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Prelims

Peter Simon Sapaty (National Academy of Sciences, Ukraine)

Complexity in International Security

ISBN: 978-1-78973-716-5, eISBN: 978-1-78973-715-8

Publication date: 8 November 2019

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Sapaty, P.S. (2019), "Prelims", Complexity in International Security, Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. i-xxi. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-78973-715-820191013

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Emerald Publishing Limited

Copyright © 2020 Emerald Publishing Limited

Half Title Page

COMPLEXITY IN INTERNATIONAL SECURITY

Title Page

COMPLEXITY IN INTERNATIONAL SECURITY: A HOLISTIC SPATIAL APPROACH

BY

PETER SIMON SAPATY

National Academy of Sciences, Ukraine

United Kingdom – North America – Japan – India – Malaysia – China

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Emerald Publishing Limited

Howard House, Wagon Lane, Bingley BD16 1WA, UK

First edition 2020

Copyright © 2020 Emerald Publishing Limited

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ISBN: 978-1-78973-716-5 (Print)

ISBN: 978-1-78973-715-8 (Online)

ISBN: 978-1-78973-717-2 (EPub)

Dedication

To my beloved wife Lilia as the chief inspiration and security during this and previous book’s writing.

List of Figures

Chapter 2
Figure 2.1. Ebola Outbreak in Africa with Air Traffic Connections to the Rest of the World. 10
Figure 2.2. World Colour-coded Map Denoting Different Religious Affiliations. 11
Chapter 3
Figure 3.1. The Basic Idea of SGT: Controlled Navigation, Matching and Grasping of Physical, Virtual and Execution Spaces. 16
Figure 3.2. Multi-source Space Coverage and Matching. 16
Figure 3.3. Spreading Spatial Patterns and Creation of Distributed Infrastructures. 17
Figure 3.4. SGL Recursive Syntax. 18
Figure 3.5. Spatial Interpretation of SGL Scenarios. 24
Figure 3.6. Distributed Operational and Infrastructures Knowledge under SGT. 25
Figure 3.7. SGL Interpreter Main Components and Their Interactions. 26
Figure 3.8. Main Track Components. 32
Figure 3.9. Forward World Grasping. 32
Figure 3.10. Echoing and Tracks Optimization. 33
Figure 3.11. Further World Grasping. 34
Figure 3.12. Gestalt Explaining Examples. 34
Chapter 4
Figure 4.1. Repeated Network Navigation with Self-spreading-parallelizing SGL Scenario. 70
Chapter 5
Figure 5.1. Spatial Worldwide Search for Individuals with the Return of Data Found. 74
Figure 5.2. Spatial Coverage and Impact of the Evolving Distributed Processes. 75
Figure 5.3. Spatial Simulation of the Territory Coverage by Conflicting Forces. 77
Figure 5.4. Collective Evacuation from a Disaster Zone: (a) Initial State; (b) Evacuation in Progress. 78
Chapter 6
Figure 6.1. Distributed Network Creation. 80
Figure 6.2. Reaching a Node from Another Node. 81
Figure 6.3. Creating Any ST from a Node to all Other Nodes. 82
Figure 6.4. Creating SPT from a Node to all Other Nodes. 83
Figure 6.5. Registering in the SPT Root Node the Shortest Paths to all Other Nodes. 84
Figure 6.6. Routing Tables in Nodes for SPT of Figure 6.4. 85
Figure 6.7. SPTs from All Nodes of the Network to all Other Nodes. 86
Figure 6.8. Routing Tables Providing Shortest Paths from All Nodes to all Other Nodes of the Network. 86
Figure 6.9. Finding Strongest Parts, or Cliques, in the Network. 87
Figure 6.10. Weakest or Aticulation Points of the Network. 88
Figure 6.11. Removing All Links Between Nodes of Certain Cliques. 89
Figure 6.12. Removing All Articulation Nodes in the Network. 90
Figure 6.13. Finding Centres of Different Communities. 90
Figure 6.14. Communities May Become Too Close to Each Other. 92
Chapter 7
Figure 7.1. Picking Up a Hostile Missile. 94
Figure 7.2. Distributed Objects Tracking by a Sensor Network. 96
Figure 7.3. Simulating Moving Physical Objects in Space by Their Propagating Virtual Copies. 97
Figure 7.4. Investigating Proper Area for Collision Avoidance for the Vehicle’s Next Waypoints. 98
Figure 7.5. Simulation and Management of Movement of Refugees to the Desired Destinations. 99
Chapter 8
Figure 8.1. Main Players and Powers and Types of Their Relationships in the Middle East. 104
Figure 8.2. A Simple 3-node Danger Pattern. 106
Figure 8.3. Representing the 3-node Pattern by a Path Through All Nodes. 106
Figure 8.4. A 4-node Danger Pattern. 108
Figure 8.5. Representing the 4-node Pattern by a Path Through All Nodes. 109
Figure 8.6. Multiple Nodes Danger Pattern. 110
Figure 8.7. Sequential-parallel Representation of the Multiple Nodes Pattern. 110
Figure 8.8. A Possible Worldwide Match by the Discussed Patterns. 111
Chapter 9
Figure 9.1. Grasping the Whole While Parts-tiles Missing. 114
Figure 9.2. Practical Experiments on Perception of Wholeness of Incomplete Figures. 115
Figure 9.3. Mosaic Space Simplified Model. 116
Figure 9.4. Links to Neighboring Tiles: (a) Direct_Neighbors; (b) Corner_Neighbors; (c) All_Neighbors. 117
Figure 9.5. Grouping of Direct Neighbors Under Threshold Given. 118
Figure 9.6. Discovering a Danger on a Distributed Mosaics. 118
Figure 9.7. Finding a Full Chain of Certain Elements Surrounding the Danger Tile. 119
Figure 9.8. Setting Cooperation Between All Neighboring Elements of the Full Chain Found. 120
Figure 9.9. The Final Elimination of the Danger Object. 121
Figure 9.10. Networked UCAVs. 122
Figure 9.11. Runtime Finding of Central Unit. 123
Figure 9.12. Creating Runtime Distributed Operational Infrastructure. 124
Figure 9.13. Swarm Against Swarm Fight Scenario Ideas. 125
Figure 9.14. Regular Collective Platoon Management. 127
Figure 9.15. Collective Management of a Fragmented Platoon. 127
Figure 9.16. Recovery of the Platoon’s Structure. 128

