Abuse

forms of

, 114

of human rights

, 228

Academics

, 382–383

Ad hoc military violence

, 63

“Address to the Nation”

, 85, 87

Advalorem rate

, 8

Advance manufacturing sector

, 7

Advanced countries. See Developed countries

Afghanistan, terrorist events in

, 97

Afro-centric approach

, 270

“Age of Muslim Wars” (Huntington)

, 140

Aggregate demand function for defense services

, 9

Agriculture development

, 345

Aircraft self-protection systems

, 144

Airplane hijackings

, 224

AK-47s

, 385

Akaike information criterion (AIC)

, 174, 196

Al Haramain Islamic Foundation

, 89

Al Shaaba terrorists group

, 275

Al-Qaeda

, 75, 89, 116, 140–141, 143, 147, 149, 323, 357

Central

, 329

functioning

, 90

jihadi terrorist infrastructure

, 145

militants

, 84, 87

social media channels and Telegram

, 112

See also 9/11 attacks

Al-Qaeda in Islamic Maghreb (AQIM)

, 194, 323

Al-Sadaqah Organisation

, 112

Al-Shabaab

, 323

Al-Zarqawi, Abu Musa’ab

, 86–87, 323

al-Zawahiri, Ayman

, 323

Algebraic manipulation

, 13–14

Algerian Salafi’s group

, 194

“Almajiri”

, 194

Alternative coins (altcoins)

, 126–127

America and Political Islam (Fawaz)

, 141

Annan, Kofi (United Nations Secretary General)

, 79

Anonymity

, 134

Anti-Money Laundering (AML)

, 117, 121, 131

Anti-national activities

, 36–37

comparative statics analysis

, 41–43

effects of policy changes

, 47–48

expressions of model

, 45–46

model

, 38–41

Anti-Sikh riots (1984)

, 253, 405

Anti-Tamil violence (1991)

, 254

Anti-terrorism

measures

, 28

policies in selected Asian countries

, 211–214

Antiquity

, 323

feminism and terrorism from

, 327–328

Antiterrorism Act (ATA)

, 219–220

“Arab Spring”

, 88, 156

Argentina, cryptocurrency in

, 131

Armed conflict and terrorism

, 187

Armed Forces Special Powers Act

, 391, 393

Asia

Asia-Pacific defense landscape

, 88–89

empirical analysis

, 215–219

GTI

, 215

literature survey

, 207–208

objective of study and methodology

, 208–209

and Pacific countries

, 173

policy measures to combat terrorism

, 219–220

status of military expenditure and terrorism

, 209, 210, 215

terrorist activity and anti-terrorism policies

, 211–214

Asian insurgencies (1965)

, 332

Assassin (Islamic)

, 74

Assassinations

, 224

Augmented Dickey–Fuller test (ADF test)

, 230, 282, 286

Autocratic regimes

, 343

Automatic Teller Machines (ATMs)

, 119

Autoregressive distributive lag model (ARDL model)

, 240–241

ARDL-ECM model

, 207–209, 215

bound test

, 241–242, 299, 359–360, 364–365

Babri Masjid demolition riots (1992 and 1993)

, 405

Backward sector

, 7

BADOOS Boys in Lagos

, 354

Baduria riots (2017)

, 254

Bangladeshi fundamentalist terrorist groups

, 142

Bank looting

, 114

Banking techniques

, 110

Bankura, SHGs progress of

, 311–318

Barter system

, 126

Battle of Algiers (1956–1957)

, 328

Bidirectional Granger causality

, 372

Bilateral trade

, 54

BILISA map

, 102

bin Laden, Osama

, 86–87

See also Al-Qaeda

Binomial regressions, negative

, 77

Bitcoin

, 111, 126–133

Bivariate VAR structure

, 55

“Black-washing”

, 113

Blockchain mechanism

, 128–130

Boko Haram (BH)

, 194, 237, 268, 294–295, 322, 327, 335

GBV and ideology

, 332

ideology

, 332–333

insecurity effects

, 298–299

insurgency

, 272, 297

and MNJTF

, 271–273

suicide car bombing attack (2011)

, 323

Bolivia, cryptocurrency in

, 131

Bolsheviks movement

, 227

Bombings

, 224

homicide

, 324, 334

intentionally indiscriminate

, 383

Madrid train bombing (1988)

, 226

Brazil, cryptocurrency in

, 131

British Special Air Service

, 329

Bush, George Jr.

, 85–86

Business cycle fluctuation

, 168

C130J transport

, 144

Cambodian Khmer Rouge

, 332

Canada, cryptocurrency in

, 131

Capital

full-employment conditions

, 40

inflow

, 37

modernization

, 282

Capital flight

, 280

terrorism and

, 282, 285

Capital stock

, 36–37

accumulation

, 37

economy’s productive

, 38, 43

rate of productive utilization

, 42

Cardano

, 128

Cartogram maps

, 106

Cash couriers

, 111, 117

Causality

analysis

, 299

relationships

, 196–197

Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletin

, 358

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)

, 88

CIA-sponsored study

, 75

Charities

, 89, 113–114, 118

Chile, cryptocurrency in

, 131

China, cryptocurrency in

, 131

Christopher, Warren

, 141–142

Civic Action Program (CVP)

, 347

Civil conflict

, 309

Civil liberties

, 73, 79–80

Civilian JTF

, 334

Civilization

, 398

Clash of Cultures or Clash of Interests (Fawaz)

, 141

Cluster analysis

, 25

Co-integration

, 283–284

ARDL-bound testing approach to

, 359–360

equation

, 287

Coefficient of variation (CV)

, 313, 406–408

of women SHG

, 314

Colombia, cryptocurrency in

, 131

Combat roles, women in

, 324, 332, 334–335

Combat terrorism, policy measures to

, 219–220

Combating Terrorist Financing (CFT)

, 121

Commercial enterprise/entrepreneur model

, 116

Commodities

hard-to-trace

, 117

high-value

, 111, 117

Commodity Future Trading Commission (CFTC)

, 131

Communication

, 50

Community Support Mechanism (CSM)

, 220

Comparative static analysis

, 11, 13, 41–43

Complex multilateral post-Cold War foreign policy

, 145

Compound annual growth rate (CAGR)

, 312, 315

Concentration index (CI)

, 65–66

Concentric circle

, 268

Conflict

, 75, 156–157

civil

, 309

risk

, 156

Conflict transformation (CT)

