Aarhus Region in Denmark

, 157

advanced convergence in

, 135

audiovisual media sector

, 122

clustering of AV media and digital technology firms in

, 34

emergence of new convergent enterprises

, 121–122

health service/product development

, 134–135

Accelerators

, 47, 78, 128, 187

Accommodation

, 9, 106, 111, 203, 211

Actors

, 79

in cooperation ecosystem

, 128

mediating innovation processes

, 78, 80

offering public innovation funding

, 77

Adoption approach

, 24–27

Advertising platforms

, 210

Agile development methodology

, 195

Airbnb (digital platform)

, 152, 186, 202–203, 211

Amazon

, 36, 54–55

Angry Birds (game)

, 46, 216

Animation

, 80, 122

Anna Pihl (television series)

, 157

‘App fest’

, 109–110, 212–213

Apple (global platform provider)

, 54–55, 75–76, 203–204

Apps

film noir-themed location-based app

, 197

location-based tourism apps

, 194

Movie Map App

, 194–195, 196–197

Old Narva App

, 170

Architectural monuments

, 167–168

Artificial intelligence (AI)

, 74–75, 106

Audience

audience-oriented reality shows

, 116

health behaviour

, 115–116

knowledge

, 210–211

share

, 53–54

Audiovisual media (AV media)

, 17–18, 27, 32, 95–96, 105–106, 156, 173–174, 175, 184–185, 186, 189–190, 193–194, 201–202, 210, 215–216

in Baltic States

, 47–51

cross-innovations between tourism sectors and

, 203–204

dialogues

, 204–205

formats

, 116

industries

, 4, 41–43, 165–166

meso-analysis of cross-innovation between tourism and

, 173–174

micro-trajectories between tourism sectors and

, 193–194

in Nordic countries

, 43–47

potentials of cross-innovation systems

, 55–56

rules

, 201–204

sector

, 71–72, 79, 81–82, 88, 89, 91, 122–124, 127

small size matters

, 52–54

trends

, 54–55

Augmented reality (AR)

, 41–42, 46, 65–66, 74–75, 96, 106–107, 123, 156, 168, 175–177, 179, 193–194, 201–202, 203–204, 213

chemistry learning solution

, 96–99

at cultural heritage sites

, 168–169

in tourism

, 214

See also Virtual reality (VR)

Auto-communication

, 24, 26–27

Baltic Film and Media School

, 157–158

Baltic Sea region

digital learning games

, 66

of European Union

, 4–5, 43

SMEs in

, 28–29

Baltic States, AV media in

, 47–51, 166

aggregate advertising expenditures

, 48

annual state support for Baltic film industries

, 49

funding of public broadcasters

, 50

Battlefield (game)

, 46

BBC Lifestyle

, 165–166

Bonnier

, 44, 47, 53–54

Booking.com

, 186, 202–203, 211

Borgen (television series)

, 157

Broadcasting

, 47, 64–65, 124

Business

business-to-client model

, 99

environment

, 137

model

, 12–13, 147, 150

rationales

, 183–184

Business Finland

, 46–47, 77, 93

Business to business market (BtoB market)

, 73

Business to consumer market (BtoC market)

, 73, 107–108

Business to government market (BtoG market)

, 73

Californian ideology

, 12

Case study

AV media industries

, 4

educational media solutions in Finland and Sweden

, 71–72

health and AV media sectors case studies in Estonia and Aarhus region

, 121–122

mediatisation

, 8–9

meso-level analysis on AV media and tourism sector in Riga and Hamburg

, 184–185

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

, 116

Chemistry-teaching game

, 96

Children’s television

, 50–51, 63

Citizens

, 85

Clash of Clans (game)

, 46

Clusters

, 22, 34, 78

Co-creation

, 82, 83, 84

Co-innovation

, 12, 72–80, 118

Cognuse (e-health company)

, 118

Commercialization

, 73–74, 122

Commercials

TV channels

, 63, 165–166

video game industry

, 66–67

Communications technologies

, 11–12

Connected Health cluster (Estonia’s health-tech cluster)

