Africa, urbanization

, 6–7

AI. See Artificial intelligence (AI)

Air quality

, 58

and smog

, 17–18

Alibaba’s City Brain project

, 273

Amazon Mechanical Turk service

, 39

APIs. See Application programming interfaces (APIs)

Application programming interfaces (APIs)

, 210

Artificial intelligence (AI)

, 28, 273–275, 278

Asia-Pacific region, urbanization

, 7

Aspern Smart City Research study

, 86–87

Austrian Court of Audit

, 79–80

Autonomous systems

, 278

Autonomous vehicles

, 275

Bill Gates

, 3–4

BMVIT

, 73–74

BMW Group in Switzerland

, 41

Business model

scaling, questionnaire

, 302–303

for smart city

, 55–56, 57–60

for smart economy

, 58, 59

for smart environment

, 58

for smart mobility

, 59

Cause and effect tree

, 300–302

Centralized Asset Management and Limited Access

, 284–291

Centralized Asset Management and Potential Access

, 284–291

Century of the city

, 5

Charlotte, United States

, 206, 206

Cities

current challenges for

, 8–22

limited resources of

, 19

as megatrend

, 5–8

urgent challenges for

, 9

Citizens Fear the City’s impact on health

, 16

City administration, new role for

, 26–27

City Development Plan 2025

, 69

City planners

, 8–9

City Services Benefit Card (CSBC)

, 132–133

City2Share project, Munich

, 90, 103–104, 105–106

Civilization, future of

, 5–6

Civitas Eccentric

, 90

Co-creation Lab Vienna

, 84

Computational materials

, 270–271

Cooperation, with business

, 54

Decentralized Asset Management and Limited Access

, 284–291

Decentralized Asset Management and Potential Access

, 284–291

Decentralized water supply

, 33

Decision maker

, 2

Demographic developments

, 13

Digital hub (dhub)

, 38

Digitalization

, 46

Digital shadow of a city

, 27–31

accessibility

, 29

courtesy

, 30

expandability

, 29

service areas of

, 31–46

smart economy

, 38–39

smart environment

, 32–34

smart government

, 42–45

smart living

, 34–38

smart mobility

, 40–42

smart people

, 45–46

structure

, 29

Diverse lifestyles, development of

, 13

Ecological footprint of a city

, 32

Ecosystems

, 272–273

Electric vehicles

, 36–37

Electromobility, in St. Gallen

, 217–219

EMPA

, 36

“Energienetz GSG” project

, 161–162

“Energiestadt Gold” (Gold Energy City) award

, 155

Energy

consumption

, 277

hub method

, 37–38

renewable

, 35

Energy city

, 155, 155, 155

Energy performance contracts (EPCs)

, 249

Energy systems

, 16

in Swiss

, 39

Environmental and health issues

, 17

EPCs. See Energy performance contracts (EPCs)

Estonia, as pioneer of smart government

, 47

Europe

Espresso project

, 283

GDPR

, 278

urbanization

, 7–8

European cities

over-tourism in

, 20–21

smartness in smart city visions of

, 170

European Energy Award® (eea®)

, 155

European Environment Agency

, 19

EU’s Smarter Together project

, 153

Face recognition

, 273–274

Flexibility

, 22

GDPR. See General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)

General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)

, 274–275

Europe

, 278

Georgia Tech

, 270–271

German Institute of Urban Affairs

, 9

Global warming

, 16

Gody Suter (Frisch)

, 27

Green ride

, 41

Health issues, environmental and

, 17

Hetero-functional Graph Theory

, 208–209

HIS Markit

, 52

Humans and machines

, 277

ICF. See Intelligent Community Forum (ICF)

ICT. See Information and communication technology (ICT)

Immigration

, 22

Implementer

, 2

Industrial revolution

, 26

Information and communication technology (ICT)

, 34, 36–37, 277

Vienna

, 73

Infrastructure, overloading of

, 13–17

Inhabitants, quality of life of

, 13–17

Intelligent Community Forum (ICF), Toronto

, 138

International Energy Agency

, 48–49

Internet economy

, 66

Internet of things (IoT)

, 29, 269–270

world

, 270

Interoperability, lack of standards and

, 56

IoT. See Internet of things (IoT)

Latin America, urbanization

, 7

Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED)