, 336

participation as CT initiators

, 336

Contemporary terrorism in India

literature survey

, 225–226

model

, 226

political factors

, 228–229

results

, 230–232

social factors

, 229–230

socioeconomic factors

, 226–228

Contemporary women terrorist groups

, 328–329, 333–334

Control of corruption (CC)

, 344, 406–408

Convention on Prevention and Punishment of Terrorism

, 380

Corporate investors

, 36

Correlation

analysis

, 182–183

matrix

, 311–312, 362

Corruption

, 156, 197

in public distribution system

, 309

Cost effects of terrorist activities

, 294

Counter Financing of Terrorism policy

, 131

Counter-Terrorism Committee (CTC)

, 120

Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate (CTED)

, 120–121

Countering Financing of Terrorism (CFT)

, 117, 220

Countering terrorist financing

, 110, 119–122

Counterterrorism (CT)

, 86, 239, 274–275, 295, 299, 336

cooperation

, 220

efforts

, 280

programmes

, 64

See also Terrorism

Counterterrorism and Transnational Crime Unit (CTTCU)

, 220

Counterterrorism Cooperation Initiative (CCI)

, 149

Counterterrorist

activities

, 141–142

operations

, 117

policies

, 51

Country Reports on Terrorism (2016)

, 208–209

Countrywise perspective toward cryptocurrency

, 130–132

Credit card fraud

, 116

Credit-linkage schemes

, 311, 314

Crimes

, 36, 250, 255, 264, 380

economic theories

, 36–37, 250

organizations

, 114

property-related

, 250–252, 258–264

violent

, 251–252

war

, 380

Criminalizations of politics, corruption, terrorism

, 403

Cropping intensity (CI)

, 308, 317

Cryptocurrency

, 129

bitcoin

, 129–130

countrywise perspective toward

, 130–132

history and evolution

, 126

and link to terror finance

, 134–135

and money laundering

, 132–133

money laundering for drug dealing

, 133–137

objectives of study

, 127

research methodology

, 127

and terror financing

, 133–134

transactions

, 127

types

, 127–129

Cryptography

, 127–128

Cumulative sum of recursive residuals (CUSUM)

, 216, 360, 366

Cumulative sum of squares of recursive residuals (CUSUMQ)

, 360, 366

Customs Service

, 144

D Company

, 149

Decentralized curriencies

, 127, 132

Decentralized system

, 129

Deception

, 327

Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL)

, 156, 158

Decision-making model

, 160–162

Decremental deprivation

, 227

Defense budget

, 146, 282

Defense expenditure (DE)

, 88–89, 207, 281, 296, 299

Defense Policy Group (DPG)

, 143

Defense sector

, 6, 7

model

, 7–10

output levels

, 11–12

prices

, 16–19

welfare and augmentation of terrorism as externality

, 10–11

Defensive countermeasures

, 65

Defunct SHG (DSHGs)

, 313, 317

Democracy

, 342–343, 402–404

Democratic principles

, 77

Democratic regimes

, 343

comparative study between non-democratic and

, 80–81

Demonetization in India

, 409

Descriptive analysis

, 268–269

Deterrence

, 28

Deutsch, Karl

, 140–141

Developed and developing countries

, 51, 53

macroeconomic impacts of terrorist activities in

, 50–57

terrorism in

, 97

Digital currency

, 126, 129

transfer

, 128

Digital economy

, 127

Digital India

, 408

Digital payment system

, 126–128

Dispossession

, 228

Distributed ledger

, 129

District Rural Development Authority (DRDA)

, 315

Domestic investments

, 207

Domestic investors

, 168–169

Drought-prone region, SHGs progress in

, 313–315

Drug

money laundering of cryptocurrency

, 133–137

trafficking

, 114

violence in northwest India

, 404

Dual defense sector

, 7

E-governance

, 407

Econometric

exercises

, 136–137

models

, 27, 251, 256

theory

, 256–257

Economic

association between terrorism and development

, 30

depression

, 187–188

deprivation

, 354

development

, 24–25, 29, 342

equality

, 76

factors

, 226–227

inequality

, 227

interpretation of results

, 288

policies

, 51, 168

setup

, 236

theory of crime

, 250

Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)

, 269, 271

Economic consequences of terrorism

, 297–298

economic impacts of terrorism

, 187–188

literature review

, 181–182

terrorism and fatality in South Asia

, 182–187

Economic growth (EG)

, 50–51, 53, 67, 181–182, 188, 207–208, 281, 300, 356–357

determinants

, 52

terrorism impact

, 52, 296

Economic impact

and cost of violence in India

, 391–392

of terrorism

, 187–188, 385–386

Education

, 36, 398

Eigenvalue stability condition

, 199

El-Zakzakky, Sheikh Ibrahim

, 194, 236

Electoral democracy in Northeast India

, 345–346

Electronic payment systems

, 111

Electronic warfare systems

, 144

Empirical analysis

, 54, 215

long-run associations among variables

, 216–219

short-run associations among variables

, 219

Endogenous variables

, 301

Engel–Granger co-integration test results

, 286–287

Enthusiasm

, 272

Equality test

, 312

Equilibrium condition

of market for public defense service sector

, 16

for non-traded public healthcare sector

, 15

for private defense sector

, 16–17

Eradication of terrorism

, 85

Error correction model (ECM)

, 244, 284, 357

dynamic

, 359

See also Vector error correction model (VECM)

Error correction term (ECT)

, 209, 231

Ethereum (ETH)

, 128, 132–133

Ethereum classic (ETC)

, 128

Ethnic

compilation

, 157

conflicts

, 180–181

power change

, 157

rivalry/chauvinism

, 194, 236

violence

, 404

Ethno-nationalist terrorism

, 404

Ethnonationalist terrorism

, 76

Ethnopolitical violence

, 180

Ethnoreligious violent activities

, 198

European Commission

, 157

Europol

, 133

Exogenous shock

, 39

Exogenous variables

, 301

Experimental economics

, 65

Export–Terrorism Index

, 103

Extortion

, 114

of money

, 111

Extremism

, 181, 219

Extremist

, 75, 180

F-18 fighter-bomber

, 144

F-statistic

, 312

False trade invoicing

, 111

Fascism: Past, Present, Future (Laquer)

, 72

FBI

, 144

Fear-generating attacks, real targets of

, 75–76

Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA)

, 186

Feldstein-Horioka model (FH model)

, 357

Female martyrs

, 322

Feminism

, 326

and terrorism from antiquity

, 327–328

Final prediction error (FPE)

, 196

Financial Action Task Force (FATF)