About the Author

Peter Simon Sapaty, Chief Research Scientist at the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, has been researching networked systems for five decades. Outside of Ukraine, he has worked in former Czechoslovakia (now the Slovak Republic), Germany, the UK, Canada and Japan as a Group Leader, Alexander von Humboldt Researcher, and invited and Visiting Professor. He launched and chaired the SIG on Mobile Cooperative Technologies in Distributed Interactive Simulation project in the US, and he invented a distributed control technology that resulted in a European patent. Dr Sapaty has published several books and over 200 papers, and he has worked with several international scientific journals, including in the role of Editor-in-Chief.

Preface

The current book reflects our decades of dealing with large distributed networked systems, with the gained practical and theoretical experience allowing for their effective seeing, comprehending and impacting as a whole, from above rather than inside, with capabilities for the latter too. And this experience appeared to be close to the gestalt psychology and theory highlighting the unique quality of human (and may not only) brain to directly grasp the wholeness of different phenomena while treating parts, which may not be complete, in the context of this whole, rather than vice versa.

We have strengthened this holistic vision by a special, constantly evolving, distributed programming model and technology, operating not so inside system components but rather above and between them. This resulted in a possibility of extrapolating holistic qualities of a concentrated brain to dynamic distributed systems while providing their integral goal-driven management and behaviour in real-time and often ahead of it. The current, fifth, book on this paradigm and resultant networking technology is examining the application of the accumulated experience to analysis and management of national and international security problems, especially those caused by the world’s growing human and environmental dynamics and unpredictability in the twenty-first century.

These security problems may be massive, distributed and spatial in nature, potentially appearing any time in any world points, simultaneously covering large territories, also involving different cultures, religions, traditions and legislation. They can be caused by complex patterns of international relations, may need continuous monitoring of world dynamics with numerous moving objects, whether technical or human, in terrestrial and celestial spaces. The existing security bodies, with often outdated world information collected in a centralized way, also capable of becoming dysfunctional, may even happen to represent part of the security problems rather than their solutions. We will be addressing many such security problems while offering exemplary solutions based on the spatial grasp technology (SGT) described in the current and previous books.

The growing world dynamics and international instability and insecurity inspired the urgent search for radically new models guaranteeing not only prosperity and safety but even survivability in rapidly changing environments, with the use of all available, scattered, casual, even not perfect resources, which should work together as one system. And, this is just in line with the ideology and methodology of SGT being developed for the last decades and in different countries. Another related example is the latest DARPA Mosaic Warfare concept, discussed as a special chapter in this book, which may have an important influence on global security too.

Peter Simon Sapaty

Acknowledgements

To the following persons and organizations who supported this book:

John Page, University of New South Wales, Australia, for numerous and frank discussions related to unmanned systems, massive collective robotics, including such controversial issues as legality and ethics of using unmanned systems in combat, which may be inevitably raised up in relation to complex international security operations; also, most productive was cooperation with Jon within the board of International Journal of Intelligent Unmanned Systems published by Emerald.

Bob Nugent (CDR, USN, Retired), Virginia Tech and Catholic University of America’s Busch School of Business, USA, with whom the author notes numerous discussions on advanced command and control in operational settings marked by uncertainty and dynamically changing goals and conditions, such as autonomous systems and international security networks. These discussions have stimulated the joint detailed analysis and connection with the latest DARPA Mosaic Warfare concept mentioned in the book.

Journal of International Relations and Diplomacy, David Publishing Company, and personally Melian Lee, for the support of author’s publications mentioned in this book and fruitful cooperation within the editorial team, where the journal’s orientation on most recent world developments in international relations, security studies, politics, military study, foreign affairs and many others was extremely important and stimulating for this book preparation and writing.

Vasily Begun, dealing with security methods at the Institute of Mathematical machines and Systems of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, with whom the author had numerous discussions on how to anticipate and measure emerging security threats on both national and international levels, and how practically organize effective security procedures under limited financial and human resources and especially within existing state institutions.

Alexander Reznick, engaged in system management at the Institute of Mathematical Machines and Systems of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, with whom the author cooperated for decades and whose projects using neural networks for control of complex dynamic systems influenced security methods considered in the book, with the described SGT capable of simulating the use of neural networks in a global scale.

Svitlana Tymchyk, Natalia Karevina, and Marina Hoshuk, the editors and producers of the Mathematical Machines and Systems journal of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, for the friendship and lasting support of the author’s regular publications in the journal, including those mentioned in this book, where quick and professional editing and translation (as the journal is trilingual: Ukrainian, Russian and English) of the submitted material was really impressive.

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