, 125

LEED. See Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED)

Life of inhabitants, quality of

, 13–17

Lifestyles, development of diverse

, 13

Lighthouse cities

, 67

Likert scale

, 167, 233–234

London, smog values in

, 19

LoRaWan (Low-Power Wide Area Network)

, 156, 211–212

Loud night noise

, 19

Lyon

, 120–121

core project of

, 110

develop concept and synchronize partners

, 114–116

initiate transformation

, 110–112

location determination

, 112–114

Lyon Smart Community

, 116–117

mobilize resources

, 116–117

operation and institutionalization

, 120

realize projects

, 117–120

Smart Community project

, 118

SPL Lyon confluence

, 111, 112, 113, 118, 120–121

Machines, humans and

, 277

MAC protocol. See Media Access Control (MAC) protocol

Master Innovation and Development Plan (MIDP)

, 140–141

The Matrix

, 28–29

Media Access Control (MAC) protocol

, 156

Megacities (2018), TomTom Traffic Index for

, 15

Megatrend, cities as

, 5–8

Microjobs

, 39

MIDP. See Master Innovation and Development Plan (MIDP)

Migration

, 22

Mobility

and tourism

, 20

unprecedented forms of

, 275–276

Modernization requires time

, 13

Moore’s law

, 270–271

MSI Scalability Tool

, 302–303

Multienergy systems

, 39

Munich, Germany

, 107–108

analysis of external factors relevant to smart city development

, 98–99

City2Share project

, 90, 103–104

develop concepts and synchronize partners

, 99–103

e-government platform

, 103

EU Smarter Together project

, 105

initiate transformation

, 91–95

location determination

, 95–99

strengths and weaknesses

, 95–97

mobilize resources

additional resources

, 104

funding

, 103–104

open data initiatives

, 102–103

open/urban data platform

, 102

operation and institutionalization

, 106–107

project concepts

, 100–101

public participation

, 101–102

qualitative smart city objectives in

, 100

realize projects

, 104–106

smart city program

, 90–91

smart city projects

, 90

smart city strategy

, 99–100

smarter together project

, 90, 106–107

Stadtteil Labor

, 105

stakeholders

, 97–98

urban development plans

, 89

Munich Science Network

, 270

NAVYA

, 120

NEST project

, 37–38

New work or no work

, 276

Noise

, 19

loud night

, 19

Nonmotorized route planning

, 58

North America, urbanization

, 7

Obstacles for smart city

, 46–57

ambiguity

, 51

common

, 51–57

complexity

, 50–51

uncertainty

, 48–50

volatility

, 47–48

Overloading of infrastructure

, 13–17

PACE. See Property Assessed Clean Energy (PACE)

Paramecium politics vs. traditional city management

, 45

Peer-to-peer virtual parking places

, 59

Perspektive München

, 89, 91–92, 101

PESTEL analysis

, 190–191

Political support

, 54

Post-suburbanization

, 11

PPPs. See Public–private partnerships (PPPs)

Project control and governance

, 55

Property Assessed Clean Energy (PACE)

, 250–251

Prosumers

, 35

Public participation model, for solar power plants

, 77

Public–private partnerships (PPPs)

, 52–53, 54–55

Public value

, 27

Quality of life in cities

, 34

RACI matrix

, 174–178

“Red Vienna” (1918??1934)

, 68

Regulatory conditions

, 47–48

Remishueb project

, 158, 159, 162

co-creation in

, 199, 199, 200, 200, 200, 200–201, 201

Renewable energy

, 35

Return on investment (RoI)

, 54

Reurbanization

, 11

Risk assessment

, 296–299

checklist

, 296–299

Route planning, nonmotorized

, 58

St. Gallen

, 154, 155, 156

assembling a project team

, 165

assignment of tasks and responsibilities in

, 175–176, 177

building a project coalition

, 242–245

business models

development

, 216–222

scaling

, 263

citizen participation projects

, 241–242

concepts and synchronizing partners, development

, 197–238

continuous improvement process

, 265–267

criteria for formulation of sub-goals

, 231

data governance, designing and implementing

, 201–203

dealing with implementation risks

, 258–259

dealing with risks

, 224–231

design guidelines

, 247–248

direction of impact determination

, 194–196

electric power systems

, 208

electromobility

, 217, 218–219

ensuring partner and citizen participation

, 198–201

environmental analysis

, 189–191

benchmarking with “ideal” smart city

, 191

PESTEL analysis

, 190–191

exploiting synergies between initiatives

, 267–268

financing mechanisms for projects

, 249–251

finding partners for implementation

, 222–224

5G (5th-generation wireless systems)