, 128, 158

Cooperation

, 71–72, 82

ecosystem

, 128

forms

, 174–178

and innovation types

, 175

landscape and models

, 76–80

networks

, 80

pattern

, 135

Coordination

, 7, 30, 44, 93, 214

failures

, 157

innovation system

, 25, 159–160

of interactions between museums and the AV sector

, 189–190

lack of coordination of informational resources

, 181

of new cross-innovation system

, 160

public-policy-based coordination

, 50

Creative Europe

, 77

Creative Industries Policies

, 12–13

Creative Mobile

, 51

Cross Motion project

, 96–97, 145–146, 148, 150, 169, 196–197

Cross-boundary learning

, 19, 142

Cross-innovation

, 31–33, 99, 134, 178, 210, 215–217

attitudes, drivers, and challenges of

, 81–84

between AV and health sectors

, 156

between AV and tourism sectors

, 203–204

dialogues

, 157–158, 204–205

drivers and barriers of

, 178–184

emergence of new rules

, 213–215

forms

, 155–156

international cross-innovation systems

, 34–37

international growth and platformisation

, 160–162

in media domains

, 169

peculiarities of

, 135–137

platformisation

, 210–213

plurality and fluidity of innovations

, 159

social network markets

, 159–160

systems and space

, 33–34

two rules

, 201–204

See also Innovation systems

Cross-innovation systems

, 110–111

potentials for media companies in small markets

, 55–56

Cross-media strategies

, 7, 31–33

Cross-sectoral dialogues

institutional landscape for

, 126–129

modes

, 131–135

openness

, 129–137

peculiarities of cross-innovation

, 135–137

Crowdsourcing

, 75–76, 89–90

Cultivation (bildning)

, 62–63

Cultural/culture

, 20–21

culture-policy measures

, 189–190

heritage sites

, 167–168

organisations

, 189

science approach

, 23, 216

semiotics

, 23, 210

theory

, 210

Curricula

, 73–74, 75–76, 83, 84, 86, 212–213

Dance Revolution

, 117–118

Danish economy

, 33–34

Data exchange

, 139, 160–161

Delfi

, 48–49, 53–54

Demand creation

, 21

Demand-side innovation

, 21

measures

, 186

policy

, 185–186

Demand-side policy

, 185–186, 188–189

Democratization

, 86, 89–90

Developing countries

, 85–86, 93

Digital AV

, 105–106

Digital educational games. See Digital learning games (DLG)

Digital health

, 147

Digital learning games (DLG)

, 63–67

Digital learning materials

, 74

Digital Visual Industry (DVI)

, 126–127

Digitalization

, 74, 87, 89–90

Digitisation

, 5–7, 31–32, 178, 203, 210

Disease management

, 118

Disease prevention

, 125

Disruptive innovation

, 91–92

Distant learning

, 89–90

Diversity

, 29–31

inherent

, 216–217

institutional

, 107, 128–129

reduction

, 216–217

‘Doctor Google’

, 156

Doctor’s Desk, The

, 116–117

Dogme 95 school

, 157

‘Dopfer and Potts’ theory

, 22–23

DR

, 45

Drivers of cross-innovation

, 81–84

E-governance

, 121–122, 139

E-health

, 139, 155

E-health company (Cognuse)

, 118

E-koolikott (e-schoolbag in translation)

, 110–111, 212–213

Eco, Umberto

, 21

Economies

of scale

, 34–35, 52

of scope

, 6–7, 48

Ecopolicy (2009)

, 66

Edquist, Charles

, 126, 129

EdTech

, 80, 212–213, 214–216

emergence

, 108–110

industry

, 108

sector

, 72, 86–92

Southeast Sweden

, 78–79

Education

, 10, 80, 105–106

education-oriented remits

, 63

education-related cross-innovation systems

, 111

and health care

, 10

processes

, 73

system

, 74–75, 94

Education Finland program

, 78

Education sector

, 71–72, 79, 83, 85–86, 88, 89, 99, 107

using AR and VR solutions

, 5

AV media and

, 81

development stage, markets, and trends

, 72–76

Educational film

, 61–63, 132–133

Educational games (EG)

