Adsorption of Manganese (II) Ion in the Water Phase by Citric Acid Activated Carbon of Rice Husk
Abstract
Purpose – In this study, the possibility of the application of rice husks for adsorbing Mn(II) ion in the water phase has been studied.
Design/Methodology/Approach – Experimental studies have been initiated by preparing activated carbon from rice husks. The activation of rice husks was done using both physical and chemical treatment methods through heating at 110 °C and washing with citric acid activator at 0.2 M, 0.4 M, and 0.6 M. The adsorption tests were conducted as two part tests: preliminary and primary. The preliminary test was conducted to choose the best condition of four independent variables, i.e., contact time (0–120 minutes), activator concentrations (0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 M), initial Mn(II) concentrations (10, 20, 50, 100, 200, and 400 mg/L), and adsorption temperatures (30, 47, and 67 °C).
Findings – By identifying the substituted groups using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy after activation with citric acid, it was found that the highest transmittance percentage was present in activated carbon with 0.2 M of citric acid. The best adsorption capacity and efficiency was 13.87 mg/g and 79.60%, respectively, which were obtained at 200 mg/L initial concentration with a 0.2 M citric acid concentration for 120 min contact time at 47 °C. These results lead to a conclusion that rice husks after activation with citric acid can be applied as an adsorbent for Mn(II) adsorption in the water phase.
Research Limitations/Implications – The activated carbon produced was only applicable for the adsorption of Mn(II) ions from the water phase, but not applicable for the adsorption of other heavy metals ions.
Practical Implications – Rice husks were potentially prepared as an adsorbent for Mn(II) ion adsorption in the water phase that was low cost, environmental friendly, and easy to prepare.
Originality/Value – Activated carbon prepared from biomass was mostly carried out using acids at high concentrations while the study was conducted using weak acids (citric acid) at low concentrations.
Keywords
Citation
Suhendrayatna, , Zaki, M., Delima Habdani Harahap, A. and Verantika, F. (2018), "Adsorption of Manganese (II) Ion in the Water Phase by Citric Acid Activated Carbon of Rice Husk", Proceedings of MICoMS 2017 (Emerald Reach Proceedings Series, Vol. 1), Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. 547-554. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-78756-793-1-00089
Publisher
:Emerald Publishing Limited
Copyright © 2018, Suhendrayatna, Muhammad Zaki, Annisa Delima Habdani Harahap, Fitriani Verantika.
License
Published in the Emerald Reach Proceedings Series. Published by Emerald Publishing Limited. This article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) licence. Anyone may reproduce, distribute, translate and create derivative works of this article (for both commercial and non-commercial purposes), subject to full attribution to the original publication and authors. The full terms of this licence may be seen at The full terms of this licence may be seen at http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcode
1. Introduction
In environmental studies, manganese (Mn) is one of the predominant elements that participate in oxidation-reduction process together with oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, iron, and sulfur. This metal occurs in insoluble forms, i.e., colloidal and particulate MnO2, which serves as a scavenger for trace metals ions and mainly exists in as manganese(IV), which is a dominant chemical species. However, manganese(II) ion is often linked with water pollution, especially in closed water areas, such as ponds, and is rather stable in anoxic water phase environments (Okumura et al., 2002). The presence of Mn ions in groundwater is usually accompanied with iron ions released from soils and rocks. These ions are essential for humans but are also toxic. The presence of these ions in water can be detected in laboratories and can also be recognized organoleptically.
In recent years, the use of biomass adsorption techniques for the removal of environmental substances has increased because they are safe and easy to use. Patil et al. (2016) had reported the application of Mn removal technologies, such as oxidation or filtration (degree of Mn(II) shifting 95%), chemical precipitation (degree of Mn(II) ions recovery 99.5%), and adsorption (Mn(II) removal degree up to 99.42%), both in wastewater and freshwater.
