Prelims

H. Kent Baker (American University, USA)
John R. Nofsinger (University of Alaska Anchorage, USA)
Vesa Puttonen (Aalto University, Finland)

The Savvy Investor's Guide to Avoiding Pitfalls, Frauds, and Scams

ISBN: 978-1-78973-562-8, eISBN: 978-1-78973-559-8

Publication date: 21 January 2020

Citation

Baker, H.K., Nofsinger, J.R. and Puttonen, V. (2020), "Prelims", The Savvy Investor's Guide to Avoiding Pitfalls, Frauds, and Scams (The Savvy Investor's Guide), Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. i-xvii. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-78973-559-820201002

Publisher

:

Emerald Publishing Limited

Copyright © 2020 Emerald Publishing Limited


Half Title Page

THE H. KENT BAKER INVESTMENTS SERIES

THE SAVVY INVESTOR’S GUIDE TO AVOIDING PITFALLS, FRAUDS, AND SCAMS

Title Page

THE H. KENT BAKER INVESTMENTS SERIES

THE SAVVY INVESTOR’S GUIDE TO AVOIDING PITFALLS, FRAUDS, AND SCAMS

BY

H. KENT BAKER

American University, USA

JOHN R. NOFSINGER

University of Alaska Anchorage, USA

VESA PUTTONEN

Aalto University, Finland

United Kingdom – North America – Japan – India – Malaysia – China

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Emerald Publishing Limited

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First edition 2020

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ISBN: 978-1-78973-562-8 (Print)

ISBN: 978-1-78973-559-8 (Online)

ISBN: 978-1-78973-561-1 (Epub)

