AARP

, 178–179

Public Policy Institute

, 177

Acculturation

, 139

Activist choice homophily

, 58–59

Adkins-Green, Sheryl

, 196, 198–200

Affective commitment

, 202

Aged Healthy, Wealthy & Wise

, 180

Aging

marketplace

, 177–179

navigation of

, 179–181

financial security

, 179–180

health and wellness

, 180

housing

, 180

legal planning

, 179

medical care

, 180

planning

, 180–181

Aging 2.0

, 176

Aging Life Care Associates

, 177

Alink, Barbara

, 226–227

Alpha Chi Omega

, 87–88

Alzheimer’s Association

, 178–179

Amazon

, 176, 262

Ambidexterity. See Cognitive ambidexterity

Ambition Decisions, The

, 233

Ambition problem

, 231

entrepreneurship and

, 235–236

reality of

, 233–235

recognition of

, 236–237

American Express

State of Women-Owned Business Report

, 68

Apple

, 265–266

Approval Junkie: Adventures in Caring Too Much

, 37

Ash, Mary Kay

, 2, 7

foundation of success

, 8–15

grit, determination, character

, 15

Aspiration

, 232–233

Attitude toward entrepreneurship

, 129–130

Authenticity

, 202

“Avon Lady”

, 1–2

Babson College

, 88, 89

Babson Entrepreneurship Thought in Action (BETA) Challenge

, 89

Bain & Co.

, 232

Baker, Gemma

, 181–182

Bangladesh

women in family firms

, 191–192

BBC Mundo

, 21

B-Corps

, 211

Behavioral intention

, 131–134

Best Buy

, 176

Bezos, Jeff

, 262

Body Shop, The

, 25–26, 27, 28, 29–30, 32

direct selling

, 30–31

franchising

, 30–31

mission statement

, 27

necessity and creation of

, 26–27

Ruby Campaign

, 30

social and environmental causes, promoting

, 29–30

Trade Not Aid program

, 25–26, 28, 29, 30–31

trading

, 28–29

Boehme, Cami

, 196

Brand awareness, building

, 70–71

Brand channels, determination of

, 267–268

Brand equity

, 262

Brand promise

definition of

, 262, 263–264

importance and impact of

, 262–264

Brown, Denise

, 179

Bruyn, Zoe

, 86–87, 91–93

BUILD Institute

, 63–64

Bulgari

, 211

Burton, Traci Lynn

, 200–201, 202

Business incubators

, 57

data and methods

, 60–61

findings

, 61–64

homophily theory

, 58–60

signaling theory

, 59–60

Business Source Premier database

, 59

Business values

, 27–28

BuyMeOnce

, 210–211

Calico

, 176

C&A

, 211

Cantor, Melissa

, 213–214

“Can’t Stop, Won’t Stop Her Side Hustle – Women in the Gig Economy 2018”

, 196

Capitalization

, 198

CareAcademy

, 177

CareMore Health

, 177

Caribbean, women, mothers, and entrepreneurial engagement in

, 109

context

, 110–114

future research, policy, and practice, implications for

, 115–117

mumpreneurs

, 114–115

political economy

, 112–113

women entrepreneurship

, 117–118

women entrepreneurs, sociocultural realities for

, 113–114

Cariloop

, 177

Ceja, Amelia Morán

, 2, 17

challenges as a CEO

, 23

empowerment

, 21–23

story of

, 18–20

Ceja, Armando

, 18–19

Ceja, Pedro

, 18–19

Ceja Vineyards

, 18–19, 20

Ceja Wines

, 20, 21–22

Center for Entrepreneurship and Innovation (CEI)

, 86, 90–91

Center for Women’s Entrepreneurial Leadership (CWEL)