Rice husks are the hard protective coverings of grains of rice, which are made of lignin and silica, to protect grains during the growing season. Rice husk biomass plays an important role in the adsorption process because of the wide range of the pore size of rice husks. The pore size can be enlarged and adapted to the molecular size of metals ions in the water phase during the activation process, so that the metal ions can easily enter into the pore of the adsorbent. In recent years, some researchers have proposed other biomasses to absorb metal ions, including paddy straw, tea biomass (Amarasinghe and Williams, 2007), coffee biomass (Rossner et al., 2009), and other adsorbents (Bhattacharya et al., 2008). Chemically, rice husks can be activated with some acid to increase the adsorption capacity of metal ions. Through the interaction with the metal oxidator in the water phase, the adsorption capacity can be increased (Marshall et al., 1999). The activation process of solid waste materials at a high temperature with some acids such as tartaric acid, phosphoric acid, and citric acid can increase the adsorption capacity of the metal ions (Marshall et al., 2000, 2001). During the activation process, some of the acid groups occur and form ester groups (Marshall et al., 2001).
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ability of rice husks after being activated using citric acid in absorbing Mn(II) ions in the water phase. This study was conducted as batch mode experiments and run with three independent variables, i.e., contact time (0–120 minutes), activator concentration (0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 M), and initial Mn(II) concentrations (10, 20, 50, 100, 200, and 400 mg/L), to obtain Mn(II) adsorption isotherms and kinetics parameters.
2. Materials and method
2.1. Materials and equipment
Rice husks with particle size of 25–40 mesh were obtained from a paddy field in Aceh Besar District, and chemicals such as citric acid (C6H8O7) and a solution of manganese (MnSO4 · H2O, ion source) were obtained commercially from Waco Chemicals, Inc. The experimental equipments used were tube furnace (LabHouse), glassware (Pyrex), oven dryer (ISUZU DSL-1000), analytical balance (Sartorius), planetary ball mill (NBI), desiccator (Pyrex), atomic absorption spectrometer (AAS, Shimadzu AA-6300), Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR, Shimadzu Prestige 21), and sieve shaker (Biostat).
2.2. Research procedure
2.2.1. Biomass preparation.
To remove dust, the rice husks were washed with distilled water several times, soaked in hot water for 1 hour, and dried in an oven dryer at 30 °C for 5 hours and again at 110 °C for 1 hour. The dried rice husks were then milled with a ball mill and sieved on the size of 25–40 mesh. Finally, the rice husks were dried again at 110 °C for 3 hours and kept in a desiccator before use. The hydroxyl content in the biomass was examined using FTIR.
2.2.2. Biomass activation.
One gram of rice husk was dissolved in different concentrations of citric acid (0.2 M, 0.4 M, and 0.6 M) to remove the silicates and lignin in the rice husks to enable better adsorption. Citric acid enters into the cellulose structure and acts as a chelating agent during activation process. Citric acid is an organic acid that has carboxyl groups, tends to donate protons (H+), and forms negatively charged carboxyl group, which is capable of configuring stable complexes with several ions (Faizul et al., 2013). During activation, the presence of citric acid will configure a few new sites on the surface of the adsorbent, which will increase the adsorption capacity. The mixture of rice husks and citric acid was then stirred at 100 rpm for 2 hours at room temperature. The activated rice husks were then washed with distilled water repeatedly until a pH of ±7, and then dried at 50 °C for 24 hours (Marshall et al., 2000). The hydroxyl content in the rice husk biomass was examined using FTIR to determine the increase in hydroxyl groups.
2.2.3. Adsorption.
One gram of the activated rice husks was made to contact with 250 mL of MnSO4 · H2O 200 mg/L at a speed of 100 rpm for different time periods (0–120 minutes) at different temperatures (30, 47, and 67 °C). After the adsorption process was completed, the concentration of Mn(II) ions in the water phase was analyzed by AAS in accordance with SNI 06-6989-4-2004 at a wavelength of 279.3 nm. The above treatment was repeated for Mn(II) concentrations at 10, 20, 50, 100, and 400 mg/l and at temperatures of 47 and 67 °C. Before and after activation, the samples were analyzed using FTIR at the range of infrared wavelength at 400–4,000 cm−1. The samples (5% by weight) were homogenized with 95% of KBr as the background in the analysis of powder samples.