Contents

About the Authors xv
Acknowledgments xvii
Introduction to The Savvy Investor’s Guide to Avoiding Pitfalls, Frauds, and Scams 1
1. Common Investing Pitfalls That Can Separate You from Financial Security and Success 5
Pitfall 1. Failing to Learn about Investing: How Can a Lack of Investing Knowledge Cost You a Fortune During Your Lifetime? 6
Pitfall 2. Underestimating Your Abilities: Is Being a Savvy Investor Only Reserved for Rich, Sophisticated, or Professional Investors? 8
Pitfall 3. Thinking You’re Special: Are You Oblivious to the Fact That Your Psychological Biases Can Make You a Terrible Investor? 9
Pitfall 4. Not Having an Investing Plan and Sticking With It: Why Are Goal Setting, Planning, and Implementation Crucial to Your Investing Success? 10
Pitfall 5. Failing to Match Investment Style and Strategy with Personal Goals: Why Is Identifying the Proper Investment Strategy So Important to Achieving Your Personal Goals? 12
Pitfall 6. Not Having a Proper Time Horizon: Why Can Thinking Short-Term Be Hazardous to Your Long-Term Wealth? 13
Pitfall 7. Taking an Improper Level of Risk: How Can Excessive Conservatism or Risk-Taking Prevent You from Reaching Your Goals? 15
Pitfall 8. Not Balancing Risk and Return: Why Is Understanding the Risk-Return Tradeoff an Important Investing Principle? 15
Pitfall 9. Investing Money You Can’t Afford to Risk: When Is the Right Time to Begin Investing? 17
Pitfall 10. Not Investing on a Regular Basis: Why Investing on a Regular Basis Is a Habit to Cultivate? 18
Pitfall 11. Confusing Past Returns with Future Expectations: Why May Long-Term Averages Be of Little Relevance to Your Current Investment Situation? 20
Pitfall 12. Investing in Something That You Don’t Understand: Why Should You Avoid Investing in a Business, Industry, or Security That’s “Above Your Pay Grade”? 21
Pitfall 13. Having Improper Diversification: What Are the Implications of Over or Under Diversifying? 22
Pitfall 14. Postponing Opening a Retirement Account: Why Do You Need to Start Saving for Retirement Early? 24
Pitfall 15. Opting Out of an Employer-Sponsored Retirement Plan: Why Should You Take Advantage of an Employer-Sponsored Retirement Plan and Have Your Contributions Automatically Escalated? 25
Pitfall 16. Ignoring Taxes, Fees, and Expenses: Why Should You Focus on Multiple Factors When Making Investment Decisions? 26
Pitfall 17. Ignoring Inflation: Why Are Real Returns More Important Than Nominal Returns? 28
Pitfall 18. Failing to Have Enough Indexing: Why Does Indexing Make Sense for Most Individual Investors? 29
Pitfall 19. Not Periodically Reviewing and Rebalancing Your Long-Term Portfolio: Why Should You Not Mechanically Rebalance Your Portfolio in the Short Run? 30
Pitfall 20. Doing Too Little Research: Why Is Doing Your Homework Likely to Lead to Better Investing Results? 32
Takeaways 33
2. Common Stock Pitfalls That Can Lead to Big Losses 35
Pitfall 1. Failing to Distinguish Between Investing and Gambling: Is Playing the Stock Market the Same as Gambling? 36
Pitfall 2: Confusing a Great Company with a Great Stock: Why Is a Great Company or Product Not Necessarily a Great Investment? 38
Pitfall 3. Forgetting Value: Why Should You Focus on a Stock’s Value, Not Its Price? 39
Pitfall 4. Buying Stocks That Appear Cheap: Why Should You Avoid Buying a Stock That Simply Looks Like a Bargain? 40
Pitfall 5. Focusing on Stocks with Low Price/Earnings Ratios: Can Investing in Stocks with High P/E Ratios Be a Sound Investment? 40
Pitfall 6. Trying to Pick Stocks: Why Is Stock Picking Almost Always a Losing Game? 42
Pitfall 7. Chasing Performance and Yields: Why Should You Avoid Buying Stocks by Looking in the Rearview Mirror? 45
Pitfall 8. Over-Trading: How Can Excessive Trading Eat Away at Your Returns? 47
Pitfall 9. Attempting to Time the Market: Why Is Market Timing a Fool’s Game? 48
Pitfall 10. Selling Too Soon: When Should You Consider Selling a Stock? 50
Pitfall 11. Allowing Small Losses to Become Big Ones: Why Should You Cut Your Losses Instead of Waiting to Sell a Stock Until You Get Your Money Back? 52
Pitfall 12. Buying High and Selling Low: What Can Lead You to Violate the Strategy of Buying Low and Selling High? 53
Pitfall 13. Averaging Down to Redeem a Losing Position: Why Is Averaging Down a Potentially Risky Investment Strategy? 54
Pitfall 14. Buying Low-Priced (Penny) Stocks: Why Should You Avoid a Love Affair with Cheap Stocks? 56
Pitfall 15. Confusing Brains with a Bull Market: Why Should You Review Your Investing Results in the Context of an Entire Market Cycle? 58
Pitfall 16. Placing Too Much Trust in “Experts” and the Financial Media: Why Should You Tune Out the Noise and Display Healthy Skepticism of the Advice of So-Called Experts? 60
Takeaways 62
3. Mutual Fund and Etf Pitfalls: What the Industry Won’t Tell You 65
Pitfall 1. Buying Past Winners: What’s the Danger of Selecting Past Mutual Fund Winners? 69
Pitfall 2. Paying Mutual Fund Loads: What Are the Costs of Buying and Selling a Mutual Fund? 71
Pitfall 3. Choosing High Expense Mutual Funds: How Do Fund Expenses Affect Your Return? 73