, 111–112, 115, 121–122

Financial/finance

, 110

attacking

, 89

crisis

, 207

economy

, 280

techniques

, 110

transactions

, 128, 132–133

“Fire finder” counter-battery radar sets

, 144

Fiscal effects of terrorism in Nigeria

, 293–302

Five-Year Plan process (FYP process)

, 349

Fixed effect model

, 173

Fledgling democracies

, 77

Focused group discussions (FGDs)

, 325, 333

Foreign capital inflow

, 280

Foreign direct investment (FDI)

, 6–7, 11, 13–14, 19, 26, 51, 63, 168, 207, 224, 236, 347, 350

ARDL bound test results

, 242

ARDL model

, 240–241

data and methodology

, 239

estimation results

, 242–243

flow

, 52–53, 288–289

GTI

, 238

inflow

, 172, 237

model specification

, 240

short-run dynamics of impact of terrorism on

, 243–245

terrorism impact

, 288–289, 297

test for stationarity

, 241

theoretical framework

, 239–240

Foreign exchange

debts

, 156

rates of developed countries

, 27

Foreign investment and instability, decrease in

, 187

Foreign Investment–Terrorism Index

, 104

Foreign investors

, 51, 168–169

Formal banking

, 111

Formal financial systems

, 111, 117

Formal sector labor market

, 38

Four-sector general equilibrium trade model

, 7

Fraction of capital input

, 38–39

France and MNJTF

, 271–273

“Free rider” problem

, 64

Freedom of association

, 72

Freedom of speech

, 72

Fronte de Libération Nationale (FLN)

, 328

Fulani-Herdsmen attackers

, 354

Full-employment conditions

for labor and capital

, 40

of resources

, 9

Fund

raising through social media

, 116

transfer

, 117

Fuzzy DEMATEL

, 156, 158–159

Fuzzy linguistic scale

, 158

Fuzzy matrix

, 160

average

, 158

normalized direct-relation

, 159

total-relation

, 159

Gas reservoirs, control of

, 114

Gender equality

, 338

Gender-based violence (GBV)

, 332

Generalized method of moments (GMM)

, 170, 256, 258

Geo-stationary Launch Vehicle (GSLV)

, 148

Geostatistics

, 100

Germany, cryptocurrency in

, 130–131

“Geronimo Thrust 02”

, 144

GINI

, 233

coefficient

, 229–230, 252

index

, 226, 228

Global Business Policy Council

, 168

Global Community Engagement and Resilience Fund (GCERF)

, 220

Global conflict risk

determinants

, 156–158

factors

, 156, 160–161

index

, 156, 157, 160–161

Global Counterterrorism Forum (GCTF)

, 149

Global Index of Terrorism

, 25

Global Law Enforcement Agencies

, 132–133

Global Politics (Heywood)

, 72

Global terrorism

, 384–385

impact

, 385–386

Global Terrorism Database (GTD)

, 52, 110, 172, 196, 240, 295, 312, 358, 384, 389–390

Global Terrorism Index (GTI)

, 23, 97, 191–192, 208, 215, 238, 386, 390

in India

, 389–390

report

, 65, 180, 294

score

, 65–66

Global War on Terror (GWOT)

, 75, 85, 86, 206

declaration

, 85

expected outcomes or successes

, 86–89

objectives

, 92

unexpected outcomes

, 89–93

Globalization

, 114

terrorism in backdrop of

, 79–80

Godhra Kand. See Gujarat riot

Godhra riots (2002)

, 254, 405

Good governance

India

, 403–404

women empowerment

, 409

Good Governance Day

, 408

Governance

, 402

impact

, 356

Government

counterterrorism allocation

, 64

expenditure

, 300

government-owned service sector

, 38

group

, 140

revenue

, 297, 299–300

Government effectiveness (GE)

, 344, 406–408

Government of India (GOI)

, 347

Granger causality

analysis

, 181–182

Wald tests

, 196–197

Gross domestic product (GDP)

, 25–26, 50, 65, 67, 97, 172

GDP–Terrorism Index

, 102, 106

growth rate

, 208

high-GDP economies

, 67

per capita growth

, 208

Gross domestic product per capita (GDPPC)

, 358, 372

Growth

estimation

, 312

effect of terrorism in Nigeria

, 293–302

“Guantanamo Bay and Abu Gharib” incident in Cuba

, 90–91

Guardian, The

, 326

Guerilla attacks

, 346

Gujarat riot (1969)

, 253, 405

Gurr, Ted Robert

, 229

Handbook of Statistics on Indian Economy

, 285–286

Hannan–Quinn (HQ)

, 196

Hannan–Quinn criterion (HQC)

, 242

Haqqani Network

, 149

Harakat-ul-Mujahadeen (Islamic freedom fighters)

, 387

Haram, Boko

, 354

Hard fork

, 128

Hausman test

, 173

Have and Have-not hypothesis

, 355

Hawala system

, 111, 118

Head count ratio (HCR)

, 31

Health and stress

, 188

Heckscher–Ohlin–Samuelson model (HOS model)

, 37

Heteroscedasticity and autocorrelation (HAC)

, 245

High-high regions

, 100

High-low regions

, 100

Hijbul Mujahideen

, 387

Hizb-ul-Mujahideen

, 148

Homicide(s)

, 250

bombing

, 324, 334

elasticity estimate of

, 259–264

Horizontal FDI

, 172

HUJI groups

, 145

Human development

factors

, 252

and terrorism

, 184

Human Development Index (HDI)

, 226, 229–230

Human loss

, 182

Human rights

abuses

, 228

denial of

, 397–398

violations

, 228, 336

Human trafficking

, 114

Humiliation

, 228

Hussein, Saddam

, 90, 98, 144–145

Ba’athist government removal

, 90

Hyderabad riots (1990)

, 253

Hypothetical statement

, 72

Ideological backup

, 194

Idriss, Wafa (female suicide bomber)

, 322

Illegal activities

, 132–133

Illicit taxation of goods and cash

, 114–115

Im, Pesaran and Shin method (IPS method)

, 54, 56

Imperialism

, 133–134

Impulse response function (IRF)

, 195, 197–198

Incapacitation

, 28

Income

distribution

, 13–14

inequality

, 36, 158, 356

Independent People of Biafra (IPOB)

