Action management

, 29

Active mode

, 176

AEGIS

, 197–198

al-Qaeda

, 83

American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU)

, 84

Analysis phase

, 10–11

Analytics management

, 29

Arab world

, 2

AUS/CAN/NZ/UK/US EYES ONLY

, 62

Australia

, 34–39, 100–104

Australian Crime Commission (ACC)

, 129

Australian Criminal Intelligence Commission (ACIC)

, 100

Australian Criminal Intelligence Forum (ACIF)

, 100

Australian Cybercrime Online Reporting Network (ACORN)

, 103

Australian Geospatial-Intelligence Organization (AGO)

, 35

Australian Intelligence Community (AIC)

, 34–39

Australian Secret Intelligence Service (ASIS)

, 34

Australian Security Intelligence Organization (ASIO)

, 34

Australian Signal Directorate (ASD)

, 34

Auxiliarization

, 137

BAE systems

, 198

Big Data analytics

, 184, 185

Black satellites

, 169

Booz Allen Hamilton (BAH)

, 198–199

British Security Industry Association (BSIA)

, 173

CACI International Inc.

, 199

Canada

, 39–45, 104–107

Canadian Forces Intelligence Command (CFIC)

, 44

Canadian Forces Joint Imagery Centre (CFJIC)

, 44

Canadian intelligence community (CIC)

, 40–43

Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS)

, 93

Catholic Church

, 2

CCTV technology

, 173, 174–175

Cellular Analysis and Notification of Antigen Risks and Yields (CANARY)

, 180

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)

, 28, 75

Chilling effect of secrecy

, 21

Code of conduct

, 227–230

Cold War

, 4

Collation phase

, 10

Collection phase

, 10

Combined DNA Index System (CODIS)

, 178

Communications Security Establishment (CSE)

, 40

Community-based policing model

, 135

CompStat approach

, 98

Compulsive data demand

, 14

Conceptual approaches

, 20–22

Consequentialist approach

, 210

Constructive methods

, 20

Counterterrorism Center

, 79

Counter Terrorism Command (CTC)

, 111

Creation of knowledge

, 28

Criminal intelligence

acceptance

, 95

activities

, 5

basic knowledge

, 96–97

detecting criminal activity

, 97–98

“Five Eyes” countries

, 100–115

functions

, 96–100

guiding decisions

, 99–100

international police cooperation

, 115–119

operations

, 99–100

policy

, 85–86

practice

, 90–92

predicting criminal activity

, 98–99

services

, 130

strategy

, 86–89

structure

, 89–90

structure and integration

, 100–115

targets

, 92–93

Criminal Intelligence Service Canada (CISC)

, 106

Criminal Investigation Branch (CIB)

, 108

CSRA Inc.

, 199–200

Cuban missile crisis

, 13

Cyber Action Team (CAT)

, 157

Cyber insecurity

, 160

Cyber intelligence

cybersecurity risk

, 159–161

defensive

, 139

intensity

, 146–148

law enforcement

, 156–159

offensive

, 139

private and public entities

, 140

strategic form

, 140

technical form

, 140

Cyber threats

actors

, 140

cyberspace

, 143–146

evolution

, 140

landscape

, 140–143

modus operandi

, 143

Dark Web

, 146

DCSNET

, 176

Decision-making process

, 20

Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA)

, 194

Defense Intelligence Organization (DIO)

, 34–35

Deontological approach

, 210–211

Detecting criminal activity

, 97–98

Digital divide

, 13

Directorate of Defence Intelligence and Security (DDIS)

, 46

Director of Central Intelligence (DCI)

, 79

Dissemination phase

, 11

“Diversion Team,” 104

Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)

, 85

Dual conceptualizations of intelligence

, 4–7

Echelon program

, 62

Efficiency

, 71

Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF)

