References

Abdel Naem (1985) Abdel Naem, S. (1985). Moslimo Turkistan wa al-ghazw al-Sofyetti min khilal al-tarikh wal adab (Turkistan’s Muslims and the Soviet invasion in history and literature). Cairo: Dar Al-Ta’awan lil Taba’a wal Nashr.

Acemoglu & Robinson (2006) Acemoglu, D. , & Robinson, J. A. (2006). Economic origins of dictatorship and democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Al-Dirawi (1776) Adam Smith (1776). An Inquiry into the Nation and Cause of the Wealth of Nation. Glasgow Edition, Book IV.

Al-Dirawi (1990) Al-Dirawi, O. (1990). Al-Harb Al-A’alamaya Al-Olaa (World War I). Beirut: Dar Al-Aalm lil-Malayien.

Atkinson & Morelli (2014) Atkinson, A. B. , & Morelli, S. (2014). Chartbook of economic inequality – Economic inequality over the long run. Retrieved from http://www.chartbookofeconomicinequality.com; internet. Accessed on May 1, 2015.

Avineri (1967) Avineri, S. (1967). Marx and the intellectuals. Journal of the History of Ideas, 28(2), 269–278. (Apr. - Jun.): University of Pennsylvania Press.: Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/2708422; internet. Accessed on June 28, 2008.

Baier, Dwyer, & Tamura (2006) Baier, S. , Dwyer, G. P. , & Tamura, R. (2006). How important are capital and total factor productivity for economic growth? Economic Inquiry, 44(1), 23–49.

Bakunin (1872) Bakunin, M. (1872). “On the International Workingmen’s Association and Karl Marx.” in Sam Dolgoff (1971) (edt.) Bakunin on Anarchy. Retrieved from https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/bakunin/works/1872/karl-marx.htm; internet. Accessed on August 11, 2016.

Bakunin (1873) Bakunin, M. (1873). “Critique of the Marxist theory of the State,” in Sam Dolgoff (1971) (edt.) Bakunin on Anarchy. Retrieved from https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/bakunin/works/1873/statism-anarchy.htm#s1; internet. Accessed on August 11, 2016.

Balderston (2002) Balderston, T. (2002). Economics and politics in the Weimar Republic. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Banks (1927-1944) Banks, A. (1927-1944). Political handbook of the world: governments and intergovernmental organizations. USA: Center for Education and Social Research of the State University of New York.

Barro (2003) Barro, R. (2003). Religious adherence data. Retrieved from http://scholar.harvard.edu/barro/publications/religion-adherence-data; internet. Accessed on May 1, 2015.

Bawden (1968) Bawden, C. R. (1968). The modern history of Mongolia. New York, NY: Frederick A. Praeger.

Beck, Emilia, Morris, & Patterson (1986) Beck, C. A. , Emilia, R. , Morris, L. , & Patterson, O. (1986). Strike one to educate one hundred: The rise of the Red Brigades in Italy in the 1960s-1970s. A Seeds Beneath the Snow Publication. Retrieved from http://www.kersplebedeb.com/mystuff/italy/strike_one.html. Accessed on 01.07.2017.

Beck (1998) Beck, H. (1998). Working class politics at the crossroads of conservatism, liberalism and socialism. In D. Barclay & E. Weitz (Eds.), Between reform and revolution: German socialism and communism from 1840 to 1990. New York, NY: Berghahn Books.

Beer (1957) Beer, M. (1957). The general history of socialism and social struggles. New York, NY: Russell & Russell.

Bell (1976) Bell, D. (1976). The cultural contradictions of capitalism. New York, NY: Basic Books.

Benson (1990) Benson, I. (1990). Russia 1917-1918: A key to the riddle of an age of conflict. The Journal for Historical Review, 10(3), 323–352. Retrieved from http://www.ihr.org/jhr/v10/v10p323_Benson.html; internet. Accessed on June 3, 2007.

Berend (2013) Berend, I. (2013). An economic history of nineteenth century Europe: Diversity and industrialization. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Berger (2000) Berger, S. (2000). Social democracy and the working class in nineteenth and twentieth century Germany. Harlow, UK: Longman, Pearson Education Limited.

Berman (1998) Berman, S. (1998). Path dependency and political action: Reexamining responses to the depression. Comparative Politics, 30(4), 379–400.

Bernhardt (1992) Bernhardt, K. (1992). Rents, taxes, and peasant resistance: the lower Yangzi region, 1840-1950. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

Bilbao (2000) Bilbao, P. C. (2000). Bolivia: el Senado Nacional (album): bosquejo histórico parlamentario, 1825-1925 (pp. 222–224). Biblioteca del H: Congreso Nacional.

Box, Zira, and Ismael Saz (2011) Box, Z. & Saz, I. (2011). “Spanish Fascism as a Political Religion (1931–1941).”. Politics, Religion & Ideology, 12(4), 371–389.

Brooks (1992) Brooks, J. (1992). Readers and reading at the end of the Tsarist Era. In D. Orlovsky (Ed.), Social and economic history of prerevolutionary Russia. New York, NY: Garland Publishing, Inc.

Buffington & French (2010) Buffington, R. M. , & French, W. E. (2010). The culture of modernity. In W. H. Beezley & M. C. Meyer (Eds.), The Oxford history of Mexico (pp. 373–406). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

Burg (1990) Burg, S. L. (1990). The Soviet Union: Politics and society in flux. In R. C. Macridis (Ed.), Modern political systems: Europe (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, Inc.