, 63, 65, 67

Educational systems

, 110–111, 128–129

Educational television

, 61–63

Edutainment

, 64–65, 99

Eesti Meedia

, 47–49

Egmont Foundation

, 128

Egmont fund

, 127–128

Ekspress Grupp

, 48–49

Enterprises

, 6, 131–132, 187

Espoo city

, 78

Estonia

, 157, 210–211

characteristic

, 128

creative industries’ policy prominence in

, 128–129

cross-sectoral cooperation in

, 140

film sector

, 157–158

Estonian Connected Health Cluster (ECHC)

, 128

Estonian Health Insurance Fund

, 140

Estonian Public Broadcasting (ERR)

, 157–158

European Union (EU)

, 4–5

EU Digital Single Market Strategy

, 36

EU MEDIA programme

, 44–45

funding

, 13, 77, 92–93

services and tourism sectors growth

, 10

Eurostat

, 11, 25–26

Evolution(ary)

, 78–79

economics

, 19–20, 210

media

, 6

mesoeconomics

, 22–23

microeconomics

, 22–23

Exergames

, 117–118

Facebook

, 54–55, 210

Family House, The (case of Egyptian soap opera)

, 116

Film(ing)

, 116, 122

financing

, 186–187

fund

, 194–195

industries

, 49, 166

location-based apps to promoting film tourism

, 194–197

locations

, 166

montage

, 29–30

noir-themed location-based app

, 197

policies

, 43–44

tourism

, 149–150, 167–168, 194

and TV cooperation with tourism

, 165–170

Filmby Aarhus (hub of shooting studios)

, 157

Filmby Aarhus Incubator

, 126–127

Finland Tekes’ Education Solutions (Oppimisratkaisut) program

, 77

Finnish National Agency for Education

, 78

Finnish teachers’ education

, 81–82

Freeman, Chris

, 19

Game of Thrones

, 166

Game-based learning (GBL)

, 63–64

Game(ing)

design

, 66, 166–167

gaming-oriented rehabilitation

, 118

industry

, 77, 85

production

, 51

Gamification

, 63–64, 75, 106–107

forms in tourism industry

, 166–169

Old Narva App

, 170

tourism in global age

, 169–170

See also Virtual reality (VR)

Gamified rehabilitation

, 129–130

Germany

, 4–5, 20, 173–174

film funds

, 149–150

market

, 150

Global platforms

, 48, 170, 211

Global Positioning Systems (GPS)

, 167

Global standardisation of media services

, 35–36

Globalisation

, 9, 21, 34–35, 44

Google

, 54–55, 75–76, 88–89, 99

Google/Alphabet

, 210

Google Maps

, 36, 168

Hackathon-type event

, 194–195

Hamburg

, 174–177, 180

cross-innovation processes

, 180

Kreative Gesellshaft

, 186

Hamburg Film Fund

, 149–150

Hamburg Kreative Gesellschaft

, 186

Hamburg Tourismus GmbH

, 174

Hartly, John

, 4

Health care

, 10, 116

digital

, 145–146

sector

, 118

Health education

, 115–116, 117

Health media

, 152

Health platforms

, 161

Health sector

, 124–125

Health services

, 32

health service/product development

, 133

Healthism

, 155–156

Heart disease

, 140

Heritage sites

, 184, 189–190

Higher education institutions (HEIs)

, 126, 188

HIV

, 116

Holistic approach

, 19

to innovation systems

, 19–21

Hollywood

, 116

Hospitals

, 139, 150, 158

Hutspiel (1955)

, 64

IGDA Estonia

, 157–158

Incubators

, 46–47, 128, 187–188

Indirect Augmented Reality

, 170

Industrial culture

, 86–87, 108–109

Industry association

, 71–72, 187–188

Information and communication technology (ICT)