, 171

Embedded knowledge

, 28

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

, 183

Espionage

, 2

Ethics

analysis

, 212

code of conduct

, 227–230

consequentialist approach

, 210

deontological approach

, 210–211

immoral intelligence collection techniques

, 207

intelligence analysis

, 218–220

intelligence collection

, 212

intelligence collection methods

, 217–218

intelligence management

, 213

just intelligence approach

, 211–212

Just War Theory

, 211

realist approach

, 209–210

secrecy violation

, 220–227

truth approach

, 209

utilitarian approach

, 208

whistleblowing

, 220–227

Ethics of risk

, 71

European Cyber Crime Center

, 158

Explicit knowledge

, 27

Exploitative methods

, 20

Export Administration Regulations (EAR)

, 161

Facebook

, 151

Facial Analysis, Comparison, and Evaluation (FACE)

, 179

Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)

, 28, 156

Five Eyes countries

Australia

, 34–39

Canada

, 39–45

New Zealand

, 45–49

United Kingdom

, 49–54

United States

, 54–61

“Five Eyes” countries

Australia

, 100–104

Canada

, 104–107

New Zealand

, 107–109

United Kingdom

, 109–112

United States

, 112–112

FlexiSPY

, 177

Foodborne Disease Outbreaks Surveillance System (FDOSS)

, 183

Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act Court (FISA)

, 23

Geospatial intelligence (GEOINT)

, 7

Geosynchronous orbit (GEO)

, 168

Global Hawk

, 170

Government Accountability Office (GAO)

, 23

Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ)

, 175

Government Communications Security Bureau (GCSB)

, 46

Government policy

, 73

Great Firewall

, 146

Greece

, 2

Guardian of Peace (GOP)

, 147

Gunwalking Scandal

, 21

Hacktivists

, 227

Hard surveillance technology

, 167

hearing

, 175–178

scent

, 180–181

sight

, 167–175

software surveillance technology

, 184–186

taste

, 182–184

touch

, 178–180

Her Majesty’s Inspectorate of Constabulary (HMIC)

, 111

High policing activity

, 5

Homeland Security Act

, 79

Horizontal communication

, 132

House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence (HPSCI)

, 56

Human intelligence (HUMINT)

, 7

HUMINT

, 218

Identification of knowledge

, 28

ILP model

, 99

Imagery intelligence (IMINT)

, 7

Immoral intelligence collection techniques

, 207

Independent Police Complaints Commission (IPCC)

, 111

Industrial revolution

, 3

Information gap

, 13

Information overload

, 14

Inspector General of the Intelligence Community (IGIC)

, 204

Institutional friction

, 14

Integrated National Security Enforcement Teams (INSETs)

, 105–106

Integrated Terrorism Assessment Centre (ITAC)

, 45

Intelligence. See also Ethics

analysis

, 218–220

collection

, 212

collection disciplines

, 7, 8

collection methods

, 217–218

cycle

, 8, 9

dual conceptualizations

, 4–7

historical evolution

, 2–4

intelligence collection disciplines

, 7

limitations

, 11–14

process

, 7–11

Intelligence Community (IC)

, 77

Intelligence Coordination Group (ICG)

, 46

Intelligence knowledge management

conceptual approaches

, 20–22

limitations

, 31–32

risk management

, 25–27

state intelligence and surveillance

, 22–25

and surveillance activities

, 27–31

Intelligence-led policing (ILP)

, 95

criminal intelligence activities

, 130–131

environmental contingencies

, 124

criminal environment

, 124–125

evolution

, 121–124

hostility

, 125–127

legal environment

, 127–130

organizational contingencies

, 130

organizational culture

, 134–138

organizational structure

, 131–134

structuring intelligence activities

, 130

Intelligence management

, 213

Intelligence outsourcing

civil liberties threat

, 203

lack of accountability

, 202–203

loss of stateness

, 203

public analyst jobs threat

, 204–205

public safety threat

, 203

reputational concerns

, 204

Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 (IRTPA)

, 60, 79

Intelligence Services Commissioner

, 53

Interception of Communications Commissioner’s Office (IOCCO)

, 53

International police cooperation

, 115–119

International terrorist groups

, 1

International Traffic Arms Regulations (ITAR)