, 88, 90–91

CEO wives, in family firms

, 187–188

Ceresti Health

, 178–179

Chief Emotional Officers

, 187

China

one-child policy

, 191–192

Choice homophily

, 58–59

Chrysler, Angela Loehr

, 201, 202

Classroom experience

, 90

ClearCare Online

, 177

Cleveland Bradley Business Incubator

, 64

Cognitive ambidexterity

, 75

data collection, analysis, and results

, 76–81

new venture, nature of

, 78

predominance of action over planning

, 79–81

selling and manufacturing

, 81

venture creation, reasons for

, 77–78

limitations of

, 81–82

Cohen, Carol Fishman

, 179

Collective economy

, 223

Collectivism

, 138

Collectivist culture

, 138–139

Collegiate Entrepreneurs Organization (CEO)

, 86

Community builders

, 240, 247, 249–255, 258

Community mentors

, 91

Community startup resources

, 91

Community support

, 249

Compassion

, 8, 14–15

Confidence

, 232–233

Confidence Code, The

, 231

Corporate social responsibility (CSR)

, 208, 209

Councils on Aging

, 176

Courage

, 8, 13–14

Creation logic

, 75–76, 80, 81–82

Creativity

, 46–47, 48–49, 52

Crowdfunding, advantage of

, 69–70

Cultural variability

, 111

Customer acquisition

, 75

Customer connection, by leveraging social media

, 70–72

brand awareness, building

, 70–71

feedback from customers, obtaining

, 71–72

Customer knowledge

, 22

Daughterhood

, 179

Daughters, in family firms

, 188–189

Desire for independence

, 158, 160, 161–162, 165–166, 167

Desrosiers, Toni

, 219

Determination

, 9–11

Differentiated narrative

, 262

Digital mediums, Indian women entrepreneurs in

, 147

Digital technology

, 128–129

Digitalundivided (DID)

, 62, 63–64

Direct selling

, 195

distribution channel

, 200

empowering women through

, 196–202

women entrepreneurs

, 200–202

women micro-entrepreneurs

, 197–200

as entrepreneurialism

, 203

Direct Selling Association (DSA)

, 198

Women’s Leadership Retreat

, 200–201

Diversity

, 48–49

Doheny, Bea

, 87–88, 90–92

Dolphin Tank Pitch Competition, Michigan Women’s Foundation

, 87

Dove

“Real Beauty” campaign

, 30

E. & J. Gallo

, 18

Ecosystem

, 221–223

of support, extending

, 224

Elevator Pitch Competition, Saginaw Valley State University

, 86–87

Emotional capital

, 187

Empowerment

, 21–23

components of

, 196–197

Engelbert, Cathy

, 178

Enology

, 19, 21

Entrepreneurial ecosystem

, 126, 127, 240

Entrepreneurial engagement

, 109–110, 111–112

Entrepreneurial glass ceiling, through social media

, 67

accessing funding through intentional social media networking

, 68–70

crowdfunding, advantage of

, 69–70

networking with female angel investors

, 69

customer connection by leveraging social media

, 70–72

brand awareness, building

, 70–71

feedback from customers, obtaining

, 71–72

entrepreneurial success

, 72

mentorship development

, 72

Entrepreneurialism, direct selling as

, 203

Entrepreneurial motivation, in Lebanese women entrepreneurs

, 158, 160, 166

Entrepreneurial Scholars and Interns Program (ESIP)

, 88, 90–91

Entrepreneurial self-efficacy

, 132–133

Entrepreneurial success, via social media

, 72

Entrepreneurship

, 2, 77, 82, 85–86

ambition problem and

, 235–236

customer acquisition

, 75

education programs

, 86

gendered biases in

, 47–48

in higher education

, 86

as masculine domain

, 45–46

necessity versus opportunity

, 255

women

, 117–118

Entrepreneurship Alliance (EA)