, 7–8, 74, 121–122, 175–177, 212, 213

industries

, 12

sector

, 76, 77, 123–124

Information economy

, 11, 12

Innovation

, 17–18, 84–86, 129

adoption

, 159–160

funding agency

, 77

funds

, 141

plurality and fluidity

, 159

policy

, 85

process

, 123–124, 187

support system

, 34, 92

types

, 174–175

See also Cross-innovation

Innovation systems

, 4, 18

adoption

, 24–27

diversity

, 29–31

firms over meso-trajectory

, 27–29

holistic approaches to

, 19–21

origination of rules

, 23–24

research

, 17–19

retention

, 27

theory

, 18–19, 21, 210, 216

See also Cross-innovation

Innovative digital service development

, 204–205

Instagrammers

, 211–212

Institutional landscape

for cross-sectoral dialogues

, 126–129

supporting cross-innovations

, 184–189

Intellectual property rights (IPRs)

, 82–83

Inter-sectoral cooperation

, 50–51

Interactive Denmark

, 126–127

Interactive learning

, 20, 49, 55–56, 187, 211–213

Interfirm communication

, 187

International markets

, 12–13, 35–36

Internationalisation

, 35–36, 122–123

Interreg

, 31

Interreg Baltic Sea programme

, 13

Interreg programme of European Commission

, 13

Keys to Health (Finnish series)

, 115–116

Kyky model

, 78

Language

barrier

, 72–73

language-learning

, 65–66

Latvia

, 4–5, 53–54, 174

Learnification

, 110

Learning

concept

, 89–90

by doing

, 86

games

, 36–37, 63

Lego fund

, 127–128

Letter Quest Remastered (2017)

, 65

Lifelong learning

, 75–76

Lithuania

, 4–5, 53–54

Lithuanian National Drama Theatre

, 99–100

Living lab

, 79

Location-based tourism apps

, 194

Location-tracking technologies

, 167

Location-based media

, 168–169

Logo (educational programming language)

, 64

Lotman, Juri

, 17–18

Lundvall, Bengt-Åke

, 7, 19

Lundvall’s approach

, 31

to innovation systems

, 30

Malmö

, 71–72, 79–80

Markets

, 72

failures

, 137–138

fragmentation

, 72–73

Mass media

, 116, 155–156

Matchmaking events

, 142, 189

Media

, 115–116, 210–211

cluster developments

, 187

convergence

, 5–8

evolution

, 6, 78–79

industries

, 52

literacy

, 88–89

logic

, 9, 166, 210–211

markets

, 52

policies

, 53

services

, 11–12

and tourism

, 11

Media Evolution City

, 109

Mediatisation

, 8–10, 22, 84, 116, 156, 203–204, 216–217

of tourism

, 211–212

Mediator

, 197

MedTech Innovation Consortium

, 127–128

Mental health

, 115–116, 118

Meso level

analysis

, 215

studies

, 5

Meso-analysis of cross-innovation

, 173–174

challenges for policymakers

, 189–190

drivers and barriers of (cross-) innovation

, 178–184

forms of cooperation

, 174–178

institutional landscape supporting cross-innovations

, 184–189

Meso-trajectory, firms over

, 27–29

Micro trajectories

augmented reality chemistry learning solution

, 96–99

between AV and tourism sectors

, 193–194

location-based apps to promoting film tourism

, 194–197

360-degree film for virtual preservation of historic buildings

, 99–102

Micro-bloggers

, 211–212

Microsoft

, 88–89, 99

Minecraft (game)

, 46, 65, 66

Minnesota Educational Computing Consortium (MECC)

, 64–65, 66–67

Mixed reality (MR)

, 168

technologies

, 74–75

Mobile devices

, 167

Mobile games

, 36–37, 51, 158

Mobile learning

, 89–90

Mobile media

, 24

Mobile web

, 8

Modern Times Group (MTG)

, 47

MoleQL

, 97, 108

Movie Map App

, 194–195, 196–197

MTV

, 116

Museums

, 167–168

Narva

, 128, 169, 170

National Academy of Visual Instruction

, 61–62

National e-health services

, 160–161

National health care policies

, 115–116

Nebula Cluster

, 99–100

Nelson, Richard R

, 19

Netflix

, 54–55

Networking

events

, 187–188

networked media

, 11–12

opportunities

, 77–78

NEWS (1958)

, 64

‘Next Media’

, 187

Nordic countries

, 43, 44

AV media in

, 43–47

Nordic Film and Television Fund (NFTF)