, 354

India

, 140

co-integration

, 283–284

cryptocurrency in

, 131

data

, 285–286

democratic experience

, 402

ECM

, 284

economic impact and cost of violence

, 391

economic interpretation of results

, 288

Engel–Granger co-integration test results

, 286–287

good governance

, 403–404

GTI in

, 390–391

incidence of military expenditure and terrorism in

, 281–282

Johansen’s co-integration test results

, 287

measures to strengthening administration

, 407–409

methodology and data

, 282

relationship between FDI flow and terrorism

, 288–289

relationship between terrorism and foreign capital inflow

, 280

special laws on terrorism

, 391–397

steps to tackling problem

, 409–410

terrorism and human loss in

, 184–185

terrorism and military expenditure

, 280

terrorism in

, 387–389, 404–405

terrorism-prone regions

, 290

terrorist events in

, 97, 389–390

testing for stationarity of data

, 282–283

unit root test results

, 286

VECM

, 284–285, 287–288

view on terrorism in South Asia

, 142

worldwide governance indicators in Indian context

, 405–407

India’s Foreign Policy: Challenge of Terrorism, Fashioning New Inter-state Equations (Dixit)

, 141

Indian economy

, 347

Indian Express

, 143

Indian Foreign Policy (Ganguly)

, 141

Indian Navy

, 146

Indian Ocean Rim (IOR)

, 146

Indian political structure

, 344

Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO)

, 148

Indian stock markets

, 27

Indirect costs effects of terrorist activities

, 294

Indirect social utility functions

, 11

Indo-US

changing relational pattern

, 141

Counterterrorism Joint Working Group

, 145

engagement

, 147–148

Joint Working Group

, 144, 147

relations post 9/11 incident

, 141

strategic relationship

, 146

Inequality (INQ)

, 63, 250–251, 357

economic

, 227

index

, 358

inequality-based social tension

, 251, 264

social

, 226

variables

, 257–258

Inflation (INF)

, 355

rate

, 358

Informal sector labor market

, 38

Informal transfer systems

, 111

Initial Coin Offering (ICO)

, 131

Input Output Hong Kong blockchain development firm

, 128

Input prices

, 12–13

Institute of Economics and Peace (IEP)

, 23, 385

Insurgency in Northeast

, 346–349

Integrated fuzzy decision approach

, 156

Intentionally indiscriminate violence

, 383

“Intentionally indiscriminate” bombings

, 383

Inter Services Intelligence (ISI)

, 75, 185, 388

Inter-Professional Education (IPE)

, 24

Intercontinental and regional evaluation

data and methodology

, 100–101

economic effects

, 97–100

results

, 101–106

See also Terrorism

Interdisciplinary approach

, 342

Internal police security systems

, 255

Internal Revenue Service (IRS)

, 131

International Cooperation

, 87, 92

International Country Risk Guide (ICRG)

, 301

International institutions

, 92

International investment opportunities

, 36

International Monetary Fund

, 112

International politics

, 91–92

International Relations (IR)

, 84, 326

International Security (Chenoweth)

, 73

International terrorism

, 74–75, 140–141, 170, 181, 281

See also Joint governmental policy

International trade (international TRD)

, 7, 54

Internet and telecommunication technologies

, 111

Investment, political confidence and

, 349–350

Investor

, 129, 131

Iran’s sponsorship of Hizballah

, 28–29

Iranian Revolution

, 74

Iraq

, 142

Iraqi intervention

, 90

terrorist events in

, 97

Ireland’s Troubles

, 328–329

Irish Republican Army (IRA)

, 329

bomb attack

, 77

Islamic

banking

, 118

charities

, 111

fundamentalism

, 140–141

fundamentalists

, 141–142

Islamic African Relief Agency

, 89

jihadists in Nigeria

, 322

terrorism

, 74

Islamic State of Iraq and al-Sham. See Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS)

Islamic State of Iraq and Levant (ISIL). See Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS)

Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS)

, 24, 90, 110, 114–115, 134, 275, 295

Islamist terrorist group

, 327

Isolated natural disasters

, 28

Israeli–Palestinian conflict (2002)

, 326

J & K Liberation Front (JKLF)

, 387

Jaish-e-Mohammad (JM)

, 90, 143, 149, 387

Jamā’aAhl al-sunnah li-da’wawa al-jihād. See Boko Haram (BH)

Jamaat-e-Islami

, 387

Jammu and Kashmir (J&K)

, 185

incidence of terrorism in

, 389

terrorist violence in

, 388

Japan, cryptocurrency in

, 130

Jawaharlal Nehru

, 402

Jihadi/jihadist/jihadism

, 145, 322

campaign

, 112

terrorism

, 357, 404

Johansen’s co-integration test

, 283

relationship between FDI flow and terrorism

, 288–289

results

, 287

Johansen’s trace test

, 283

Joint anti-terrorist initiatives under Donald Trump regime

, 148

Joint declaration on combating terrorism

, 148–149

Joint governmental policy

America’s ambiguous policy toward Pakistan

, 147

India’s view on terrorism in South Asia

, 142

Indo-US engagement

, 147–148

joint actions

, 143–144

joint anti-terrorist initiatives under Donald Trump regime

, 148

joint declaration on combating terrorism

, 148–149

joint initiatives

, 145

joint naval and air exercises

, 144–145

literature review

, 141

terrorist attacks and defense budget

, 146

US action in Afghanistan

, 142–143

US congress role

, 146–147

Washington’s view on Islam and terrorism

, 141–142

Joint long-and short-run Granger causality

, 362

Joint Military Task Force

, 271

Joint naval and air exercises

, 144–145

Joint Research Centre of European Commission

, 162

Joint Task Force (JTF)

, 333

K-means approach

, 25

Kaliachak riots (2016)

, 254

Kangleipak Communist Party (KCP)

, 346

Kargil conflict

, 146

Karnataka Control of Organized Crimes Acts

, 395

Khaled, Leila

, 330

Kidnapping(s)

, 224

for ransom

, 115

Labor

allocation mechanism

, 38

full-employment conditions

, 40

Lagged coefficients

, 55

Lagrange multiplier (LM)

, 104–105

Lake Chad Basin Commission (LCBC)

, 270, 272

Lance Roquette Unitaire systems (LRU systems)

, 273

Land reform policy

, 309

Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT)

, 90, 143, 149, 387

Latin America insurgencies

, 335

Least squares regression technique

, 241

Left-wing

advocates

, 73

extremism

, 186–187

terrorism

, 404

Legislative assembly

, 345–346

Levin, Lin, and Chu test (LLC test)

, 54–56

Liberal democracy

, 76, 78

basic values and strengths

, 77

Liberal feminism

, 326

Liberal philosophers

, 77

Liberal states

, 72

causes of proliferation of terrorism in

, 76–78

Liberal thinkers

, 77

Liberal trade policy, positive effect of

, 7

Liberal values

, 77–79

Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE)

