Index

Energy Economics

ISBN: 978-1-78756-780-1, eISBN: 978-1-78756-779-5

Publication date: 15 November 2018

This content is currently only available as a PDF

Citation

Wei, Y.-M. and Liao, H. (2018), "Index", Energy Economics, Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. 295-310. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-78756-779-520181012

Publisher

:

Emerald Publishing Limited

Copyright © 2019 Emerald Publishing Limited


INDEX

Access levels model, energy demand satisfaction
, 51–53

Advisory Group on Energy and Climate Change (AGECC)
, 46, 54, 254

Affordability
, 75, 77, 89, 102, 154

Air pollution exposure, solid fuel use

gender differences
, 164

house sanitation and health status
, 164–165

level and health status
, 164

residents’ health status, gender differences of
, 164

self-rated health conditions
, 162–164

See also indoor air pollution (IAP)

Anti-poverty projects of electric power
, 54

Assessing energy consumption
, 99

Atmospheric pollution emissions
, 124

Benefit-based index
, 87

Benefit-based indicators
, 91–92

Biodiesel
, 210

Biofuel
, 283

and biowaste
, 29

ethanol
, 210, 226, 270, 283

Biogas
, 87, 90

consumption
, 266

digesters
, 89–90

family
, 255

power generation system
, 258

rural household
, 269–270

Biomass
, 28–30, 45

efficient and high-polluting traditional
, 185

in energy poverty
, 29

fuels
, 210, 287

per capita consumption
, 60

power generation
, 210

rural energy consumption per capita
, 183

utilization efficiency of
, 9

Biomass energy
, 88–89, 178, 200

in China
, 209–210

consumption
, 84–85, 110

factors influence
, 184

Building energy efficiency
, 133, 140–141

and ventilation system
, 124

Business as Usual (BAU) scenario
, 227

CAIS. See Comprehensive Assessment Index System (CAIS)

Calorific value of coal
, 19

Canadian hydropower generation
, 197–198

Capita effective energy consumption
, 50

Carbon dioxide emissions
, 25, 84

Carbon emissions
, 12

trading
, 245–246

trading policy
, 289

Carbonization
, 85–86, 248

Cardiovascular disease and energy poverty
, 133

Catalyst series products
, 21

CEDI. See Clean Energy Development Index (CEDI)

Ceiling effect
, 215

Central Heating Program
, 127

Centralized heat supply (steam)
, 83

“Children Sentinel Nutritional Assessment”
, 129

China

distribution of coal in 2012
, 15

energy consumption, volume and structure
, 10

energy flow chart
, 13

energy production, volume and structure
, 11

gas distribution
, 18

import oil of
, 16

installed generating capacity in 2013
, 12

power generation forms
, 85–86

solar power in
, 208–209

water resources in
, 207

See also China’s energy poverty (EP) assessment

China Energy Statistical Yearbook
, 85–86, 188

China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS)
, 150

China − −Holland project
, 266

China Hydropower 100 Memorial Conference
, 228

China’s achievements, energy poverty challenges

electrical services
, 280–281

energy infrastructures construction
, 284

new developing stage of

climate change impacts
, 288–289

economic poverty
, 289–290

energy consumption structure
, 285–286

health problems
, 286–288

regional differences
, 284–285

population
, 279–280

rural areas, energy efficiency and cleanness in
, 283

urban residents, energy structure
, 281–282

China’s energy development

coal supply and demand, reverse distribution
, 14–15

energy industrial system
, 13–14

energy resources shortage
, 19–21

gas, supply and demand
, 17

oil consumption
, 15–16

power inter-district scheduling
, 17–19

supply and consumption and external dependence
, 9–12

China’s energy poverty (EP) assessment

affordability and efficiency of residential energy (EAE)
, 102–103

Comprehensive Assessment Index System

calculation method for
, 91–93

energy consumption cleanliness
, 84–86

energy management, completeness
, 86–87

energy service availability
, 77–84

residential energy consumption affordability and efficiency
, 87–91

energy consumption cleanliness (ECC)
, 100

energy management completeness (EMC)
, 100–102

improved energy service availability
, 98–99

indicators and methods for

comprehensiveness
, 74

expansibility
, 74–75

feasibility
, 75–76

scientificity
, 75

systematicness and independence
, 75

intellectual support and information resources
, 77

levels, reflection of
, 76

overall status of
, 93–98

policy recommendations to eliminate
, 116–119

regional EP, characteristics and variation trends of
, 110–116

region-specific comparison of

energy consumption cleanliness
, 105–106

energy service availability
, 105

in Northeast China, household energy affordability and energy efficiency
, 108–109