, 161

Internet Crime Complaint Center

, 157

Internet Mass surveillance programs

national cyber surveillance programs

, 149–155

transnational cyber surveillance programs

, 155–156

Internet Organized Crime Threat Assessment (IOCTA)

, 156

Interpol

, 118

Interpretation management

, 29

Intrusive cyber intelligence operations

, 147

Investigatory Powers Act

, 54

Investigatory Powers Tribunal (IPT)

, 53

Islamic State (ISIS)

, 148

Islamic terrorism organizations

, 83

Joint Cybercrime Action Taskforce (J-CAT)

, 158

Joint Terrorism Task Forces (JTTFs)

, 115

Judiciary model

, 6

Just War Theory

, 211

KH-11

, 168

“Kill list,” 82

“Knowledge workers,” 96

Labor organizations

, 3

Law enforcement

, 130

agencies

, 1, 172

intelligence

, 24–25

Legality

, 71

Levitation

, 149

Linear Approach Program

, 89

Linkage blindness

, 13

Local law enforcement

, 7

London Metropolitan Police

, 95

Low earth orbit (LEO)

, 168

Low-intensity conflict

, 1

Low policing activity

, 5

Matrix organizations

, 132

Measurement and signature intelligence (MASINT)

, 7

Merida Initiative

, 88

Middle Ages

, 2

Militarization

conceptualizing

, 69–72

criminal intelligence

, 85–93

national security intelligence

, 72–85

operationalizing

, 69–72

policy

, 73

practice

, 80–82

strategy

, 73–76

structure

, 77–80

targets

, 83–85

Military industrial complex

, 70

Military Intelligence Program (MIP)

, 56

Ministry of Science, Technology, and Innovation (MCTI)

, 160

Muscular program

, 155

Napoleon Bonaparte

, 4

National Assessments Bureau (NAB)

, 46

National Biosurveillance Integration Center (NBIC)

, 180–181

National Counterterrorism Center (NCTC)

, 79

National Criminal Intelligence Service (NCIS)

, 129

National Criminal Investigation DNA Database (NCIDD)

, 179

National Cyber Crime Unit (NCCU)

, 158

National Defense Radio Establishment (RFA)

, 150

National Disruption Group (NDG)

, 103

National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA)

, 78, 202

National Imagery and Mapping Agency (NIMA)

, 78

National Intelligence Model (NIM)

, 109, 129

National Intelligence Program (NIP)

, 56

National Reconnaissance Office (NRO)

, 168

National security

, 72

National Security Agency (NSA)

, 4, 21, 71, 175

National security intelligence

, 5, 22–24

Australia

, 34–39

Canada

, 39–45

clandestine/covert operations

, 33

cooperation

, 61–66

New Zealand

, 45–49

United Kingdom

, 49–54

United States

, 54–61

New York City Police Department (NYPD)

, 97

New Zealand

, 45–49, 107–109

New Zealand Intelligence Community (NZIC)

, 45–48

New Zealand Police (NZP)

, 107

Next Generation Identification (NGI)

, 179

Noise

, 14

Nontraditional threats

, 1

Northern Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

, 199

Northrop Grumman

, 201

NSA surveillance programs

, 23

Office of Management and Budget (OMB)

, 23

Office of National Assessment (ONA)

, 34

Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP)

, 86

Onyx program

, 151

Open source intelligence (OSINT)

, 7

Operation Fast and Furious

, 21

Organizational culture

cultural differences

, 136

definition

, 134–135

government priorities

, 135

intellectual resources

, 138

lack of trust

, 137

managerial approach

, 137

multilateralization

, 136

occupational differentiation

, 137

roles

, 134–138

statuses

, 134–138

structural asymmetry

, 136

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)

, 160

Organization of American States (OAS)

, 160

Organized and Financial Crime Agency of New Zealand (OFCANZ)

, 107

Organized Crime Drug Enforcement Task Forces (OCDETF)