, 182, 329, 332, 389

Libya, terrorist events in

, 97

Linkage politics

, 269

Litecoin

, 128, 132–133

Literacy rate (LIT rate)

, 358

Local indicators of spatial association map (LISA map)

, 100–101

Lokayuktas

, 403

Long-run (LR)

associations among variables

, 216–219

effects

, 238

elasticity of FDI

, 242–243

Granger causality

, 362

relationship

, 207

Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA)

, 328

Low-high regions

, 100

Low-low regions

, 100

Macroeconomic factors

, 182, 357

Macroeconomic impacts of terrorist activities

, 50

data and methodology

, 54–55

empirical results

, 56–57

findings from developed countries

, 57

findings from developing economies

, 56

literature survey

, 52–54

Macroeconomic variables

, 297

“Madisonian” characteristics

, 344

Madrid train bombing (1988)

, 226

Maharashtra Control of Organized Crime Act (MCOCA)

, 394–395

Maintenance of Internal Security Act (MISA)

, 391

Maitatsine Islamic radical group

, 194, 236

Malaysia, cryptocurrency in

, 131

Manhandling terrorism

, 90–91

Manpower-driven defense budget

, 282

Maoist

attacks

, 310

conflict

, 309–310

Maoist-prone areas

, 311, 313

movements

, 308

sample SHGs progress

, 315–318

Maoist violence (2009–2011)

, 312

in Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh

, 404

Map-oriented researchers

, 100

Marginalization

, 354

Market

capitalization

, 134

economies

, 28

market-seeking investor

, 240

Marxist ideology

, 76

Maximum Eigenvalue test

, 283–284, 288

Maximum likelihood estimation (MLE)

, 26, 256

May 19th Communist Organisation

, 331

MCAP

, 133

Meerut riots (1987)

, 253

Mexico, cryptocurrency in

, 131

Middle East and North Africa region (MENA region)

, 24

Middle East(ern)

countries

, 101–102, 156, 187

economies

, 160–162

Militant

activist

, 76

terrorism

, 76

Military expenditure

, 25, 30, 206–207

association between terrorism and

, 30

distribution

, 65

relationship between terrorism and

, 280

terrorism and CI

, 66

and terrorism incidence in India

, 281–282

Milken Institute

, 26

Millennium Challenge account

, 87

Miners

, 129–130

Ministry of External Affairs (MEA)

, 145

MIPT Terrorism Knowledge database

, 26

Mixed economy

, 402

Mizo National Front (MNF)

, 346

Mobilization

, 80

Moderation

, 398

“Modern feminism”

, 327

Modern militancy

, 329

Modi’s Expanding India’s Sphere of Influence World (C. Raja Mohan)

, 141

Monero currencies

, 132–133

Monetary denominations

, 126

Money

, 126, 129, 131

Money and value-transfer (MVT)

, 117

Money laundering (ML)

, 110–112, 119, 132–133

Amit Bhardwaj case

, 133

cryptocurrency and terror financing

, 133–135

of cryptocurrency for drug dealing

, 133

econometric exercises

, 136–137

Money Services Businesses (MSBs)

, 111, 131

Moran’s I statistic

, 102

Mujahedin-e Khalq (MEK)

, 328

Multi-agency analytical units

, 120

Multi-objective Optimization on the basis of Ratio Analysis approach (MOORA approach)

, 156, 160

Multicriteria decision-making model

, 158

Multilevel marketing (MLM)

, 133

Multinational companies (MNCs)

, 169

Multinational Joint Task Force (MNJTF)

, 268

Boko Haram and

, 271–273

data and methodology

, 268–269

France and

, 273–274

impact

, 274–275

Nigeria’s policy to good neighborliness

, 269–271

results

, 269

Multivariate regression analysis

, 252, 255–256

Mumbai 26/11 terror attack (2008)

, 6, 146–149, 404

Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty

, 143

Narco-terrorism

, 404

National Boundary Commission Act

, 271

National Bureau of Statistics

, 358

National Counter Terrorism Authority (NACTA)

, 220

National Counterterrorism Authority Act (2014)

, 220

National Democratic Front of Bodoland (NDFB)

, 387

National e-Governance Plan

, 407

National income

, 42–43

effects of policy changes on

, 48

National Investigation Agency (NIA)

, 220

National Investigation Agency Act (NIAA)

, 396–397

National liberation movements (NLMs)

, 380

National Security Act (NSA)

, 393

Nationalism

, 76, 402

Naxalites/maoists

, 387

Negative binomial maximum likelihood estimation model

, 358

Negative binomial regression model

, 299

Nellie massacre (1983)

, 253

NEM

, 128

Nepalese Maoist insurgents

, 329, 335

New Legislation and Agencies

, 87–88

New York, terrorist attacks in

, 75, 85

Niger Delta

, 237

Niger Delta Avengers

, 354

Niger River Basin Commission

, 270

Nigeria

, 194, 354

Boko Haram

, 194, 298–299

causality relationships

, 196–197

cryptocurrency in

, 131

data and methodology

, 195–196, 300–301, 358–362

economic consequences of terrorism

, 297–298

empirical literature

, 356–358

fiscal and growth effects of terrorism

, 300

foreign policy

, 269–270

GTI

, 191–192

impulse response function

, 197–198

measures aimed at eliminating terrorism in

, 336

non-intervention policy

, 193

policy

, 269–271

results

, 301–302

stability test

, 199–200

terrorism impact on economic growth

, 295–297

terrorism in

, 293–295

terrorist events in

, 97

theoretical framework

, 355

women and terrorism implications for

, 335

Nigeria Civil War (1967–1970)

, 271

Nigerian independence (1960)

, 193

“Nigerian Taliban”

, 236

Nihilism

, 76

1992 riots

, 254

9/11 attacks

, 6, 28, 77, 79, 85–86, 119, 140–141, 144, 146–147, 169, 206, 224, 380, 383, 385

See also Al-Qaeda

Non-alignment

, 402

Non-bank-led mobile money services

, 111

Non-democratic regimes

, 343

comparative study between democratic and

, 80–81

Non-democratic societies

, 80

Non-discrimination of women

, 336

Non-governmental group

, 140

Non-intervention policy

, 193

Non-Maoist-prone areas

, 311

sample SHGs progress of

, 315–318

Non-profit organizations (NPOs)

, 113–114, 118

Non-repudiation

, 134

Non-state actors, participation as

, 336

Non-state organizations

, 76

Non-stationary time series

, 283

Non-traded public healthcare sector, equilibrium condition for

, 15

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

, 87, 92

North West Frontier Province (NWFP)