Yellow River and Yangtze River
, 103–106

scientific and practical CAIS, establishment
, 76

China’s policies and actions, energy poverty elimination

remote regions

Inner Mongolia, Sichuan, Qinghai, and Gansu
, 263

power grid upgradation and solar power construction projects in Tibet
, 262–263

Xinjiang province
, 261–262

rural regions

first stage (1980 − 1995)
, 264–265

renewable energy development, “11th FYP” to “12th FYP” period
, 269–271

9th − 10th FYP period
, 265–269

urban regions
, 271–273

Chinese Energy Statistical Yearbook 2005
, 59

CIS. See Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)

Clean energy development
, 286

and energy poverty

biomass energy
, 209–210

nuclear energy
, 210–211

regional assessment on
, 211–220

solar power
, 208–209

water resources
, 207

wind power
, 205–207

world renewable energy development
, 194–204

exploration and utilization of
, 225–226

proportion
, 246

services
, 7

utilization
, 221

Clean Energy Development Index (CEDI)
, 213–215, 217–219

Clean stoves and related publicity and education activities
, 170

Climate change

electricity disruption, socioeconomic impacts of
, 233–239

China’s negative macroeconomic impact
, 239

nine key sectors’ output
, 241–243

production capacity, impact of
, 239–241

structural factor
, 243–244

energy accessibility, impact on

carbon emissions trading
, 245–246

fiscal policy
, 246–247

price policy
, 247–248

trading policy, import and export
, 248–249

hydropower generation, impact on
, 226–228

China’s future hydropower generation, vulnerability
, 228–231

regional difference on
, 231–233

impacts on energy supply

clean energy, exploration and utilization of
, 225–226

electricity grid
, 224–225

threatening normal energy supply
, 225

issues, renewable energy development
, 200–201

renewable energy development
, 221

Coal

coefficient
, 188

consumption in China
, 26

per capita consumption
, 282

policies
, 265

reserves and distribution
, 6

residential consumption by urban and rural
, 61

supply and demand, reverse distribution
, 14–15

Coal-based energy consumption
, 19

Coal-powered centralized heating infrastructure
, 136

“Coal to electricity” policy
, 282

“Coal to electricity” project
, 271

“Coal to gas” projects
, 271

Codirectionalization
, 91–92

Commercial energy consumption
, 59–60

Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)
, 32

Completeness of energy management
, 77

Comprehensive Assessment Index System (CAIS)

calculation method for
, 91–93

energy consumption cleanliness
, 84–86

energy management, completeness
, 86–87

energy service availability

energy supply capacity
, 82–84

living energy consumption
, 82

modern energy services, inaccessibility
, 77–82

functional orientation of
, 76

residential energy consumption affordability and efficiency
, 87–91

scientific and practical, establishment
, 76

Comprehensiveness
, 74

Consumer behavior patterns
, 187, 189

Cooking energy
, 179–181

Chinese provinces and cities, categories
, 179

coal gas and natural gas
, 180

economic level
, 181

primary and secondary
, 154–155

rural areas of medium income
, 180

rural residents’ preference
, 180

source
, 62–63

Cooking fuels, rural resident health
, 168–169

Cost-based indicators
, 91–92

Cost index of residential energy
, 88–89

Crop residue (stalks) consumption
, 59

Daily firewood consumption
, 59

Data availability, energy poverty
, 53–54

De-carbonization
, 76

Deforestation
, 90

Degree of dependency, rural resident health
, 169

Department of the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA)
, 260

Destructive deforestation
, 90

Disability adjusted life years (DALYs)
, 145–146

Distributed generation system
, 200

Diversification in cooking fuels
, 157

Diversity of application, renewable energy development
, 201

Domestic firewood consumption
, 182

Domestic rural biomass
, 286

Dose − response coefficient
, 138

Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP)
, 266

Economic development

and electricity consumption

household electricity consumption
, 185–187

household energy consumption structure
, 188–190

level impacting energy poverty

cooking energy
, 179–181

income level and living electricity consumption
, 181–182

income level and traditional energy consumption
, 182–184

EDI. See Energy Development Index (EDI)