, 44–45, 77

Nordic Game Program

, 46–47

Nordic media industries

, 43–44

Nordic Noir

, 157

Norway

, 36–37, 43, 55

Now-then photography. See Re-photography

NRK Super

, 63

Online-booking platforms

, 178, 179

Opiq

, 212–213

Oregon Trail (1971)

, 64–65

Over-the-top services (OTT services)

, 54, 161, 212

Path-dependence

, 24–25, 36–37, 55–56, 135

Personalisation of services

, 178

Phenomenon-based learning

, 83

Pilot Production

, 165–166

Platformisation

, 106, 110–111, 160–162, 179, 203, 210–213

Platforms

, 202–203

Playful Learning Center in University of Helsinki

, 78

Pokémon Go (game)

, 117–118, 168, 203–204

Policy measures

culture-policy measures

, 189–190

demand-side

, 185–186

general innovation

, 188–189

Policymakers

, 72, 189

in Aarhus

, 157

challenges for

, 189–190

Population growth

, 81–82

Potts, Jason

, 4

Primary care

, 131, 139–140, 157, 160–161

Privacy

, 72, 161–162, 167

Private media

, 30–31

Process

frustrating

, 195–196

innovations

, 178

Processing knowledge

, 10

Product innovations

, 26

Production companies

, 95–96

film

, 44

matured content

, 123–124

Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA)

, 85

Prototyping

, 77–78, 141

Public

authorities

, 34, 204–205

broadcasting

, 65

funding

, 12–13, 51

goods

, 111

intervention

, 189

policy

, 184, 189–190

procurement

, 72–73, 83–84, 188–189

service media institutions

, 30, 44

value

, 30–31, 44, 49–50, 161, 185, 212–213

Public sector

, 85, 204–205

actors

, 80, 93

in driving innovation

, 180

fingerprint

, 72

leadership

, 205

organisations

, 141

Public service broadcasters (PSBs)

, 63

Public-policy interventions

, 189–190

Public–private educational cooperation

, 102

Public–private partnerships (PPPs)

, 67, 79, 85, 93, 98

Radio

, 115–116

Rakett 69

, 50–51

Re-photography

, 169

Reader Rabbit (1983)

, 64–65

Reality shows

, 118

Regional health care system

, 139

Regional innovation systems

, 34, 36

Regulations

, 84–85, 159–160

domain-crossing

, 6

heterogeneity

, 160

Rehabilitation

, 36, 146, 159

footballers’ post-injury

, 149

gaming-oriented

, 118

physical

, 131

sports rehabilitation using VR technology

, 148–150

VR

, 133–134, 196–197

Research, development, and innovation (RDI)

, 73–74

Resources

, 18, 22, 66, 136–137, 195

in education sector

, 73–74

public sector

, 72–73

of sectoral organizations

, 79

shortage

, 53

transmedia

, 100

Riga

, 174

Risk

capital investments

, 138

funds

, 141

Rovio

, 76, 216

Rule(s)

, 22, 27

carriers

, 22

origination

, 23–24

trajectory

, 22–23

Schumpeter, Joseph

, 18, 23

Science park

, 76, 78–79

Sector(al)

challenges for sectoral policy makers

, 137–142

funds

, 186–187

innovation models

, 81–92

openness for mutual cooperation

, 129–131

path-dependencies

, 129–131

peculiarities in innovation models

, 84–86

policymakers

, 92–94

umbrella organizations

, 80

Semiotics

, 19

cultural

, 23, 210

Serious Game Network (SeGaN)

, 66

Serious Gaming

, 87–88

Serious Gaming Cluster

, 78

Service sector

, 73–74, 216

SimCity (1989)

, 64–65

Siri (Apple)

, 4

Skolfilm (school film)

, 62–63

Skype

, 5–6

Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs)

, 27–28, 33–34, 181–183, 198, 203, 204–205

media and tourism sector

, 182

resource-strapped

, 211

Smart tourism

, 193–194, 198–199

Smartphones

, 117, 167, 168

Social entrepreneurship

, 89–90

Social media

, 6, 156

channels

, 177

influencers

, 203, 211–212

platforms

, 42

technologies

, 117

tools

, 203

Social network(ing)

markets

, 33, 110–111, 159–160, 202–203, 210–211, 212–213

platforms

, 210

Society

, 19, 80, 212–213

information

, 10, 12, 19

trust and reliability

, 76

Society for Visual Education

, 61–62

Soviet Union

, 99–100

Spacewar!, (game)