, 87–88, 90–91

Ethica

, 213–214

Ethnic enclaves

, 139–142

Extracurricular programs

, 90–91

Extrinsic motivations

, 160

EY report

, 190

Facebook

, 71

Faculty mentors

, 91–92

Fair Game from PRI with Faith Salie

, 36–37

Familia

, 20, 21

Family business

, 21

Family Caregiver Alliance

, 179

Favoritism

, 256

Feedback from customers, obtaining

, 71–72

Female angel investors, social media networking with

, 69

Female entrepreneurs

, 241–243

Female-owned firms, self-perceived performance of

, 95

Female underperformance hypothesis

, 47–48

Financial security

, 179–180

Financial success on firm performance

, 158, 162–163, 165–166

Firm performance of Lebanese women entrepreneurs

, 158, 160, 161–162, 163–166

Five Whys Technique

, 263

Flexibility

, 22–23

Foley, Tara

, 211–212

Follain

, 211–212

Formal structures

, 198

Francis, Jennifer

, 213

Futerra

, 211

Gallenti, Marina

, 30

GEM Report

, 244–246

Gender composition of incubators

, 61, 62

Gender differences, perceived versus actual

, 52–53

Gender disparity

, 2–3, 51–52, 188

Gendered entrepreneurial biases

, 47–48

Gender gap

, 234

in access to capital

, 67–68

in entrepreneurship

, 68

See also Gender–performance gap

Gender inequality

, 126–127

Gender–performance gap

, 95–96, 96–98, 102, 102–103, 103, 103–104

exploring

, 99

prior research limitations

, 97–98

See also Gender gap

Gen Xers

, 22

Gillespie, Ed

, 211

Global Entrepreneurship Monitor report (2016/2017)

, 127

Global Organizing Committee for Fashion Revolution

, 211

Gobodo, Nonkululeko

, 128–130

GoFundMe

, 69–70

Good Morning America

, 21

Google

, 176

Google Analytics

, 71

Go-to-market strategy

, 138, 139, 140, 142, 143, 209–214

BuyMeOnce

, 210–211

Ethica

, 213–214

Follain

, 211–212

Futerra

, 211

Kindred Black

, 213

Rêve En Vert

, 212–213

Grand Valley State University (GVSU)

, 86, 87

MWest Challenge

, 86–87

GreatCall

, 176

Green enterprises

, 209, 210

Green entrepreneurship

, 209

Grubhub

, 176

Health and wellness

, 180

Hegar, M.J.

, 264–265

Helping others

, 179

Her Campus Media

, 88

Hilts, Cora

, 212–213

Hispanic American women entrepreneurs

, 137

collectivist culture

, 138–139

ethnic enclaves

, 139–142

social networks

, 142–143

Homophily

, 58–60, 64

signaling theory

, 59–60

Hong Kong

other women’s roles

enhanced or promoted due to bias

, 255–256

in urban entrepreneurial ecosystems

, 249–254

women for women in entrepreneurship

, 245–246, 256–258

Housing

, 180

Idea generation

, 46–47, 48–49, 52–53

Idea promotion

, 48, 49–50, 51, 52–53

Idea realization

, 46–47, 48, 50–51, 52–53

IKEA

, 30–31

Imagery

, 262

Imagination

, 8, 11–12

Immigrant business enterprises classification (IBEC) framework

, 141, 143

Impact Awards

, 60–61, 64

Inclusive practices

, 58

Income

, 199

Income inequality

, 126–127

Incubation

, 57–58, 64, 65

India

women for women in entrepreneurship

, 246

See also Indian women entrepreneurs

Indian women entrepreneurs

, 147

observations and recommendations

, 153

online medium use by

, 150–153

ease of use

, 151

usefulness

, 152–153

social self-efficacy on online medium use, role of

, 149–150

Indiegogo

, 69–70

Individualism

, 111

Individual trust

, 149

Induced homophily

, 58–59

Inequality

gender

, 126–127

income

, 126–127

Information and Communication Technology (ICT)

, 133

Initials, Inc.

, 201

Innovation

, 46–51, 52–53

idea generation

, 48–49

idea promotion

, 49–50

idea realization

, 50–51

Institutional bias

, 236

Integrity

, 8, 12–13

International Business Incubation Association (InBIA)