Pitfall 4. Being Lured Into Actively Managed Funds: Why Might You Want to Avoid Actively Managed Funds? 75
Pitfall 5. Ignoring Indexing: Why Is Indexing the Way to Go for Most Non-Professional Investors? 76
Pitfall 6. Paying Taxes on Capital Gains Distributions: Why Are You Paying Taxes on Mutual Funds You Haven’t Sold? 78
Pitfall 7. Falling for Window Dressing: What Investments Do Funds Really Own? 80
Pitfall 8. Paying for One Level of Risk and Getting Another: Why Do Funds Change Their Risk Level During the Year? 81
Pitfall 9. Investing in Closet Index Funds: Why Should You Avoid Investing in Closet Index Funds? 82
Pitfall 10. Following Mutual Fund Ratings: What Do Mutual Fund Ratings Really Mean? 84
Pitfall 11. Sticking with Bad Funds: Do Bad Mutual Funds Always Have Poor Performance? 85
Pitfall 12. Being Loyal to a Merged Fund: What Happens When Mutual Funds Merge? 86
Pitfall 13. Choosing Closed-End Funds: What Problems Are Associated with Closed-End Funds? 87
Pitfall 14. Issues with Etfs: What Are the Problems of Owning Etfs? 89
Takeaways 91
4. Self-inflicted Pitfalls: The Dangers of Psychological Biases 93
Pitfall 1. Avoiding Taking a Loss to Reallocate Capital: What Is Loss Aversion Bias? 95
Pitfall 2. Letting Regret Affect Good Decision Making: How Does Regretting a Decision Influence Your Investment Choices? 97
Pitfall 3. Controlling Your Instincts: What Are Common Self-control Biases That Can Negatively Affect Your Returns? 99
Pitfall 4. Being Overconfident: Why Can Overconfidence Threaten Your Investment Success? 100
Pitfall 5. Making Mistakes Driven by Stereotypes: How Can Representativeness Bias Influence Your Decisions? 103
Pitfall 6. Being Too Familiar with a Company: How Can Familiarity Bias Affect Your Portfolio’s Riskiness? 105
Pitfall 7. Being Fooled by How Investment Questions Are Posed: How Does Framing Influence Your Decisions? 106
Pitfall 8. Trying to Control Things You Can’t: How Can the Illusion of Control Affect Your Investment Success? 108
Pitfall 9. Not Looking for Additional Information: How Can Availability Bias Influence Your Decisions? 109
Pitfall 10. Misremembering Past Performance: How Does Cognitive Dissonance Affect Your Learning? 110
Pitfall 11. Letting Others Affect Your Investments: What Are Social Biases and How Can They Influence You? 111
Pitfall 12. Following the Pack: Why Does Herding Often Lead to Poor Results? 112
Pitfall 13. Having Emotions Influences Your Portfolio: What Emotional Biases Are You Likely to Face? 114
Pitfall 14. Skewed Beliefs and Judgments: Why Does Being Optimistic Lead to Taking Unnecessary Risks and Developing Bubbles? 115
Takeaways 118
5. Investment Schemes Designed to Separate You from Your Money 121
Fraud/Scam 1. Ponzi Scheme: How Does a Ponzi Scheme Work? 123
Case Study: The World’s Largest Ponzi Scheme 126
Case Study: Ezubao’s $9 Billion Ponzi Scheme 128
Fraud/Scam 2. Pyramid Scheme: How Does a Pyramid Scheme Work and Differ from a Ponzi Scheme? 130
Case Study: The WinCapita Pyramid Scheme 131
Fraud/Scam 3. Affinity Fraud: What’s Affinity Fraud and Why Is It So Insidious? 134
Case Study: George Theodule’s $30 Million Affinity Fraud 134
Fraud/Scam 4. Pump and Dump Scheme: How Does a Pump-and-Dump Scheme Work? 136
Case Study: The AJ Discala $300 Million Pump-and-Dump Scheme 137
Fraud/Scam 5. Microcap Fraud: What’s Microcap Fraud and Why Is It So Prevalent? 139
Case Study: The VGTel $15 Million Penny Stock Fraud 140
Fraud/Scam 6. High Yield Investments Fraud: Why Do These Frauds Attract So Many Victims? 141
Case Study: The ZeekRewards HYIP Fraud 142
Fraud/Scam 7. Pre-Ipo Fraud: How Does a Pre-IPO Fraud Work? 144
Case Study: The JSG Capital Investments $10 Million Pre-Ipo Fraud 144
Takeaways 146
6. Other Frauds and Scams That Lure Unsuspecting Investors 149
Fraud/Scam 1. Foreign Currency Trading Fraud: How Can You Identify Potential Foreign Currency Trading Fraud? 150
Case Study: The Exential $200 Million Currency Market Fraud 152
Fraud/Scam 2: Binary Options Fraud: What Are Binary Options and How Can Binary Options Websites Be Used for Fraudulent Schemes? 154
Case Study: Jared Davis: A Binary Options Conman Who Swindled Investors Out of $10 Million 156
Fraud/Scam 3: Cryptocurrency Scams: Why Are Cryptocurrency Scams So Attractive to Investors? 157
Case Study: The BitConnect $2 Billion Fraud 159
Fraud/Scam 4: Online Platform Fraud: How Does Online Platform Fraud Work? 163
Case Study: The Quianbao $11 Billion Online Platform Fraud 165
Fraud/Scam 5. Precious Metal Frauds: What Forms Do Precious Metal Frauds Take? 167
Case Study: The Northwest Territorial Mint $25 Million Precious Metal Ponzi Scheme 168
Fraud/Scam 6: Prime Bank Fraud: What’s a Typical Prime Bank Fraud? 170
Case Study: The Dutch Billionaire and a €100 Million Prime Bank Fraud 171
Fraud/Scam 7: Promissory Note Fraud: What’s a Promissory Note and How Can Such Notes Be Used to Swindle Investors? 173
Case Study: The Success Trade Securities $14 Million Promissory Note Fraud Involving Former Nba and Nfl Players 175
Takeaways 177
Index 179