, 64

Spotify

, 53, 76

Standardised Estonian national data

, 161

Start-up(s)

, 5, 129–130

companies

, 215–216

culture

, 76

Estonian

, 51

incubators

, 148

Storytelling

, 84, 87

AR

, 201–202

AV

, 157, 179

digital

, 132, 134

transmedia

, 157

Supply-side

innovation

, 186

policy measures

, 188–189

Svensk Filmindustri (SF)

, 62–63

Sweden

, 4–5, 20, 36–37, 43, 46, 54, 55, 62–63, 66, 71–72, 74, 107, 212

Swedish EdTech association

, 78–79

Swedish Modern Times Group

, 53–54

Tablet PCs

, 167

Taher’s project

, 149–150

Take Care of Yourself! (youth-oriented entertainment show)

, 116–117

Tallinn capital

, 122

Team Finland

, 93

Technology

innovation

, 125

matures

, 214–215

technological development

, 182

technology-centeredness in innovation

, 125

technology-driven solution

, 146

Tekes

, 46–47, 77

Telecommunication

firms

, 54

industries

, 8

mobile

, 7–8

vendors

, 54–55

Telemedicine

, 117, 137, 156

Television (TV)

, 115–116

educational film and

, 61–63

and film cooperation with tourism

, 165–170

production

, 122

programmes

, 155–156

show

, 50–51, 132–133

Test(ing)

, 136

environment

, 79, 85–86

market

, 76–77

Tourism

, 106–107, 202, 212, 214–215

AR in

, 214

cross-innovations between AV and

, 203–204

destinations

, 165–166

dialogues

, 204–205

film and TV cooperation with

, 165–170

firms

, 185–186

forms of gamification in

, 166–169

gamification in global age

, 169–170

organisations

, 167

platformisation

, 211–212, 215

platforms

, 202–203

product

, 175

two rules

, 201–204

Tourism sectors

, 173–174, 183, 184, 187–188

development

, 189

in Hamburg and Riga

, 211–212

meso-analysis of cross-innovation between AV media and

, 173–174

micro-trajectories between audiovisual and

, 193–194

Tourist attractions

, 167–168

Translation function

, 108

Transmedia(l)

approach

, 212–213

strategies

, 6–7

studies

, 31–32

Travel

bloggers

, 203

travel-themed applications

, 167–168

Travel Channel

, 165–166

TripAdvisor

, 202–203, 211

Triple Helix

model

, 108

organizations

, 78–79, 85–86

United Kingdom

, 63, 66–67

United Nations sustainability goals

, 86

United States

, 61–63, 66, 117, 137–138

User(s)

, 6, 159–160

data

, 35–36

involvement

, 135–136

tests

, 135–136

Venture capital

, 88–89

Video

games

, 117, 118, 122

lecture

, 74–75

video-sharing platforms

, 156

Video-on-demand platforms (VOD platforms)

, 54

Virtual avatar

, 117–118

Virtual preservation of historic sites

, 100

Virtual reality (VR)

, 6, 46, 74–75, 96, 106–107, 118, 123, 145–146, 156, 175–177, 179, 196–197, 212

health cluster

, 214

in medical training

, 65–66

rehabilitation in elderly care

, 146–148

sports rehabilitation using

, 148–150

uses

, 41–42

See also Augmented reality (AR); Gamification

Visikon (Danish digital health-communication platform)

, 118

Vision Denmark alliance

, 127

Visual Instruction Association of America

, 61–62

Where in the World Is Carmen Sandiego? (1985)

, 64–65

‘Word of mouth’ marketing strategies

, 179

World Travel and Tourism Council

, 11

xEdu accelerator

, 78, 108

XTech sectors

, 87

You in Mind (BBC’s television series)

, 115–116

YouTube

, 5–6, 55, 156

YouTubers

, 211–212