Elasticity coefficient
, 187

Electric energy

access to
, 28, 45

regular access to
, 28

Electricity

consumption
, 9, 185, 281

in developing countries
, 26–28

grid operation and climate change

floods impact on transportation and electricity
, 224

heavy snow
, 225

typhoon impact
, 225

infrastructure, construction
, 256–260

and natural gas
, 178

pricing mechanism
, 254

Electricity consumption

per capita
, 278

Electricity-deprived population
, 26

Electricity disruption and climatic events

account description and related IO codes
, 237–238

electricity lifeline system
, 233

China − Japan’s Socioeconomic Indexes
, 240

China’s negative macroeconomic impact
, 239

key sectors in China and Japan under base case
, 244

nine key sectors’ output
, 241–243

production capacity, impact of
, 239–241

sector outputs and difference ratio under base case
, 242–243

structural factor
, 243–244

GAMS/MPSGE
, 239

import substitution elasticity
, 236–237

inputoutput (IO) table
, 233

power network accident
, 233

short-run scenario
, 236

worldwide main large-scale power outages and their causes
, 233–236

“Electricity reaching every family” project
, 261

Electrification rate

of energy poverty countries
, 27

of India
, 26–27

Emission tax and carbon tax
, 246

Energy affordability and energy efficiency (EAE)
, 93, 102

See also affordability

Energy audits, Department of Energy
, 255

Energy Clinics project
, 260

Energy consumption
, 50

cutoff
, 53

low carbonization of
, 85–86

non-OECD countries
, 2

per capital
, 7

structure
, 176–177

structure modernization
, 84–85

tools
, 119

Energy consumption affordability and efficiency (EAE) index
, 102–103

Energy consumption-based assessment
, 75

Energy consumption cleanliness (ECC)
, 77, 100, 105–107

index of China
, 101

Energy deficiency indicator
, 48

Energy demand satisfaction

access levels model
, 51–53

capita effective energy consumption
, 50

climatic and socioeconomic conditions
, 51

econometric model
, 51

energy consumption cutoff
, 53

energy services, power requirements of
, 51

Physical Quality of Life Index (PQLI)
, 51

residential electricity consumption
, 50

Energy development

consumption
, 1–2

energy poverty
, 7–9

energy trade
, 6–7

fossil energy
, 3–4

in World and China, changes and pattern of
, 21–25

world fossil energy reserves
, 4–6

Energy Development Index (EDI)
, 39, 46, 55–56, 200

Energy elasticity
, 25

Energy equipment
, 89–90

Energy expenditure cost
, 133

Energy independence
, 22–24

American foreign policy
, 23

domestic energy transformation
, 24

energy security
, 24

global climate
, 24

IEA total public energy RD&D expenditure
, 24

net importer of oil
, 24

US Domestic Oil Production and Import from OPEC
, 22–23

Energy investment
, 87

Energy management completeness (EMC)
, 86, 100–102, 108

Energy management infrastructure
, 86–87

Energy poor
, 49–50

Energy poverty (EP)
, 7–8, 277–278

aggravating behaviors
, 88

alleviation
, 221

applicability to China

data availability
, 53–54

energy availability, measurement methods based on
, 46–49

energy demand satisfaction
, 50–53

indicators rationality
, 54–56

quality of energy service
, 49–50

characteristics
, 56–67

in China
, 46

biomass energy
, 209–210

comprehensive index weight
, 94–95

nuclear energy
, 210–211

solar power
, 208–209

water resources
, 207

wind power
, 205–207

comprehensive index
, 96–99, 104, 113, 116

concepts
, 43–46

definition
, 44

and economic development
, 175–179

electricity accessibility and biomass consumption
, 46

elimination policies and actions. See China’s policies and actions, energy poverty elimination