3. Results and discussion
3.1. Effect of citric acid activation on the functional group of activated carbon
The effect of citric acid on the activation of rice husks was analyzed using FTIR. The functional groups of the activated carbon was obtained using the spectra of FTIR in the range of 400–4,000 cm−1, as shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1 shows the functional group differences of each activated carbon and peak possessed by each activated carbon, which can maximize the absorption performance of Mn metal ions in this study. Rice husks without activation have a smaller absorption area with a small percentage of transmittance. The activation of rice husks with citric acid enables a higher adsorption area and higher transmittance percentage than those without activation. The activation with 0.2 M citric acid has a larger O–H functional group with higher transmittance than activation with other citric acid activated carbon. It was observed that the adsorbent has an O–H functional group as observed by changing of wavelength absorption at 3,555 cm−1 and the group of C=C indicated at the wavelength of 1,718 cm−1. Furthermore, at the wavelength of 1,050–1,300 cm−1, the absorbent indicated that there was a C–O group with a higher transmittance percentage. The functional groups presented in each of the adsorbents did not a show significant growing number of carbonyl groups but showed a significant percentage of transmittance. By identifying the groups presented in each of the adsorbents, it can be seen that the highest transmittance percent was present in the activated carbon with 0.2 M of citric acid.
3.2. Determination of equilibrium adsorption time of Mn(II) during the preliminary test
Preliminary tests were conducted by varying contact times to evaluate the influence of equilibrium time on the adsorption of Mn(II) ion by the activated rice husks. The equilibrium time is the time when there is no more absorption of substances into the absorbent medium. The variation of contact time performed on this test was 0, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, and 120 minutes, and the result is shown in Figure 2.
The absorption capacity is the amount of metal ions in milligrams (mg) that can be adsorbed together with the adsorbent mass in grams. Figure 2 shows that the contact time of 100 and 120 minutes has a similar absorption capacity of 13.72 and 13.77 mg/g, respectively. This condition shows that the adsorption capacity was toward the equilibrium point. The influence of contact time occurs when the adsorption process has not reached the equilibrium time (Makinde et al., 2007). At a longer contact time, the adsorption of Mn(II) ions were increased until it reaches the equilibrium time. These results indicated that the optimum contact time occurred at 120 minutes, since in 120 minutes it no longer showed a significant increase in absorption capacity. The same result was also found by Mariana et al., (2015) and Makinde et al. (2007). Furthermore, Figure 2 shows that the absorption efficiency at each contact time was 10.68, 24.09, 49.33, 65.45, 73.45, 78.77, and 79.01%. From these data, it can be seen that in 100–120 minutes the difference in absorption efficiency was found to be optimal. The absorption efficiency tends to stabilize in the time leading to the equilibrium time. The long contact time causes the empty space on the adsorbent to be filled, and it will be difficult for the adsorbate to occupy the empty space. This causes the quantity of Mn(II) ions adsorbed on the activated carbon to be relatively low as it goes to the equilibrium point. This test indicated that the optimum contact time occurred at 120 minutes.
3.3. Influence of citric acid concentration on the adsorption capacity and efficiency
To determine the best citric acid (as activator) concentration used to generate the activated carbon from rice husks, the adsorption test was performed using activated carbon with different citric acid concentrations of 0.2 M, 0.4 M, and 0.6 M with an initial concentration of the Mn(II) ion at 200 mg/L and the results are tabulated in Table 1. The absorption capacity was found to be 13.77, 13.74, and 13.73 mg/g, respectively. The results concluded that the best absorption capacity of Mn ion was found at a concentration of 0.2 M. The concentration of citric acid also influenced the adsorption efficiency. The adsorption efficiency at a citric acid concentration of 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 M was found 79.01%, 78.87%, and 78.76%, respectively. Similar to the absorption capacity, the highest absorption efficiency was obtained using citric acid activator with a concentration of 0.2 M.
Relationship of Citric Acid Concentration to Absorption Capacity (mg/g) and Efficiency (%)
| Adsorption | ||
|---|---|---|
| Citric Acid Concentration (M) | Capacity (mg/g) | Efficiency (%) |
| 0.2 | 13.77 | 79.01 |
| 0.4 | 13.74 | 78.87 |
| 0.6 | 13.72 | 78.76 |
Condition: Contact times of 120 min at 30 °C and initial concentration adsorbate of 200 mg/L.