, 60–61

Intrinsic motivations

, 160

Investors

, 249, 254–255, 256–257

Iora Health

, 177

iRelaunch

, 179

Iris Digital Communities

, 176

Job creation

, 127

Jobs, Steve

, 265–266

Journalism

, 36–37

Kering

, 211

Kernisan, Leslie

, 179

Kickstarter

, 69–70

Kindred Black

, 213

Kwinana, Kile

, 128–129, 130, 131

Kyles, Kasslais

, 190

LaunchPad Incubation

, 63

Leadership, entrepreneurial

, 75–76, 79, 81–82

Lean In

, 231, 232

Lebanese women entrepreneurs

, 157

conceptual framework and hypotheses development

, 161–163

motivational factors of

, 160

research methodology

, 163–166

results

, 165–166

sample

, 163, 164

survey instrument

, 163–165

Lebanon

entrepreneurial environment in

, 159–160

women entrepreneurship

, 159–160

See also Lebanese women entrepreneurs

Legal planning

, 179

Levy, Emily

, 88–89, 91–92, 93

Life Less Throwaway, A

, 210–211

Life skills

, 200

LinkedIn

, 69, 267–268

Locus of control

, 158, 160, 161, 163, 165–166, 167

Loehr, Dick

, 201

Longevity

, 175

aging marketplace

, 177–179

aging, navigation of

, 179–181

financial security

, 179–180

health and wellness

, 180

housing

, 180

legal planning

, 179

medical care

, 180

planning

, 180–181

non-passive aging woman

, 181–182

women taking charge and helping others

, 179

L’Oreal

, 31

Low power distance

, 111

Lyft

, 176

Male-owned firms, self-perceived performance of

, 95

Manufacturing

, 81

Mary Kay Ash on People Management

, 14

Mary Kay Cosmetics

, 7–8, 9, 10, 13–14

Mary Kay Foundation

, 8

Mary Kay Inc.

, 196

Masculinity

, 111

Massachusetts Biomedical Initiatives (MBI)

, 62

McKinsey & Co.

, 232

McLean, Jodie

, 212

Medical care

, 180

Me Inc.

, 261–262

Mentoring

, 198–199

Mentors

, 68, 72

community

, 91

faculty

, 91–92

Mentorship

, 21–22

development, through social media

, 72

Michigan Women’s Foundation

, 91

Dolphin Tank Pitch Competition

, 87

Micro-entrepreneurship

, 1

Microsoft

, 267–268

Millennials

, 22

Minka project

, 177

Minority business, self-perceived performance in

, 101, 102–103

Miracles Happen (Mary Kay Ash)

, 9–11

Mission statement

, 262

MIT

AgeLab

, 176

Moth, The

, 36–37

Motivation

, 158, 160, 166

Mumpreneurs

, 110, 112, 114–115, 116, 117, 118

Murillo, Maya

, 267

Musk, Elon

, 263–264

MWest Challenge, Grand Valley State University

, 86–87

National Alliance on Caregiving

, 177

Natura Cosmeticos

, 31

Necessary Dreams: Ambition in Women’s Changing Lives

, 233

Necessity versus opportunity entrepreneurship

, 255

Need for achievement

, 158, 160, 161, 163, 165–166, 167

Negative feedback registers

, 233

New venture, nature of

, 78

Nexis Uni database

, 61

Non-passive aging woman

, 181–182

Observe-act-reflect-learn model

, 80

O’Donnell, Liz

, 179

Old boys’ network

, 240

One-child policy

, 191–192

Online mediums, Indian women entrepreneurs in

, 147

Online medium use

by Indian women entrepreneurs

, 150–153

ease of use

, 151

usefulness

, 152–153

role of social self-efficacy on

, 149–150

Oprah Winfrey Show, The

, 36–37

O’Reilly Factor, The

, 36–37

Other women’s roles

, 249–254

enhanced or promoted due to bias

, 255–256

in rural entrepreneurial ecosystems

, 249

in urban entrepreneurial ecosystems

, 249–255

Parenting

, 57–58

Parkinson’s Foundation

, 179

Passion

, 8, 12, 46, 158, 160, 161, 163, 165–166, 167, 202

Patriarchy

, 187, 190

Peer role models

, 92

Peers, advice for

, 92–93

Perceived behavioral control (PBC)