, 210–211

funds for

, 203–207, 248–253

Hetero-functional Graph Theory

, 208–209

idea generation in

, 193–194

initial self-assessment

, 182–183

initiate transformation

, 162–178

internal perspective

, 178–180

kickoff and clarifying responsibilities

, 172–178

life cycles of smart city infrastructure

, 204

location determination

, 178–196

mayor’s view

, 172, 195, 222–223

mobilizing citizens

, 240–242

mobilizing resources

, 238–255

finding partners

, 238–240

project partner platforms

, 239–240

sharing ideas

, 238

motion experiment in Istanbul

, 206

navly project in Lyon Confluence

, 220, 221, 222

operation and institutionalization

, 259–268

pilot projects

, 158–162

pioneer group

, 173–174

platforms/decentralized systems

, 213–214

point-of-view method

, 185–186

preparations and initial considerations

, 162–164

probability-of-impact matrix

, 224–227

project concepts development

, 207–209

project organization

, 245–248

project selection

criteria

, 231–233

performance

, 233–234

public value scorecard

, 171

public works department

, 156, 159–162

RACI matrix for clear responsibilities

, 174–178

realizing projects

, 256–259

reasons for the failure of smart city projects

, 257–258

return on investment (ROI)

, 207

risk assessment

, 227

risk categories

, 225–226, 228

roadmaps development

, 234–237

scaling up process

, 262

setting goals and metrics

, 228–231

setting priorities

, 170–171, 230

smart city maturity model

, 178–180

Smart City Steering Committee

, 177

smart city visions

, 166, 168, 169–170

Happy City

, 169–170

Real-Time City

, 169

Slow City

, 169

Zero City

, 168–169

stakeholder

analysis

, 187–188

map

, 186–189

strategic options, identifying

, 191–193

Sturzenegg building project

, 264–265

synchronization

, 237–238

technology

for city’s digital shadow

, 210–216

digital ID

, 215

new technologies

, 210, 211, 212, 213

platform selection

, 209–216

sensors

, 212

technology-oriented and citizenoriented smart city planning

, 241

third-party ownership

, 250

tips and tricks for a successful project

, 177, 178

urban funds

, 250

vision, development

, 166–170, 168–169

visioning workshop, checklist

, 167

Zug city administration

, 214–215

SBB Green Class E-Car

, 40

SCMM. See Smart City Management Model (SCMM)

SCWG. See Smart City Working Group (SCWG)

Seestadt Aspern

, 79–80, 81, 85–87

Self-learning system

, 28

Sensor systems

, 269–270

Sidewalk Labs

, 146

Sidewalk Toronto

, 140, 141–142, 143, 146

Silicon Valley

, 6

SIMmobil

, 82–83

Singapore, virtual

, 30–31

Smaller cities (2018), TomTom Traffic Index for

, 15

“100 Smart Cities” plan

, 3–4

Smart city

business models for

, 55–56, 57–60

challenges faced by mayors of US Cities

, 52–57

initiative

, 293–295

initiatives, basic elements

, 65–66

obstacles for

, 46–57

in twenty-first century

, 278–281

Smart City Agency of Vienna

, 84

Smart City Cells

, 156

Smart City Management Model (SCMM)