3.4. Influence of initial Mn(II) concentration on the adsorption capacity and efficiency
The effect of initial Mn(II) concentration on the adsorption capacity and efficiency using activated carbon from rice husks is shown in Figure 3. Figure 3 shows that with the greater initial concentration on the water surface, the absorption capacity tends to increase. However, at concentrations of 200 and 400 mg/L, the absorption capacity shows an insignificant increase, with the values of 13.77 and 14.21 mg/g, respectively. Furthermore, it can be seen that with a higher concentration of adsorbate, the absorption efficiency tends to increase. In contrast to the discussion of the influence of the initial concentration of adsorbate on the absorption capacity, the absorption efficiency indicated that a significant decrease in the absorption efficiency occurred at a concentration of 400 mg/L of the adsorbate. This result indicated that activated carbon was no longer able to absorb Mn(II) at a concentration of 400 mg/L. These results lead to a conclusion that the initial concentration of the adsorbate was found at a concentration of 200 mg/L.
3.5. Influence of temperature on the absorption capacity and efficiency
Increasing and decreasing of temperature is one of the factors that can influence the adsorption. To determine the influence of temperature on the adsorption capacity and efficiency of the rice husk activated carbon, the adsorption process was conducted with the an Mn(II) concentration of 200 mg/L at the temperature variation of 30 °C, 47 °C, and 67 °C, and the results are tabulated in Table 2. The results show that the adsorption capacity increases with increasing temperature. The increase in temperature at the time of adsorption will cause the pores of the adsorbent to open followed by an increase in its absorption. The absorption capacity at temperatures 30, 47, and 67 °C was found to be 13.77, 13.87, and 16.79 mg/g, respectively. It can be seen that the best temperature was obtained at the temperature of 47 °C. Overheating results in damaging of the structure of the adsorbent which causes a decrease in the absorption rate at 67 °C, which decreased absorption and resulted in desorption. According to Mariana et al. (2015), the adsorbate will be separated from the surface and pores of the adsorbent linear to the increasing temperature. Increasing temperatures also cause an increase in the desorption process, resulting in a decrease in the ability of adsorption. According to the results provided by Makinde et al. (2007), the increase in the temperature causes greater desorption. This happens because during physical adsorption, adsorption decreases with increasing temperature. Furthermore, the best adsorption efficiency was found at a temperature of 47 °C. The absorption efficiency at temperatures of 30, 47, and 67 °C were found to be 79.01%, 79.60%, and 79.13%, respectively. From these results, the best temperature was obtained at a temperature of 47 °C.
Relationship of Citric Acid Concentration to Absorption Capacity (mg/g) and Efficiency (%)
| Adsorption | ||
|---|---|---|
| Temperature (°C) | Capacity (mg/g) | Efficiency (%) |
| 30 | 13.77 | 79.01 |
| 47 | 13.87 | 79.60 |
| 67 | 13.79 | 79.13 |
3.6. Influence of contact time on optimum conditions to the absorption capacity and efficiency
After a number of tests were performed, the optimum absorption condition was obtained at an initial adsorbate concentration of 200 mg/L with an activator concentration of 0.2 M citric acid at 47 °C. Then, based on these optimum conditions, the absorption process was performed by varying the contact time at 0, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, and 120 minutes.
Figure 4 shows that with a longer contact time in the Mn absorption process by the activated carbon, the absorption capacity and efficiency also increases. However, the absorption capacity and efficiency at a contact time of 100 and 120 minutes showed no significant improvement, because the equilibrium was reached at 120 minutes. The highest absorption capacity occurred at 120 minutes with the absorption capacity of 13.87 mg/g, while the adsorption efficiency occurred at 79.60%.
4. Conclusions
Rice husk biomass after activation with citric acid can be applied as an adsorbent for Mn(II) adsorption from the water phase. By identifying the substituted groups with FTIR after activation with citric acid, it can be seen that the highest transmittance percent was present in the activated carbon with 0.2 M of citric acid. The best adsorption capacity and efficiency was 13.87 mg/g and 79.60%, respectively, which were obtained at an initial concentration of 200 mg/L with 0.2 M citric acid for 120 min contact time at 47 °C.
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All papers within this proceedings volume have been peer reviewed by the scientific committee of the Malikussaleh International Conference on Multidisciplinary Studies (MICoMS 2017).
Corresponding author
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