evaluation index
, 46

existing situation of

biomass
, 28–30

coal consumption in China
, 26

electricity in developing countries
, 26–28

fuel poverty
, 25–26

household energy expenditure
, 30–32

IEA definition
, 44, 46

index
, 48, 114–115

international assessment indicators and measurement methods
, 47

International Energy Agency (IEA)
, 37–39

measurement methods of
, 46–56

and millennium development goals
, 44

mitigation
, 86–87

regional comprehensive index
, 117

subindexes
, 110–112

United Nations
, 32–35

World Bank
, 40–41

World Health Organization
, 34–37

world renewable energy development
, 194–204

See also China’s achievements, energy poverty challenges; China’s energy poverty (EP) assessment

Energy poverty line

analogous
, 49

categories
, 49

energy demand threshold
, 55

Energy poverty mitigation

constraints to economic development
, 278

difficulty in poverty reduction
, 279

harm to human health
, 278

hinderance to livelihood improvement
, 279

Energy Poverty Reduction Strategy
, 255

Energy resources and energy security
, 19

Energy saving technologies
, 87

Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP)
, 41

Energy service
, 19

levels
, 49

power requirements of
, 51

Energy service availability (ESA)
, 77, 98–99, 105

energy supply capacity
, 82–84

living energy consumption
, 82

modern energy services, inaccessibility
, 77–82

Energy service availability index
, 105–106

Energy supply

capacity
, 58–59, 82–84

energy poverty impact
, 124–125

English Housing Survey (EHS) survey
, 126

Environmental pollution problems, renewable energy development
, 200–201

EP. See energy poverty (EP)

ESA. See energy service availability (ESA)

ESMAP. See Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP)

Ethanol-based bioenergy
, 200

See also fuel ethanol

EU Environment Agency (EEA)
, 130–131

Evaluation indicators system
, 75–76

Expansibility
, 74–75

Expenditure on healthcare
, 287

Exposure − response relationship method
, 125–126, 139

Feasibility
, 75–76

Fifth Assessment Report (AR5)
, 223–224

Fiscal policy
, 246–247

Fluorine-rich coal
, 147

Fuel ethanol
, 210, 226, 270, 283

Fuel poverty
, 25–26, 32, 43

cause
, 45

evaluation indicator
, 175

in UK
, 31

Fuel-saving stoves
, 89

Fuelwood collection
, 9

Gas consumption
, 57–58

“Gasified Jilin” project
, 272

“Gas infrastructure project for southern Xinjiang”
, 266

GDP per capita
, 176

Gender inequality, electricity infrastructure
, 259–260

Global climate model (GCM)
, 228

Global coal trade
, 7

Global Tracking Framework Report
, 40

GNP. See gross national product (GNP)

Granger Causality test
, 190

Greenhouse gas (GHG)

mitigation strategy
, 125

and pollutant emissions
, 134, 287

Green power
, 20

Grid-connected solar electricity
, 12

Gross domestic product (GDP)

China
, 9

Gross national product (GNP)
, 191

Gross world product (GWP)
, 1–2

and energy consumption
, 2

Guizhou’s energy poverty comprehensive index
, 118–119

GWP. See Gross world product (GWP)

Hainan’s ECC index
, 118

Health implications of pollutants emissions of residential energy
, 91

Health risk

assessment
, 36–37

energy poverty
, 286–288

and solid fuel
, 146

See also rural resident health, policy implications; solid fuels in rural and resident health