, 114

Overclassification

, 216

PANTHER device

, 180

Passive mode

, 176

Pearl Harbor

, 13

Plan Mexico

, 88

Police and Custom Cooperation Centre (PCCC)

, 118

Police organizations

, 133, 134

crime

, 133

criminal intelligence agencies

, 134

decentralization

, 130

decision-making process

, 133

Policy-maker influence

, 218

Predicting criminal activity

, 98–99

Priorities and intelligence requirements (PIRs)

, 9–10

Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board

, 60

Private intelligence sector

actors and services

, 197

AEGIS

, 197–198

BAE systems

, 198

Booz Allen Hamilton (BAH)

, 198–199

CACI International Inc.

, 199

corporations

, 193

CSRA Inc.

, 199–200

Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA)

, 194

general dynamics

, 200–201

growth

, 191–193

income incentives

, 194

Northrop Grumman

, 201

one-stop-shop

, 193

private firms

, 193

private–public interface

, 195

roles

, 193–195

Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC)

, 201–202

Private–public interface

, 195

dynamics

, 195

expansion

, 196

extension

, 195–196

privatization

, 196–197

Privy Council Office (PCO)

, 44

Project 6

, 150

Public management networks

, 30

Pulsenet

, 182

Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations (RICO) Act, 122

Radical secrecy

, 21

Realist approach

, 209–210

RealTek audio

, 177

Renaissance era

, 2

Responsibility

, 131

Risk imaging

, 13

Risk management

, 25–27

Risk society

, 26

Roman Inquisition

, 2

Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP)

, 44, 104, 105, 172

Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC)

, 201–202

Second Gulf War

, 21

Secrecy

chilling effect of secrecy

, 21

radical secrecy

, 21

violation

, 220–227

Security Intelligence Review Committee (SIRC)

, 40

Senate Select Committee on Intelligence (SSCI)

, 56

September 11

, 2001, 73

Serious Organized Crime Agency (SOCA)

, 110

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)

, 180

Signals intelligence (SIGINT)

, 7, 218

Singapore Police Force (SPF)

, 126

Sniffing operations

, 147

Sniffing technology

, 180

Social control

constructive

, 20

exploitative

, 20

Somali National Alliance (SNA)

, 78

Source management

, 29

South America

, 2

Soviet Union

, 4

Special Operations Division (SOD)

, 90

Special warfare

, 1

SpyToMobile

, 177

State intelligence and surveillance

law enforcement intelligence

, 24–25

national security intelligence

, 22–24

State’s security mission

, 26

StingRay machine

, 175

Stockholm International Peace Research Institute

, 70

Sub-Saharan African tribal chiefs

, 2

Surveillance technologies

conceptual approach

, 166–167

digital surveillance technology

, 174

disruptive technology

, 187–189

hard surveillance technology

, 167

intelligence

, 165–189

new collection discipline

, 187–189

satellites

, 167–168

Tacit knowledge

, 28, 136, 138

Tactical drone

, 170

Telecommunications data

, 148

Titan Traffic Database

, 150

Total Information Awareness (TIA)

, 23

TrailBlazer program

, 154

UK–USA Agreement

, 62

UK–USA collaborating Commonwealth countries

, 62

United Kingdom

, 49–54, 109–112

United Kingdom intelligence community (UKIC)

, 49–53

United States

, 54–61, 112–112

United States intelligence community (USIC)

, 29, 55–59

Unmanned aircraft vehicles (UAVs)

, 23

US Department of Defense budget

, 70

US Federal Aviation Agency (FAA)

, 170

US Intelligence Community

, 13

Utilitarian approach

, 208

Vertical compartmentalization

, 131

Vulnerability Assessment–Sensor Placement Optimization (TEVA–SPOT)

, 183

War Measures Act

, 71

“War on drugs,” 71

, 85

“War on terror,” 69

, 73

Waterborne Disease and Outbreak Surveillance System (WBDOSS)

, 183

Weapons of mass destruction (WMD)

, 21

Westphalian sovereignty

, 4

Whistleblowing

, 220–227

World War I

, 3