares

, 50

‘Municipal Buses’

, 21–22

operated by LPTB (1913–1947)

, 45t, 124t

operated by UERL (1913–1947)

, 45t

‘Pirate Bus’ phenomenon

, 22

See also ‘Pirate Buses’

post-war

, 22

private investment in

, 19

private market

, 35

returns (1913-1933)

, 37t

statistics

, 1

strike

, 82–86

war damage estimates

, 40t

Capital Transport

, 8

Castle, Barbara

, 115, 115n8

Central Advisory Committee

, 22

Central Electricity Board

, 25, 72

Central London Railway (CLR)

flat fare system

, 46

operation of

, 33

promotion of

, 32

shareholders

, 34, 63

Chandler, Alfred

, 112, 129

chronocentricism

, 11

‘Cities in Modernity’

, 3

The City and South London Railway (C&SLR)

, 32, 46, 51, 53

Civil Service

, 57

Cockfosters line

, 23

collective leadership

, 95

command, defined

, 91

commander

defined

, 104

Frank Pick as

, 104–111

‘The Common Sense of Municipal Trading’ (Shaw)

, 9

Conservative Party

, 102

contingency theory

, 90, 109

‘Coronation Strike,’ 1937

, 86

corporate strategy

background

, 112

competitive legislation

, 113

of Frank Pick

, 111–117, 118t

of Lord Ashfield

, 111–117, 118t

Resource Based View (RBV)

, 112–113

VRIN model

, 112–113

crisis problem

, 98, 118t

Croome, Desmond

, 3, 4, 7, 8, 13, 14

Crossrail projects

, 1

current situation

, 1–2

‘The Dangers of Bus Re-regulation’ (Hibb)

, 4

‘Dangers of Municipal Trading’ (Porter)

, 9

Darroch, Nathan

, 5

Davies, Alderman Emil

, 66, 66n1

deflation, wages (1923-1933)

, 54

‘The Dodgy American’ (Wolmar)

, 14

‘Down the Tube’ (Wolmar)

, 7

Dreiser, Theodore

, 103

‘An Economic History of Transport in Britain’ (Barker and Savage)

, 4

Edwardian municipal and market failure

, 17–20

Edwards, Charles

, 96

elections

, 98, 101–102

Electric Railway Journals

, 33

employees

, 31, 32t, 50–60

wages

, 50–51, 51t

‘The Engineer’

, 32

‘Engineers, Managers and Politicians’

, 4

‘Explaining Local Government’

, 5

‘Fares Fair’ policy

, 116

fare(s)/fare system

concessional, proliferation of

, 48

First World War

, 47–48

post-war policy

, 47–50

rise in

, 46–48

Second World War

, 49–50

wartime inflation

, 47–48

zonal charges system

, 49

finance

, 6–9

Ashfield on

, 6, 7, 8

literature

, 7, 8–9

First World War

, 19

capital expenditures

, 34

fare policies after

, 47–48

post-war recession

, 21, 35

transitional phase after

, 24

unified control and

, 20–21

wages

, 51, 53, 56–57

flat fare system

, 46

foreign investors

, 66

See also investors

Forestry Commission

, 72

Free Market

, 11

crises

, 129

Geddes, Sir Eric

, 75, 88, 98–99

general elections

, 101–102

Gibb, Sir George

, 12n2, 95, 105, 106, 114

governance, public

, 9

The Great Western Railway

, 41

Grint, Keith

, 90, 91–103, 106, 111, 131

Hannah, Leslie

, 49

Harris, Percy

, 71

Heaton, John

, 80, 80n6

historical development

, 2, 17

1905–1948 (overview)

, 28–29

buses, private investment in

, 19–20

Edwardian municipal and market failure

, 17–20

overview

, 17

post-war recession

, 21

public–private ‘hybrid’

, 21–26

Second World War and nationalisation

, 26–28

UERL

, 19

unified control and the First World War

, 20–21

‘A History of London Transport’ (Barker and Robbins)

, 3, 7, 12

Holden, Sir Cassie

, 102

Hore-Belisha, Leslie

, 78, 78n4

Hurcomb, Sir Cyril

, 103

hybridity

, 11

hybrid organisations. See also quasi-public hybrid organisations

performance, argument over

, 11

‘Industrial Relations in the London Traffic Combine’ (Johnston and Spates)

, 54

inflation

, 20, 22, 28, 35

inflation rates

, 36t, 37t, 38t

See also rate of return

interest rates

, 36t, 37t, 38t

See also rate of return

investors

, 31, 32t

foreign investors

, 66

inflation rates

, 36t, 37t, 38t

interest rates

, 36t, 37t, 38t

LPTB relations with

, 80–81

monetary returns

, 127t

private

, 37

reasonable rate of return

, 32–41, 36t

tube railways

, 40

Jackson, Alan

, 3, 4, 7, 8, 13, 14

Jones, John

, 96

Jubilee line

, 1

Kiley, James

, 97

The Labour Gazette

, 54

Labour Party

, 4, 21, 35, 98, 102, 105

laissez-faire

, 63

LAs. See local authorities (LAs)