Hebei’s EP index
, 118

High carbon
, 59

High energy expenditure, energy poverty impact
, 126–127

Household electricity consumption

consumer behavior patterns
, 187

data
, 185

economic development
, 185

education
, 185–186

elasticity coefficient
, 187

electricity price
, 186

factors to change
, 187

per capita
, 57

temperature
, 186–187

Household energy

affordability and energy efficiency index
, 103, 109

consumption

China Energy Statistical Yearbook
, 188

coal coefficient
, 188

consumer behavior patterns
, 189

electricity infrastructure
, 260

Granger Causality test
, 190

regression coefficient
, 188

total energy consumption and proportion
, 188

efficiency and energy poverty impact
, 124

expenditure
, 30–32

practices and millennium development goals
, 34–35

subsidy
, 254–255

Household fuels
, 124

availability and electricity availability
, 54

structure and efficiency
, 287

Household income situation
, 133

Household living energy consumption
, 179

“Housing, Heating and Health Study”
, 129

Huai river policy
, 136–137

Human Development Index
, 46

Human health, energy poverty mitigation
, 278

Hydropower generation
, 17–18, 201, 207

in asian energy poverty alleviation
, 197–198

climate change impact

Business as Usual (BAU) scenario
, 227

“China Hydropower 100 Memorial Conference”
, 232

China’s Grain Losses
, 226

global climate model (GCM)
, 228

interprovincial data
, 228

IPCC emission scenarios
, 227

Providing Regional Climate Projections for Impacts Studies (PRECIS)
, 227–228

rainfall pattern
, 226

regional difference on
, 231–233

regression analysis
, 227, 229–230

scenario
, 227, 231

vulnerability
, 228–231, 249

wind power and
, 246

Income level

and living electricity consumption
, 181–182

and traditional energy consumption
, 182–184

Indicators

energy poverty
, 46–48

rationality, energy poverty
, 54–56

Indoor air pollution (IAP)
, 278

components
, 145

energy poverty impact
, 134–136

and health effects, solid fuel use
, 148

household welfares, indirect impact on
, 148–149

interventions proposed by WHO to reduce
, 36

measures to reduce
, 38

modern energy services
, 169–170

response to
, 37

solid fuel use
, 9

traditional biomass fuels
, 125

World Health Organization’s response to
, 37

Indoor heat comfort
, 141–142

energy poverty impact
, 132–134

Indoor lighting
, 45

Indoor temperatures
, 286–287

Integrated rural energy supply capacity
, 283

International Energy Agency (IEA)
, 7, 82, 149

and development
, 37–39

Energy Development Index (EDI)
, 39

International Energy Poverty Assessment Indicators
, 90

International policies and actions, energy poverty elimination

electricity infrastructure, construction
, 256–260

electricity pricing mechanism
, 254

household energy subsidy
, 254–255

power sector reform measures
, 257

R&D investment in renewable energy
, 255–256

two case projects in South Africa
, 258

Japan’s Fukushima nuclear accident
, 211

Kerosene, low-income households
, 255

Ladder-type electricity pricing mechanism
, 254, 272

“Light for all” project
, 259

Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)
, 83

low-income households
, 255

Living biomass energy consumption
, 183

Living electricity consumption

and income level
, 181–182

Living energy

consumption
, 82

ladder
, 176

structure
, 178

Living in Wales Survey (LWS) survey
, 126

Low-income and high-cost energy poverty
, 50

Low-income households
, 255

Methane
, 178–179, 210, 291

Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)
, 34, 280

improved household energy practices to
, 35

Ministry of Construction (MOC)
, 140

Ministry of Mines and Energy of Brazil (MME)
, 256–257

Modern energy services
, 212, 284

electricity infrastructure
, 259

inaccessibility
, 77–82

Mongolia’s ESA index
, 118

Multidimensional Energy Poverty Index
, 48, 56

National annual biogas output
, 266

National Electricity Consumption Gini coefficient
, 281

National energy planning system
, 140

National monetarily poverty line
, 49

National Plan for Poverty Reduction
, 56–57

National Project on Biogas Development
, 256

National rural per capita net income
, 182

National transregional electric power exchange
, 18–19

Natural gas
, 5, 17, 83

global trade
, 6–7

pipeline networks
, 284

producers, net exporters and net importers of
, 8

reserves and distribution
, 5

utilization policy
, 271

New energy and renewable energy
, 21

No-emissions-trading scenario
, 245

Non-corn-based ethanol
, 226

Nondimensionalization
, 91–92

Non-fossil fuel usage
, 17–18

Non-solid energy
, 285

commercial
, 59, 110

as electricity
, 59

Non-solid fuel to commercial energy
, 85–86

Non-thermal power generation
, 85–86, 110

Northeast China, household energy affordability and energy efficiency
, 108–109

Northern Ireland House Condition Survey (NHCS) survey
, 126

Nuclear power
, 204, 286

in China
, 210–211

generation
, 86

safety problems
, 200–201

unit and water resources
, 225

Offshore wind power
, 199

Oil

consumption
, 3

crisis
, 200–201

production in China
, 16

reserves and distribution
, 5

Oil-exporting countries
, 7

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)
, 260

Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative measures energy poverty
, 48