, 186

Northeast India

, 345

electoral democracy in

, 345–346

insurgency in Northeast

, 346–349

investment

, 349–350

political confidence

, 343–344, 349–350

political stability

, 342–344

states under scheme of SRE

, 348

Northern India riots (2017)

, 254

Office for Missing Persons (OMP)

, 186

Oil

control of oil reservoirs

, 114

exports

, 98

One-off terrorist attacks

, 182

One-time terrorist attacks

, 28

Open ledger

, 129

Openness

, 72–73, 79–80

“Operation Enduring Freedom, The”

, 90, 92

“Operation Iraqi Freedom, The”

, 90

Ordered Probit regression

, 25–26, 30–31

Ordinary least squares regression (OLS regression)

, 66, 102–105, 256

Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)

, 89

attacks in

, 384–386

P-3c Orion maritime patrol aircraft

, 144

Pakistan

, 298

cryptocurrency in

, 131

terrorism and impact on human loss in

, 185

terrorist events in

, 97

Palestinian Football Association (PFA)

, 384

Palestinian suicide bombers

, 193

Panel cointegration tests

, 55, 250

Panel data

model

, 173, 296

regression analysis

, 171

Panel unit root tests

, 54–56

Paris Summit (2014)

, 272

Partial derivatives of functions

, 40

Paschim Medinipur, SHG progress of

, 311–318

Passive state sponsors of terrorism

, 120

Patriot PAC-3 missile defense system

, 144

PayPal

, 111

Peace and Security Council (PSC)

, 272

Pearson chi-squared test

, 25, 29

Pedroni panel cointegration test

, 56, 136

estimated statistics

, 57

Peer-to-peer electronic cash transfer mechanism

, 126

Penalty

, 37, 41–42

Penn World Table Version 6.2

, 52

Pennsylvania, terrorist attacks in

, 75

People’s Liberation Army of Manipur (PLAM)

, 346

People’s Revolutionary Party of Kangleipak (PREPAK)

, 346

Performance indicators

, 311–312, 314, 316

Petro

, 129

Petro gold

, 129

Philip–Peron test

, 196, 241

Piracy

, 146, 380

Planning Commission of India

, 308

Pluralistic security community

, 140–141

Poisson density function

, 256

Police Act (1861)

, 409

Policy

measures to combat terrorism

, 219–220

problems in policy implementation

, 147

responses

, 62

Political Stability and Absence of Violence (PV)

, 344

Political stability and absence of violence/terrorism (PSAT)

, 406–408

Politics

, 194, 236

behavior

, 344

condition

, 168

confidence

, 343–344

environment

, 51

factors

, 226, 228–229

instability

, 357

institutions

, 342

intolerance

, 356

and investment

, 349–350

leadership

, 342

obligation

, 78

satiability

, 51

science

, 76

science community

, 225–226

stability

, 342–344, 349–350

strategist

, 76

system

, 72, 81

violence

, 73, 180–181

vulnerability

, 64

Population growth

, 182, 357, 386

Portfolio investment

, 63

Poverty (PTY)

, 30, 63, 355–358

gap index

, 251–252

incidence

, 345

marginal effects

, 31

poverty-based social tension

, 251, 258–264

rate

, 357–358

terrorism vs.

, 31

variables

, 257–258

Prabhakaran, Velupillai (LTTE leader)

, 332

Prepaid cards

, 119

Pressure on Third World

, 92–93

Prevention of Terrorism Act (POTA)

, 394–395

Preventive Detention Act

, 391

Price(s)

of defense sectors

, 16–19

input

, 12–13

level

, 357

Principal-agent analysis

, 28

Private defense house

, 7

Private defense sector, equilibrium condition for

, 16

Private donations

, 115

Pro-Active Governance and Timely Implementation (PRAGATI)

, 407

Proactive countermeasures

, 65

Probit model

, 312

Proof of importance algorithm (POI algorithm)

, 128

Property-related crimes

, 250–252, 258

elasticity estimate of

, 259–264

Public expenditures

, 98

Public Expenditure–Terrorism Index

, 105

Public or government defense house

, 7–8

Publicity

, 75

Qualitative research design

, 321, 325

Racism

, 76, 229

Radical theorist

, 76

Rajavi, Maryam

, 328

Ramnad riots (1957)

, 253

Ranchi-Hatia riots (1967)

, 253

Random effect model

, 173

Real per capita income

, 297–298, 300

negative impact of terrorism

, 301

Recruitment

, 111

Regimes

autocratic

, 80

democratic and non-democratic

, 72, 80–81

political

, 73, 80, 80–81

Regional development

programmes

, 308

in West Bengal

, 308, 310–311, 318

Regression analysis

, 174

Regulatory quality (RQ)

, 344, 406–408

Relative gain

, 41–42

Religious

, 200, 236

fundamentalism

, 180–181

religious-based fundamentalism

, 381

religious-based groups

, 76

religious-fundamentalist terrorism

, 76

terrorism

, 404

terrorists groups

, 74

Repressive terrorism

, 74

Research studies

, 27

Reserve Bank of India

, 131, 285, 350

Restricted error correction model (RECM)

, 215

Return on investment

, 205, 207, 239

Revenue stores

, 282

Reverse money laundering. See Terrorism finance/financing (TF)

Revolutionary Cells

, 330

Revolutionary terrorism

, 74

Right-wing advocates

, 73

Riots incidents

, 250, 252–254

elasticity estimate of

, 259–264

Ripple (XPR)

, 128

Ripple transaction protocol (RTXP)

, 128

RL. See Rule of Law (ROL)

Rocket-propelled grenades (RPGs)

, 385

Root causes of terrorism

, 357

Rule of Law (ROL)

, 344, 398, 406–408

Rumsfeld, Donald

, 144–145

Rural development

fostering

, 308

SHGs approach to

, 310

Rybczynski effect

, 12, 14

Safety of life

, 188

Salahuddin, Syed

, 148

Sanchez, Ilich Ramirez

, 330

Sanctions

, 63

Satoshi Nakamoto (person or group of persons)

, 129

Saving–investment ratio

, 357

Scheduled tribes (ST)

, 317

Schwartz Bayesian Criteria (SBC)

, 363

Schwarz information criterion (SC)

, 196

Secularism

, 402

Securities and Exchange Commission of Brazil (CVM)

, 131

Security forces (SFs)

, 182

Security Related Expenditure (SRE)

, 347

Self-funding

, 113

Self-help groups (SHGs)