LCC. See London County Council (LCC)

leader(s), Lord Ashfield as

, 91–103

leadership

, 12–15, 91

See also Ashfield, Lord

bricoleur

, 95

collective

, 95

defined

, 91

Grint’s framework

, 91–103

Lewin’s autocratic style of

, 92–93

non-directive

, 94

subcategories

, 91

‘trait based’ theories

, 94

leadership theory

, 90

LGOC. See London General Omnibus Company (LGOC)

L&HCTAC. See London and Home Counties Traffic Advisory Committee (L&HCTAC)

Liberal Party

, 105

liquidation

, 33

literature

, 3–5, 7

See also specific names

finance

, 7, 8–9

public governance

, 9

Lloyd-George Coalition

, 96

local authorities (LAs)

, 73

powers

, 9, 10, 64

London and Home Counties Traffic Advisory Committee (L&HCTAC)

, 22, 72, 78–79, 130

London County Council (LCC)

, 4, 5, 10, 17, 19, 57, 64, 65–66, 69, 130

failure of Ullswater Commission and

, 21–22, 23

River Steamboat Service

, 5

The London Electric Railway (Fares) Bill

, 98–99

The London Electric Railways Facilities Act 1915

, 113

London General Omnibus Company (LGOC)

, 17, 95

and UERL, merger of

, 34

The London Mayor

, 1

The London Midland and Scottish Railway

, 41

London Passenger Transport Act 1933

, 23, 73, 78, 81–82, 113, 121

London Passenger Transport Area

, 24

London Passenger Transport Board (LPTB)

, 4, 6, 6n1, 7, 8, 11, 14, 18

See also Underground Electric Railways of London Company (UERL)

as an aristocracy of business

, 86–88, 86f–87f

average returns

, 123t

background

, 70–72

beneficiaries recognised by

, 31, 32t

challenges

, 24

expenditure on pensions and benevolent funds

, 56t, 126t

fare policy and

, 48

formation of

, 23, 36–38

gross revenue per passenger journey

, 122t

managerial elite. See managerial elite

members of

, 74–75, 74f

nationalisation

, 26–28

as quasi-public ‘hybrid’ organisation

, 61–62

relations with investors

, 80–81

relations with other public bodies

, 76–79

relations with trade unions

, 81–86

Second World War

, 39, 49–50

Service Density

, 124t

service density provided by (1934–1939)

, 46t

staff productivity (revenue) 1934–1947

, 52t

staff productivity (vehicles miles) 1934–1947

, 51, 52t

staff wages (1934-1947)

, 51, 51t

trams, buses and tubes operated by (1913–1947)

, 45t, 124t

wages and total staff expenditure

, 122t

‘London’s Deep Level Tube Railways: Visibly Invisible’ (Darroch)

, 5

London Traffic Act

, 22, 67–68, 113

The London Traffic Board

, 18

development

, 19

London Traffic Branch of

, 64

London Transport Combine

, 106

London Transport Joint Trades Committee

, 56

London United Tramways

, 95

LPTB. See London Passenger Transport Board (LPTB)

MacDonald, Mr

, 102

macroeconomic indicators

, 41

mainline railway companies

, 24

management

, 12–15

See also Pick, Frank

defined

, 91

in theory and practice

, 90

managerial elite

, 26, 29, 31, 59, 62, 72–76, 89, 130

‘Managing Public Services’ (Common, Flynn, and Mellon)

, 5

‘The Man Who Built London Transport’ (Barman)

, 12

Menzler, Frederick

, 93, 94, 113, 114, 116

‘Metroland’

, 3

Metropolitan Railway

, 19, 39, 65, 71

Metropolitan Transit Authority

, 68

The Midland Bank

, 57

The Ministry of Transport

, 26, 78, 96, 98, 110

Moderate Party

, 67, 68

Mond, Sir Alfred

, 102

Morrison, Herbert

, 5, 23, 71

Municipal Buses

, 21–22

Municipal Corporations Act

, 10

municipal elections

, 66

Municipal Employees Association

, 82

municipal government

, 63–70

administrative bodies

, 63

LAs

, 64–65

municipalisation

, 33, 35, 67

‘Municipal Revolution’

, 18

Municipal Transit Authority

, 62, 86–87

Municipal Tube project

, 21–22, 65, 66, 68, 70

nationalisation

LPTB

, 26–28

Second World War and

, 26–28

National Passenger Transport Workers Union (NPWU)

, 82, 85

National Union of Railwaymen (NUR)