Pakistan’s EP index system
, 90

People without access to electricity
, 27

Photovoltaic (PV) market
, 208–209

power generation, installed capacity
, 209

Physical Quality of Life Index (PQLI)
, 51

Plug-in hybrids
, 12

Policy advices, energy poverty elimination

economic benefits
, 292

energy supply relationship
, 291

gradient energy price
, 290–291

private capital
, 291–292

urbanization
, 293–294

“western development” strategy
, 292–293

Pollutants diffusion
, 137–139, 287

Poverty

alleviation goal
, 176

trap
, 148–149

Power grids
, 281, 284

“Power reaching every family” project
, 263

Premature death
, 278

Price policy
, 247–248

Primary energy consumption

in selected countries
, 4

structure
, 3–4

Private capital, energy poverty elimination
, 291–292

Providing Regional Climate Projections for Impacts Studies (PRECIS)
, 227–228

Public health community
, 146–147

R&D investment in renewable energy
, 255–256

Regional assessment indexes
, 218

Regional clean energy development

adaptation to local condition
, 220–221

analysis, conceptual framework
, 211–213

ceiling effect
, 215

Clean Energy Development Index (CEDI)
, 213–215, 217–219

data resources of
, 213

EDI
, 211

and energy poverty

deficient energy development
, 213–217

economic development benefits
, 219

renewables within southwest part of China
, 217–219

resource endowments boost effects
, 220

indicators, definition and data resources of
, 214–215

regional assessment indexes
, 218

sustainable EDI, framework for
, 212

Regional fuel poverty
, 175

Regression coefficient
, 188

Remote area electrification projects
, 259

“Renewable Energy Act”
, 270

Renewables promote world energy development

biomass energy
, 200

development trends
, 202

in different regions
, 201

distributed generation system
, 200

distribution of
, 197

eliminate energy poverty in Asia
, 200–202

ethanol-based bioenergy
, 200

hydropower, in asian energy poverty alleviation
, 197–198

Indian electricity generation capacity
, 203

power generation capacity combined with grid
, 203

solar energy development
, 199–200

wind power, energy access in Europe
, 198–199

Residential commercial energy
, 57–58, 60

Residential electricity

consumption
, 50, 185

cross-subsidization
, 247–248

Residential energy

affordability and efficiency
, 88

consumption
, 82

consumption and urban China
, 130

clean energy and
, 131

EEA member countries and China
, 130

energy poverty-relevant policies and actions
, 128–129

natural gas
, 132

rural residential energy consumption
, 127–128

consumption behavior
, 90–91

cost index of
, 88–89

cost indicators
, 88

costs
, 88–89

health implications of pollutants emissions of
, 91

pollutants emissions
, 91

types
, 185

Respiratory system disease, solid fuels
, 165–168

Rural electrification
, 281

pilot
, 54

policy
, 259

supply
, 283

system
, 56–57

Rural energy

consumption
, 85

features
, 283

management
, 86

Rural Energy Integrated Construction County (REICC) project
, 265

Rural firewood living consumption and per capita income
, 182

Rural grid renovation program
, 56–57

Rural households differentiated by major cooking energy source
, 62

Rural per capita net income
, 183

Rural resident health, policy implications

clean stoves and related publicity and education activities
, 170

cooking fuels
, 168–169

degree of dependency
, 169

modern energy sources
, 169–170

regional divergence
, 169

relatively low health levels
, 169

Rural residents’ tertiary indicator
, 88

Safeguarding energy security
, 221

Scientificity
, 75

Scottish House Condition Survey (SHCS) survey
, 126

SE4ALL. See Sustainable Energy for All (SE4ALL)