, 308, 310–312

progress in drought-prone region

, 313–315

Self-justification

, 181

Separatism

, 76, 219

Separatist movement

, 186

Shahnaz, Zoobia

, 134

Shariah laws

, 194, 332

Shiite Islamic group in Nigeria

, 194

Short-run (SR)

, 207

associations among variables

, 219

dynamics of impact of terrorism on FDI

, 243–245

effects

, 238

estimates of VECM model

, 372

Granger causality

, 362

Shoulder-fired anti-aircraft weapons

, 385

Simple economic model

, 37

Simple general equilibrium techniques

, 37

Simple statistical techniques

, 311

Singh, Manmohan

, 72

Singhvi, Mahaveer (Joint Secretary in MEA)

, 145–146

Sisters against Violent Extremism (SAVE)

, 336

Skilled labor endowments

, 9

Skilled-defense labor

, 7, 9

Slavery

, 380

Smuggling

, 115

Social disruption

, 250

Social factors

, 226, 229–230

Social media, fund raising through

, 116

Social networks

, 116

Social sectors

, 64, 207

Social sustainability

, 250

econometric theory

, 256–257

empirical investigation, data, and methodology

, 251

inequality/poverty/social tension-related variables

, 257–258

major riot incidents in India post independence

, 253–254

multivariate regression analysis

, 252, 255–256

poverty-based social tension

, 258–264

social tension

, 250–251

socioeconomic variables

, 257–258

violent crimes

, 251–252

Social welfare

, 19–20

Socioeconomic factors

, 226–228, 250

Socioeconomic variables

, 6, 36, 257–258, 354

Somalia, terrorist events in

, 97

South Asia

, 180

economic impacts of terrorism

, 187–188

India’s view on terrorism in

, 142

literature review

, 181–182

terrorism and fatality in South Asia

, 182–187

South Asia Terrorism Portal (SATP)

, 186, 312, 347, 387

Spatial

correlation

, 100

dependence

, 101

econometrics

, 100

lag estimation

, 106

linear regression model

, 103

statistics

, 100

Special laws on terrorism in India

Armed Forces Special Powers Act

, 391, 393

Karnataka Control of Organized Crimes Acts

, 395

Maharashtra Control of Organized Crime Act

, 394–395

National Investigation Agency Act

, 396–397

National Security Act

, 393

Prevention of Terrorism Act

, 395–396

Preventive Detention Act

, 391

Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act

, 393–394

Terrorist-affected Areas (Special Courts) Act

, 393

Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act

, 393, 397

Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Amendment Act

, 396

Special Recommendation III (SRIII)

, 121

Split sample and smooth transition regression (STaR)

, 357–358

Sri Lanka, terrorism in

, 186

Stability

conditions

, 14–16

test

, 199–200

State GDP (GSDP)

, 349

State-sponsored terrorism

, 28, 76, 115, 388

Stationarity test

, 241, 282–283

Stellar (open-source software)

, 128

Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI)

, 206–207

Strategic actions

, 96

Students Islamic Federation

, 387

Students Islamic Movement in India

, 387

Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism (START)

, 54, 172

Sub-revolutionary terrorism

, 74

Suboptimal allocation on counterterrorism

, 64

Substitutability

, 36, 62–63

Suicide attacks

, 84, 224, 237

Swarna Jayanti Gram Swarozgar Yozona scheme (SGSY scheme)

, 308

Syria

, 24, 80–81, 88, 110, 155, 157, 385

autocratic regime

, 81

of Palestinian groups

, 29

terrorism and

, 380

terrorist events in

, 97

t-statistics

, 231, 312

Taliban

, 147

rule

, 90

Taliban-ruled Afghanistan

, 142

See also Al-Qaida

Teenage children in terrorism

, 327

Terror

, 96

financing

, 133–134

link to terror finance

, 134–135

Terrorism & the Liberal State (Wilkinson)

, 72

Terrorism

, 6–7, 23, 27, 36, 50, 54, 61, 73–76, 84, 96, 109–110, 133–134, 168, 180, 191–192, 206, 223–224, 236, 293–295, 326–327, 354, 363, 380, 402

activities

, 9, 110

analysis and findings

, 29–32, 66–67

association between economic development and

, 30

association between military expenditure and

, 30

attacks

, 24

in backdrop of globalization

, 79–80

causes of proliferation in liberal states

, 76–78

causes of terrorism in South Asia

, 186–187

comparative study between democratic and non-democratic regime

, 80–81

correlation results for South Asian region

, 184

cost

, 67, 299

data source and methodology

, 25–26, 65–66

economic activities

, 96–97

economic considerations

, 62

economic effects

, 36, 187–188

and economic growth

, 29, 281

eliminating terrorism in Nigeria

, 336

events

, 127

and fatality in South Asia

, 182

and feminism from antiquity

, 327–328

global

, 384–386

and human loss in India

, 184–185

impact

, 6, 296

and impact on human loss in Pakistan

, 185

importance of laws/legislations in India

, 397–398

index

, 286

in India

, 387–391, 404–405

links between economics and

, 63

literature review

, 26–29, 62–65, 381–382

marginal effects of unemployment and poverty

, 31

measures to strengthening administration

, 407–409

and military expenditure incidence in India

, 281–282

objective of study

, 24, 65

open economy with terrorism activities

, 11–20

opportunity cost

, 356

relationship between FDI flow and

, 288–289

relationship between foreign capital inflow and

, 280

relationship between military expenditure and

, 280

relationship between poverty and

, 29

South Asia fatalities due to terrorism

, 183

special laws in India

, 391–397

in Sri Lanka

, 186

steps to tackling problem

, 409–410

terrorism-augmented welfare function

, 7

terrorism-economic growth model

, 358

terrorism-exposed sectors

, 168

terrorism-prone regions

, 290

trends in twenty-first century

, 81

unemployment and poverty vs.