, 53–54, 57, 82

Network Governance

, 61, 76

New Public Management

, 11, 61, 76, 103

New Works tube extensions

, 77–78

nominal receipts

per journey

, 43t

per passenger

, 42t

non-directive leadership

, 94

nostalgia industry

, 3

NUR. See National Union of Railwaymen (NUR)

official strikes (1911–1948), trade unions

, 83t

omissions

, 3–12

finance

, 6–9

public governance

, 9–12

‘Overton Window’

, 23, 68, 136

Parliament

, 4, 9, 10, 11

passenger(s)

, 31, 32t, 41–50

average speed of underground railways and

, 44t

concessional fares, proliferation of

, 48

fares, rise in

, 46–47

See also fares/fare system

nominal and real receipts per

, 42t

nominal and real receipts per journey

, 43t

service density provided by LPTB (1934-1939)

, 46t

wartime inflation

, 47–48

‘Penny per Mile’ system

, 22

pensions, LPTB expenditure on

, 56t, 126t

personality, concept of

, 94

Piccadilly line

, 23, 24, 36

Pick, Frank

, 12, 12n2, 13, 24, 25, 68, 72, 75, 78, 86, 88, 101

See also London Passenger Transport Board (LPTB)

biography

, 14–15

as commander

, 104–111

corporate strategy of

, 111–117, 118t

family

, 104

leadership and managerial ability

, 12–15

leadership behavioural postures

, 131, 132f

as manager

, 104–111

personal life

, 104–105

speech to LSE in 1935

, 80–81

‘Pirate Buses’

, 22, 67–68, 70

failure of

, 23

origin of

, 67

‘Pirate Bus’ operators

, 4, 41

Plummer, Desmond

, 115, 115n7

political-economic context

, 5

Poplar Rates Rebellion (1921–1927)

, 10, 21, 22, 68–69

post-war recession

, 21, 35

private investors

, 37

See also investors

The Private London Transport Company Policy Community (1905-1933)

, 64f

private sector

, 3, 9, 19, 117

Progressive Party

, 21, 68

public accountability

, 71

publications

, 3–5, 7

See also specific names

public bodies. See also specific entries

LPTB relations with

, 76–79

public governance

, 9

The Public London Transport Policy Community (1905-1933)

, 64f

public sector

, 4, 12, 13, 95

public transport

, 1

QUANGOs

, 12, 86, 89, 129

quasi-public hybrid organisations

, 2, 25, 61, 89

See also London Passenger Transport Board (LPTB)

rail/railwaymen strike of 1919

, 20

‘Rails Through Clay’ (Jackson and Croome)

, 3, 7

railway accounting and statistical reporting

, 31

Railway Accounts and Returns Act

, 114

Railway Clerks Association (RCA)

, 57, 82

Railway Companies (Accounts and Returns) Act

, 6

‘Railway Mania’

, 22

‘Railway Policy between the Wars’

, 4

Railways Executive Committee

, 26

Rasmussen, Steen Eiler

, 108

rate of return (reasonable)

, 32–41, 36t, 37t

See also investors

Ashfield on

, 35–41

inflation rates

, 36t, 37t, 38t

interest rates

, 36t, 37t, 38t

macroeconomic indicators

, 41

‘The Rates’

, 66–67

RCA. See Railway Clerks Association (RCA)

real receipts

per journey

, 43t

per passenger

, 42t

Resource Based View (RBV)

, 112

purpose of

, 112–113

return on capital employed (ROCE)

, 40

Robbins, Michael

, 3, 7–8, 12, 13, 14

The Royal Commission on London Traffic

, 17n1, 18, 63–64, 129

failure of

, 22–23

‘Fundamental Difficulties’

, 18–19

Salisbury, Lord

, 64–65

Second World War

, 1, 22, 26–28

destruction and damage after, costs

, 39–40

fare policy

, 49–50

LPTB’s operation

, 39

LPTB staff productivity (revenue) 1934–1947

, 52t

LPTB staff productivity (vehicles miles) 1934–1947

, 51, 52t

LPTB staff wages (1934-1947)

, 51, 51t

and nationalisation

, 26–28

wages

, 51, 51t–52t, 57

wartime inflation

, 49

small-scale post-war scheme

, 58

Smith, Ben

, 100, 100n4

‘Socialisation and Transport’ (Morrison)

, 5

socialist profligacy

, 67

Southern Railway

, 7, 24

Stanley, Albert. See Ashfield, Lord

stewardship approach

, 87

strategy

, 12–15

of competitive legislation

, 113

Frank Pick

, 111–117, 118t

Lord Ashfield

, 111–117, 118t

strikes

bus

, 84–86

official and unofficial (1911–1948)

, 83t

railwaymen

, 20, 53, 82

Trade Unions and

, 82–86

‘The Subterranean Railway’