, 131–132

Perceived business performance, of female -and male-owned firms

, 95

gender–performance gap, exploring

, 99

methodology

, 99–101

prior gender–performance gap research limitations

, 97–98

results

, 101–102

Perceived versus actual gender differences

, 52–53

Perfect pitch, development of

, 264–266

strategic narrative, creation of

, 265–266

Personal branding

, 38–41

Personal branding

, 261

brand promise, importance and impact of

, 262–264

definition of

, 262

management of

, 266–268

brand channels, determination of

, 267–268

perfect pitch, development of

, 264–266

strategic narrative, creation of

, 265–266

Personal reflection

, 264

Personal values

, 27–28

PICC Perfect

, 88–89

PillPack

, 176

Pitch competitions

, 90–91

Political economy of the Caribbean

, 112–113

Prediction logic

, 75–76, 80, 81–82

Predominance of action over planning

, 79–81

Primogeniture

, 189–190

Purposeful sampling

, 243

Push and pull motivational factors

, 160

Rabin, Vivian

, 179

Radical generosity

, 3, 225

Rajaram, Aaslesha

, 266

Ramaphosa, Cyril

, 127

“Real Beauty” campaign

, 30

Recognition of ambition problem

, 236–237

Red Eye w/Tom Shillue

, 36–37

Relationship building

, 39–40

Retailing

, 30, 212

Rêve En Vert (REV)

, 212–213

Roddick, Dame Anita

, 2, 25, 263–264

The Body Shop. See Body Shop, The

first impressions

, 25–26

personal and business values

, 27–28

successful women entrepreneur, attributes of

, 31–32

trading

, 28–29

Roddick, Gordon

, 31

Role models

, 247, 249–255, 258

Ruby Campaign

, 30

Rural entrepreneurial ecosystems, other women’s roles in

, 249

Saginaw Valley State University

Elevator Pitch Competition

, 86–87

Salie, Faith

, 2, 35

personal branding

, 39–41

failure and failures

, 40–41

kind and gracious

, 41

relationship building

, 39–40

self-understanding

, 39

story of

, 35–38

Salie, Gail Coley

, 35–36

Salie, Robert

, 35–36

Saunders, Vicki

story of

, 220–221

Science Goes to the Movies

, 36–37

Self-efficacy

, 3, 158, 160, 161, 163, 165–166, 167, 199–200

entrepreneurial

, 132–133

social self-efficacy on online medium use, role of

, 149–150

technology

, 133–134

Self-esteem

, 30

Self-perceived performance, of female -and male-owned firms

, 95

gender–performance gap, exploring

, 99

methodology

, 99–101

prior gender–performance gap research limitations

, 97–98

results

, 101–102

Self-understanding

, 39

Selling

, 75

direct

, 195

Sex and the City

, 36

Sexism

, 236

Sharp index

, 97

Shea, Lucy

, 211

SheEO

, 219

birth of

, 220–221

changing lives

, 226–228

expansion plans

, 228

future of

, 228–229

philosophy of

, 221, 222

ecosystem

, 221–223

ecosystem of support, extending

, 224

radical generosity

, 225

Signaling theory

, 58, 59–60, 65

Significant Others

, 36

Singapore

other women’s roles

enhanced or promoted due to bias

, 255

in urban entrepreneurial ecosystems

, 249–254

women for women in entrepreneurship

, 246–247, 256–258

Sizwe Ntsaluba Gobodo

, 128–129

Social capital

, 3, 67–68, 69–70, 72, 200

Social categorization

, 241–243

Social cognitive carer theory

, 129

Social comparison

, 241–242

Social identification

, 241–242

Social identity theory

, 241–243

unconscious bias

, 242–243

women entrepreneurs’ relationships with other women

, 242–243

Social impact

, 219–220, 221–223, 227

Social media

, 70, 267–268

accessing funding through

, 68–70

customer connection by leveraging

, 70–72

entrepreneurial success via

, 72

with female angel investors

, 69

glass ceiling through

, 67

mentorship development through

, 72

Social networks, of Hispanic American women entrepreneurs

, 142–143

Social self-efficacy on online medium use, role of

, 149–150

Society of Human Resource Management

, 177–178

South Africa

, 125

opportunities via entrepreneurship

, 127–128

challenges

, 128

job creation

, 127

women entrepreneurial intent in

, 128–134

attitude toward entrepreneurship

, 129–130

behavioral intention

, 131–134

subjective norms

, 130–131

women entrepreneurs, development of

, 126–127

women entrepreneurs, empowerment of

, 126–127

Spectrum Health Innovations

, 86–87

Stanford Center on Longevity

, 176

Star Trek: Deep Space Nine

, 36

Start-ups

, 150

State of Women-Owned Business Report (American Express)