Second National Agricultural Census
, 149

of China
, 56

Self-assessed health level
, 150

Shale gas
, 225

Small-scale hydropower stations
, 256

Socioeconomic vulnerability
, 289

Solar energy
, 255–256

development
, 199–200

Solar lamp project
, 259–260

Solar water heaters
, 90, 258

Solid and clean fuels
, 156

Solid commercial energy
, 85–86

Solid energy
, 19

to commercial energy of rural household
, 62

consumption
, 59, 181

Solid fuels in rural and resident health

data sources
, 150–151

effects
, 145–147

cooking fuels choice, shift of
, 162

exposure to air pollution
, 162–165

respiratory system disease
, 165–168

household welfares and IAP
, 148–149

IAP and
, 147

incomplete combustion
, 146

measures to reduce effects
, 148

related information
, 151–152

research in China’s regions
, 149–150

rural household cooking fuel

changes in
, 157–158, 160–161

choice
, 152–154

diversification
, 157

income
, 152–154

income and rural households’ dependence
, 154

proportion of residents
, 154

regional differences
, 154–156

by rural residents
, 158–160

types of
, 153

rural households and residents, sample sizes
, 151

Straw gasification
, 83–84

Sustainability, renewable energy development
, 201

Sustainable Energy for All (SE4ALL)
, 32, 149

country-level actions for
, 33–34

World Bank responses
, 39–41

Systematicness and independence
, 75

Technological innovation
, 21

“Ten percent” method, energy poverty
, 50

11th Five-Year-Plan of China
, 19, 226

“12th Five-Year Plan of Renewable Energy Development”
, 206–205, 207, 209

“Tibet Golden Sun Project” for solar energy construction
, 262–263

Tibet grid connection project
, 262

Total energy consumption
, 25

and proportion
, 188

Trading policy, import and export
, 248–249

Traditional biomass
, 54–55, 175

collection
, 145

consumption
, 290

energy
, 84, 178, 282

and coal
, 285

fuel replacement
, 288

Traditional coal-fired boiler
, 272–273

Traditional energy
, 21

consumption and income level
, 182–184

Traditional fuels
, 141

fossil
, 200–201

Transregional electric power exchange
, 18–19

Unified electricity tariffs
, 57

United Nations

actions and commitments
, 32–34

household energy practices and millennium development goals
, 34–35

United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (UNFAO)
, 266

Urban central heating (steam) supply capacity
, 83

Urban energy

infrastructure construction
, 141

poverty
, 140

Urban household energy equipment
, 89–90

Urbanization, energy poverty elimination
, 293–294

Urban non-solid commercial energy
, 281–282

Urban residents health, energy poverty impact

building materials structure
, 135–136

fuel-poor households by nation
, 126

high energy expenditure
, 126–127

household energy efficiency and
, 124

Huai river policy
, 136–137

inadequate energy supply
, 124–125

indoor air pollution
, 134–135

indoor heat comfort
, 132–134

policy recommendations
, 139–141

pollutants diffusion
, 137–139

Wanton turf-scooping
, 90

Warm Front project
, 260

Weatherization Assistance Program
, 260

WEO. See World Energy Outlook (WEO)

“Western development” strategy, energy poverty elimination
, 292–293

Wind power

in China
, 205–207

consumption
, 198–199

energy access in Europe
, 198–199

use
, 286

World Bank

Global Tracking Framework Report
, 40

measures and projects implementation
, 40–41

World Energy Outlook (WEO)
, 37, 212

World Health Organization
, 34–36

health risk assessment
, 36–37

indoor air pollution, response to
, 37

World petroleum demand
, 22

World renewable energy development

clean energy services
, 196

clean energy transition
, 194–195

energy crisis
, 194

renewable energy utilization, current status of

in Brazil and hydropower
, 203–204

India
, 202–203

renewables promote world energy development

biomass energy
, 200

distributed generation system
, 200

distribution of
, 197

eliminate energy poverty in Asia
, 200–202

ethanol-based bioenergy
, 200

hydropower, in asian energy poverty alleviation
, 197–198

solar energy development
, 199–200

wind power, energy access in Europe
, 198–199

safeguard energy security
, 194–195

traditional energy substitution
, 196

World Renewable Energy Development
, 4

Xinjiang power grid
, 261–262

Yellow River and Yangtze River
, 103–106

Yunnan’s EP comprehensive index
, 118