About the Authors

H. Kent Baker, DBA, PhD, CFA, CMA, is University Professor of Finance in the Kogod School of Business at American University. He is an award-winning author/editor of more than 33 books including as Investor Behavior – The Psychology of Financial Planning and Investing and Investment Traps – Navigating Investor Mistakes and Behavioral Biases. With nearly 300 other publications, Professor Baker is among the top 1% of the most prolific authors in finance.

John R. Nofsinger, PhD, is William H. Seward Endowed Chair in International Finance at the College of Business & Public Policy, University of Alaska Anchorage. He is one of the world’s leading experts in behavioral finance and the author of The Psychology of Investing and another 11 books. Professor Nofsinger is a prolific Scholar who publishes in multiple disciplines. He is also a frequent Speaker on behavioral finance, the biology of finance, and corporate social responsibility.

Vesa Puttonen, PhD, is Professor of Finance at Aalto University School of Business in Helsinki. He has worked as Senior Vice President at the Helsinki Stock Exchange and as Managing Director at Conventum Asset Management (Helsinki). He has published 18 books and more than 30 journal articles on different fields of strategic finance, risk management, behavioral finance, and investing.

Acknowledgments

There is no greater agony than bearing an untold story inside you.

—Maya Angelou

We have seen the pain experienced by investors who have made costly mistakes and have become unsuspecting victims of clever fraudsters and scammers. We felt that we had a story to tell that could help others avoid experiencing similar anguish. That’s why we wrote The Savvy Investor’s Guide to Avoiding Pitfalls, Frauds, and Scams. However, we couldn’t have told our story without the help of many others. We thank our partners at Emerald Publishing for their many contributions, especially Charlotte Maiorana (Senior Editor) and Charlie Wilson (Associate Editor). We also appreciate the research support provided by our respective institutions – the Kogod School of Business at American University, the College of Business & Public Policy at the University of Alaska Anchorage and the Aalto University Business School. Finally, we dedicate this book to our families: Linda and Rory Baker, Anna Nofsinger, and Marika Puttonen.