, 3, 7

super-complex problems

, 91

tame problem

, 90, 103, 104, 106–107, 111, 118t

technological developments

, 20

Thames River Boat project

, 10, 67

The Times

, 77

Towle, Sir Francis

, 101

Trade Facilities Act (TFA)

, 22, 35

Trade Unions

, 4, 54, 56, 57, 72

LPTB relations with

, 81–86

official and unofficial strikes (1911–1948)

, 83t

strikes and

, 82–86

Traffic Co-ordination Bills

, 23

trait-based leadership theories

, 94

trams

, 24, 25, 66

competition and wartime inflation

, 46–47

development of

, 10

driver’s wages

, 57

historical development

, 19–21, 33

increasing rides

, 33, 35, 66

operated by LPTB (1913–1947)

, 45t, 124t

operated by UERL (1913–1947)

, 45t, 124t

replacement with trolleybuses

, 25, 26, 49, 79, 113

Tram to Trolleybus conversion scheme

, 77

war damage estimates

, 40t

Tram to Trolleybus conversion scheme

, 77

Transport and General Workers’ Union (TGWU)

, 54, 82, 85, 131

‘Transport Co-ordination and Professionalism in Britain Forging a new Orthodoxy in the Early Inter-War Years’ (Hey)

, 5

Transport for London (TfL)

, 1, 7, 101

Transport Institute

, 75, 76, 88

transport problem(s), solving

crisis problem

, 98, 118t

Frank Pick as commander

, 104–111

Frank Pick as manager

, 104–111

Grint’s framework

, 91–103

Lord Ashfield as leader

, 91–103

overview

, 89–91

Pick and Ashfield’s corporate strategy

, 111–117, 118t

tame problem

, 90, 103, 104, 106–107, 111, 118t

wicked

, 90, 91, 93, 95, 96, 106, 118t

The Transport Workers Federation (TWF)

, 99

trolleybuses

, 25, 26, 49, 57, 79

driver’s wages

, 57

operated by LPTB (1913-1947)

, 45t

trams replacement with

, 25, 26, 49, 79, 113

Tram to Trolleybus conversion scheme

, 77

war damage estimates

, 40t

tubes

, 5, 6, 11, 21, 35

average speed

, 44t, 46

development

, 8, 19–22

driver’s wages

, 51, 53–54

expansion of

, 35–36

flat fare system

, 46

funding for

, 19, 22, 25

historical perspectives

, 19, 20, 21–22

investment and return

, 32–41

investors’ perspective

, 40

long-distance fares

, 47, 50

‘Municipal Tube’ project

, 21–22, 65, 66, 68, 70

New Works tube extensions, the

, 77–78

operated by LPTB (1913–1947)

, 45t, 124t

operated by UERL (1913–1947)

, 45t

sheltering in, during the war

, 26–27

statistics

, 1

suburban development of

, 24

‘Tuppenny Tube’

, 46

wartime inflation

, 34–35

‘Tuppenny Tube’

, 46

‘Two Penny Tube’ fare policy

, 46

UERL. See Underground Electric Railways of London Company (UERL)

Ullswater Commission, failure of

, 21–22, 23, 68, 69–70

unaccountability

, 61, 89

Underground Electric Railways of London Company (UERL)

, 14, 22, 66, 68, 95

See also London Passenger Transport Board (LPTB)

background

, 70–72

development

, 71

expansion programme

, 41

fare policy and

, 48

historical development

, 19

and LGOC, merger of

, 34

trams, buses and tubes operated by (1913–1947)

, 45t

underground railway. See tubes

‘Underground to Everywhere’ (Halliday)

, 7

unemployment

, 35

See also post-war recession

unofficial strikes (1911–1948), trade unions

, 83t

upper echelon theory

, 89

Valentine, A. B. B.

, 42–44, 42n2, 43n3, 46, 93n1

Viant, Samuel

, 79n5

wage(s)

, 50–51

deflation (1923–1933)

, 54

First World War

, 51, 53, 56–57

LPTB staff productivity (revenue) 1934–1947

, 52t

LPTB staff productivity (vehicles miles) 1934–1947

, 51, 52t

LPTB staff wages (1934–1947)

, 51, 51t

Second World War

, 51, 51t–52t, 57

small-scale post-war scheme

, 58

‘War Bonus’

, 53, 54

‘War Wage’

, 56–57

‘War Bonus’

, 53, 54

‘War Wage’

, 56–57

‘West End Theatre Traffic’

, 101

‘Why the LCC failed to control London Transport’ (Jackson and Croome)

, 4

wicked problem

, 90, 91, 93, 95, 96, 106, 118t

Williams, Robert

, 100, 100n3

Wolmar, Christian

, 3, 4, 7–8, 13, 14

workers. See employees

zonal charges system

, 49