, 1, 2, 66, 67, 153

Smart city maturity model

, 178–180, 283–291

Smart city projects, challenges addressed by

, 9–11

Smart city transformations

challenges of

, 52

projects

, 29–30

Smart City Vienna Framework Strategy

, 69

Smart City Wien Rahmenstrategie

, 69

Smart City Working Group (SCWG), Toronto

, 133–134, 135–136

Smart crosswalks

, 41

Smart economy

, 38–39

business model for

, 58, 59

Smart environment

, 32–34

business model for

, 58

Smart government

, 42–45

Smart living

, 34–38

Smart megacity projects

, 4

Smart mobility

, 40–42

business model for

, 59

SmartNet

, 156

Smart people

, 45–46

Smog

air quality and

, 17–18

values in London

, 19

Software-based companies and services

, 278–281

Solar power plants, public participation model for

, 77

Songdo City

, 130

Cisco’s technology infrastructure

, 125

develop concepts and synchronize partners

, 125–127

digital shadow in

, 125–126

initiate transformation

, 122–123

Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design

, 125

location determination

, 123–125

master plan of

, 126

mobilize resources

, 127–129

operation and institutionalization

, 129

project

, 122

realize projects

, 127–129

SPL Lyon confluence

, 113, 118, 120–121

competencies of

, 112

goals of

, 111

Stakeholder integration

, 53–54

Stakeholder map

, 292

STEEP (social, technological, economical, ecological, and political) analysis

, 98

Sturzenegg project

, 158

Suburbanization

, 11

Swiss Competence Center of Energy Research, Future Energy-Efficient Buildings and Districts (SCCER FEEBD)

, 35

Swiss, energy systems in

, 39

Switzerland, BMW Group in

, 41

Synergy patterns

, 304–306

Tax revenues

, 48

Thames River

, 16

ThinkPort Vienna

, 80

Toilet-as-a-service

, 59

TomTom Traffic Index

, 15–16

for smaller and megacities (2018)

, 15

Toronto

, 131, 132, 143–147

See also Waterfront Toronto

activate resources

, 137–138

data privacy

, 144–146

develop concepts and synchronize partners

, 136–137

initiate transformation

, 132–134

lighthouse projects

, 147–151

position determination

, 134–136

Sidewalk Toronto

, 140

Smart City Working Group (SCWG)

, 133–134, 135–136

stakeholder groups

, 150

Urban Living Futures

, 137

Toronto Smart Cities Region Board of Trade (TRBT)

, 133–134

Tourism, mobility and

, 20

Tourism places, growth rate of

, 20–21

Traditional city management vs. paramecium politics

, 45

Tragedy of the commons

, 20–22

Transaction costs, decreasing

, 271–272

Twenty-first century, questions for smart cities in

, 278–281

Ubiquity of data and computing

, 269–270

Uncertainty

, 48–50

UNESCO World Heritage site

, 68

UPPLift

, 137

Urban data, marketplace for

, 58

Urban development

, 67

Urban economic centers, growth of

, 6

Urban infrastructure systems

, 13–17

Urban Innovation Vienna

, 74

Urbanization

, 281

global trend of

, 9–11

and opposing trends

, 9–13

worldwide

, 9–11

Urbanization Across the World (United Nations, 2017)

, 6, 7–8

Urban Living Futures, Toronto

, 137

Urban Living Lab

, 82–83

Urban mobility

, 40

US Cities, smart city challenges faced by mayors of

, 52–57

Vehicles, autonomous

, 275

Vienna

, 88

business agency

, 84

Co-creation Lab Vienna

, 84

determine location

, 71–74

financial resources as a launching force

, 79–80

high public participation

, 75–76

information and communication technology (ICT)

, 73

initiate transformation

, 69–70

innovation labs

, 87

jointly developed project concepts

, 77–78

mobilize resources

, 79–81

open innovation

, 77

operation and institutionalization

, 87–88

project coalitions as strategic resources in

, 80–81

project selection criteria

, 78

public participation model for solar power plants

, 77

realize projects

, 81–87

Smart City Agency of

, 84

smart city lighthouse projects

, 67–88

smart city program

, 69

smart city strategy

, 74–75

stakeholders

, 72–74

strengths and weaknesses

, 71–72

subways, braking energy

, 84

ThinkPort Vienna

, 80

urban inhabitants of

, 72

virtual department

, 85

Wi-Fi, public

, 87

Virtual parking places

, 59

Virtual Singapore

, 30–31

Volatility

, 47–48

VUCA world (volatility, uncertainty, complexity, and ambiguity)

, 47, 51–52

Waiting times

, 16

Warka Water Tower

, 33

Water and wastewater

, 16

Waterfront Toronto

, 138

develop concepts and synchronize partners

, 141–143

initiate transformation

, 138–140

position determination

, 140–141

Wiener Stadtwerke GmbH

, 73

Worldwide Tourism Growth, 1996–2017

, 20–21

Worldwide Urban and Rural Population from 1950 to 2050

, 6–8