, 68

Storytelling

, 38

Strategic narrative, creation of

, 265–266

Student entrepreneurs

, 85

Bruyn, Zoe

, 86–87

Doheny, Bea

, 87–88

experiences contributing to success

, 90–92

classroom experience

, 90

community startup resources and mentors

, 91

extracurricular programs and pitch competitions

, 90–91

faculty mentors

, 91–92

peer role models

, 92

Levy, Emily

, 88–89

peers, advice for

, 92–93

struggles, overcoming

, 89–90

Subjective norms

, 130–131

Sunday Morning

, 36–37

Sustainability

, 32, 208–210

Sustainable business, future of

, 214–215

Sustainable consumption

, 209

Swishing movement

, 211

Taking charge

, 179

Tampa Bay Wave

, 64

Tara Button

, 210–211

Technology, entrepreneurship, and design (TED)

, 88

Technology self-efficacy

, 133–134

Texas Christian University Ventures

, 86–87

Tommy Hilfiger

, 211

Townsend, Solitaire

, 211

Traci Lynn Jewelry

, 200–201

Trade Not Aid program

, 25–26, 28, 29, 30–31

Tucker, Natasha

, 212–213

Tumlinson, Anne

, 179

Uber

, 176

Uber Eats

, 176

Uncertainty avoidance

, 111

Unconscious bias

, 242–243

Unhappily Ever After

, 36

United Kingdom

other women’s roles

enhanced or promoted due to bias

, 255–256

in urban entrepreneurial ecosystems

, 249–254

women for women in entrepreneurship

, 247, 257–258

United States

roles for other women enhanced or promoted due to bias

, 255–256

University of Missouri

, 87–88

University of Missouri System (UM System)

, 88

Entrepreneurial Scholars and Interns Program (ESIP)

, 88, 90–91

Urban entrepreneurial ecosystems, other women’s roles in

, 249–255

Values Competition

, 86–87

Venture creation

, 76, 78–79

reasons for

, 77–78

VF Corporation

, 211

Vickery, Britney

, 201, 202

Village-to-Village Network

, 180

Vision statement

, 262

Viticulture

, 17

Vulnerability

, 37

Wait, Wait Don’t Tell Me

, 36–37

Walt Disney

, 263–264

Wells, Alice

, 213

Whole trust

, 149

Wine Enthusiast

, 19

Wine Spectator

, 19

Winfrey, Oprah

, 261–262

Women entrepreneurs, definition of

, 157–158

Women for women in entrepreneurship

, 239

research design

, 243–248

country analysis

, 244–247

data analysis

, 247–248

social identity theory

, 241–243

unconscious bias

, 242–243

results

, 249–256

necessity versus opportunity entrepreneurship

, 255

other women’s roles in rural entrepreneurial ecosystems

, 249

other women’s roles in urban entrepreneurial ecosystems

, 249–255

roles for other women

, 249–254

roles for other women enhanced or promoted due to bias

, 255–256

Women in business

, 18

Women in family firms

, 185

advice from our women interviewees

, 192

historical challenges

, 186–190

CEO wives

, 187–188

daughters

, 188–189

primogeniture

, 189–190

male-dominated traditions to women in family firms, breaking

, 190–192

Women Innovating Now (WIN) Lab

, 89, 90–91

Women micro-entrepreneurs

, 197–200

capitalization

, 198

formal structures

, 198

income

, 199

life skills

, 200

mentoring

, 198–199

self-efficacy

, 199–200

social capital

, 200

Women student entrepreneurs. See Student entrepreneurs

Work–family conflict

, 185–186

Workplace biases

, 232

World Health Organization

, 175–176

Young Life

, 86, 87