, 31

workable definition

, 382–384

See also Counterterrorism (CT)

Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism:Criminological Perspectives (2004)

, 63

Terrorism and Political Violence (Eubank and Weinberg)

, 73

Terrorism as Social Control (1983)

, 63

Terrorism finance/financing (TF)

, 110, 127

channels of transferring terrorist’s funds

, 117–119

countering sources

, 119–122

database and methodology

, 112

global trends of terrorism-related activities

, 112–113

literature review

, 111–112

objectives

, 112

sources

, 113–116

terrorism-related incidents in different countries and regions

, 113

Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act (TADA Act)

, 393–394

Terrorist incidence (TI)

, 207

Terrorist-affected Areas (Special Courts) Act

, 393

Terrorists (TER)

, 62, 78, 168, 172–173

activities

, 7, 54, 56, 72, 76, 211–214, 294, 318

acts

, 300, 380–381

attacks

, 81, 97, 146, 224, 383, 384

data and methodology

, 172–174

and decisions of MNCs

, 168

empirical findings

, 174

events

, 50, 52

on FDI flow

, 54

financing operations

, 120

forms

, 50

groups

, 63–64, 77, 111–112

incidents

, 26–27, 52–54, 96–97, 99, 170–171, 358

killing heads of terrorist outfits

, 86–87

operatives

, 63

organizations

, 90, 113–114, 116, 206

review of literature

, 170–172

short-and long-run consequences

, 51

UNCTAD

, 169

Things (Hindu)

, 74

Threats

, 72, 88, 134, 145, 149, 206, 224, 237, 269, 385, 395

and actions

, 96

diplomatic

, 271

insurgency

, 133

security

, 146

short-term

, 28

terrorist

, 97, 145

TF

, 115

Time Series Econometrics

, 282

Tolerance

, 397–398

Trade (TRD)

, 54, 56

Transaction(s)

, 112, 119, 126, 128–129

average volume of bitcoin

, 135

costs

, 98

cryptocurrency transaction/circulation

, 127

digital

, 126

financial

, 79, 114, 117

hawala

, 388

legal

, 137

Transitional democracies

, 73, 77

Transnational ethnic bonds

, 157

Transnational terrorism

, 76, 296

Transportation networks

, 50

Turkey, terrorist events in

, 97

26/11 attack in Mumbai, 6

Two-person zero-sum game

, 64

Two-sector model

, 38

UN Counter Terrorism Committee (CTC)

, 93

UN Security Council resolution (UNSCR)

, 206, 220

Unemployment (UEMP)

, 29, 36, 354, 358

marginal effects

, 31

rate

, 358

terrorism vs.

, 31

Unit root test

, 364–365

relationship between FDI flow and terrorism

, 288–289

results

, 286

United Liberation Front of Assam (ULFA)

, 187, 387

United Nations (UN)

, 89

Security Council Resolution 1373

, 89

UN adopted Resolution 1624

, 94

UN Comprehensive Convention on International Terrorism

, 148, 149

UN General Assembly Resolution 49/60

, 206

UN Security Council and Nuclear Suppliers Group

, 148

United Nations General Assembly resolution (1985)

, 229

United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)

, 169

United Nations Security Council (UNSC)

, 112, 120–121

United States (US)

, 140

action in Afghanistan

, 142–143

ambiguous policy toward Pakistan

, 147

congress role

, 146–147

cryptocurrency in

, 131

and India in recent past

, 145–146

monetary and fiscal authorities

, 28

policymakers

, 140

Special Action Forces

, 86

US Department of Defence

, 84, 87, 148

US Department of Justice Drug Enforcement Administration report

, 132–133

US Department Office for Combating Terrorism

, 73

US Executive and Legislature

, 146–147

US-backed Afghan force

, 187–188

US-led “Stabilization force”

, 144

US–India Cyber Security Forum

, 143

US–India security relations (2001)

, 143

Universal jurisdiction

, 380

Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA)

, 393, 397

Unskilled labor endowments

, 9

Urbanization

, 252, 255

hyper-urbanization

, 398

impact

, 258

rates

, 36

USA PATRIOT Act

, 86–87, 93

Vadodara riots (2006)

, 254

Value chain

, 110–111

Variables

causality test between terrorism and

, 197

long-run associations among

, 216–219

short-run associations among

, 219

variable-coefficient technologies

, 8

Vector autoregression model (VAR model)

, 55–56, 195, 296

Vector error correction model (VECM)

, 127, 136, 230–232, 284–285, 371–372

estimation results

, 287–288

Granger causality approach

, 360–362, 371–372

Venezuelan government

, 129

Vertical FDI

, 172

Vindication of the Rights of Woman (Wollstonecraft)

, 327

Violence

crimes

, 251–252

economic impact and cost in India

, 391–392

ethnic

, 404

intentionally indiscriminate

, 383

See also Terrorism

Violent conflict

, 160

case of Middle East economies

, 160–162

determinants of global conflict risk

, 156–158

fuzzy DEMATEL

, 158–159

methodology

, 158

MOORA

, 160

Virginia, terrorist attacks in

, 75

Virtual currencies

, 111, 118

Voice and accountability (VA)

, 344, 406–408

Wagstaff-van Doorslayer methodology

, 66

Walrasian stability condition

, 14–17

War crimes

, 380

War on terrorism

, 75, 84, 206

Washington

terrorist attacks in

, 85

view on Islam and terrorism

, 141–142

Weapons of mass destruction (WMD)

, 90, 121, 146

Weekly Trust

, 326

Welfare

and augmentation of terrorism as externality

, 10–11

social

, 19–20

welfare/developmental activities

, 347

West Bengal (India)

database

, 311

Jangalmahal region in

, 308

methodology

, 311–312

objectives of study

, 310–311

results

, 312

review of existing literature

, 309

sample SHGs progress of Maoist and non-Maoist-prone areas

, 315–318

SHGs progress in drought-prone region

, 313–315

Western education

, 354

“Western-style” aspirations

, 194

White House Summit on Countering Violent Extremism

, 149

Women and terrorism in Nigeria

BH’s activities

, 323

conceptual framework

, 326–327

contemporary women terrorist groups

, 328–329

data analysis on women in contemporary terrorism

, 333–334

feminism and terrorism from antiquity

, 327–328

GBV and BH’s ideology

, 332–333

historical narrative of women in terrorist undergrounds

, 329–332

implications

, 335

measures aiming at eliminating terrorism

, 336

methodology

, 325

questionnaire

, 338–339

research problem

, 323

theoretical framework

, 326

Women empowerment in India

, 409

Women Fighters of Liberation Tigers (Balasingham)

, 332

World Bank (WB)

, 54, 65, 345

World Development Index (WDI)

, 358

World Development Indicators (WDI)

, 52, 208–209

World Government (Bandopadhay)

, 72

World Trade Center

, 6, 84, 380

Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGIs)

, 405–408

Worli riots (1974)

, 253

XEM

, 128

Yemen, terrorist events in

, 97

Youth bulge

, 158

Yusuf, Mohammed

, 194, 323

Zcash currencies

, 132–133

Zealots (Jewish)

, 74

“Zero sum game” of Cold War

, 142–143

“Zero tolerance” policy

, 143, 219–220

Zero-profit conditions

, 8