Busky (2000) Busky, D. F. (2000). Democratic socialism: A global survey. London: Praeger.

Campante & Chor (2012) Campante, F. R. , & Chor, D. (2012). Why the Arab world poised for revolution? Schooling, economic opportunities and the Arab Spring. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 26(2), 167–187.

Chang (1969) Chang, J. K. (1969). Industrial development in pre-Communist China: 1912-1949. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

Chen (1986) Chen, Y.-F. (1986). Making revolution: The Communist Movement in Eastern and Central China, 1937-1945 (Vol. 1). Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

CIA CIA . The World Factbook. Retrieved from https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/; internet. Accessed on July 11, 2017.

Clark, Martin, and David Hine (1980) Clark, M. , & Hine, D. (1980). The Italian Communist Party: Between Leninism and Social Democracy? In D. Childs (Ed.), The Changing Face of Western Communism, London: Croom Helm, 112–146.

Comin & Hohijn (2004) Comin, D. , & Hohijn, B. (2004). Cross-country technological adoption: Making the theories face the facts. Journal of Monetary Economics, 51(1), 39–83.

Conquest (1972) Conquest, R. (1972). Lenin. London: Fontana.

Cornelius (1969) Cornelius, W. A. (1969). Urbanization as an agent in Latin American political instability: The case of Mexico. The American Political Science Review, 63(3), 833–857.

Crew (1998) Crew, D. F. (1998). A social republic? Social Democrats, Communists, and the Weimar Welfare State, 1919 to 1933. In D. Barclay & E. Weitz (Eds.), Between reform and revolution: German Socialism and Communism from 1840 to 1990. New York, NY: Berghahn Books.

Deak (1968) Deak, I. (1968). Budapest and the Hungarian Revolution 1918–1919. The Slavonic and East European Review, 46(106), 129–140.

Dickinson (2000) Dickinson, A. (2000). Quantifying religious oppression: Russian Orthodox Church closures and repression of priests 1917–41. Religion, State & Society, 28(4), 327–335.

Drachkovitch & Lazitch (1966) Drachkovitch, M. , & Lazitch, B. (1966). The Communist International. In M. M. Drachkovitch (Ed.), The revolutionary internationals (1864-1943) (pp. 159–202). Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Publications, Stanford University Press.

Duch & Stevenson (2008) Duch, R. M. , & Stevenson, R. T. (2008). The economic vote: How political and economic institutions condition election results. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

Eklof (1992) Eklof, B. (1992). Peasant sloth reconsidered: Strategies of education and learning in rural Russia before the revolution. In D. Orlovsky (Ed.), Social and economic history of prerevolutionary Russia. New York, NY: Garland publishing, Inc.

Elties (2000) Elties, D. (2000). The rise of African slavery in the Americas. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

Encyclopedia Americana (1994) (1994). Danbury, Conn.: Grolier Incorporated.

Encyclopedia Britannica Retrieved from: www.britannica.com; internet.

Engels (1993) Engels, F. (1993). The condition of the working class in England. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Evans (1993) Evans, A. (1993). Soviet Marxism-Leninism: The decline of an ideology. Westport, CT: Praeger.

Fairbank, John King and Merle Goldman (2006) Fairbank, J. K. & Goldman, M. (2006). China: A new history, 2nd enlarged edition, London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.

Femia (2007) Femia, J. (2007). Western Marxism. In D. Glaser & D. M. Walker (Eds.), Twentieth Century Marxism: A global introduction. London and New York: Routledge.

Flora, Kraus, & Pfenning (1987) Flora, P. , F. Kraus , & W. Pfenning (1987). State, Economy, and the society in Western Europe (1815-1975): A data handbook in two volumes. Frankfurt: Campus Verlag.

Fried (1967) Fried, R. (1967). Urbanization and Italian politics. Journal of Politics, 29, 509–530.

Fukuyama (1989) Fukuyama, F. (1989). The end of history. The National Interest, 16, 3–18.

Fukuyama (1995) Fukuyama, F. (1995). Trust: The social virtues and the creation of prosperity. New York, NY: Free Press.

Galenson (1952) Galenson, W. (1952). Scandinavia. In W. Galenson (Ed.), Comparative labor movements. New York, NY: Prentice-Hall.

Gawthrop (1987) Gawthrop, R. (1987). Literacy drives in preindustrial Germany. In R. F. Arnove & H. J. Graff (Eds.), National literacy campaigns: Historical and comparative perspectives. USA: Springer Science & Business Media.

Gottlieb (1992) Gottlieb, R. S. (1992). Marxism 1844-1990: Origins, betrayal, rebirth. London: Routledge.

Grant (2006) Grant, T. (2006). The Spanish Revolution 1931-1937. Retrieved from http://www.marxist.com/spanish-revolution-1931-37.htm; internet. Accessed on August 30, 2016.

Gunther & Diamond (2003) Gunther, R. , & Diamond, L. (2003). Species of political parties: A new typology. Party Politics, 9(2), 167–199.

Hargreaves (2007) Hargreaves, S. (2007). The Second World War’s brutal prelude. Institute of Public Affairs Review, 59(2), 45.

Hart (2010) Hart, J. M. (2010). The Mexican Revolution (1910-1920). In W. H. Beezley & M. C. Meyer (Eds.), The Oxford history of Mexico. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Hartz (1955) Hartz, L. (1955). The liberal tradition in America. New York, NY: Harcourt, Brace and World.

Hippe & Baten (2012) Hippe, R. , & Baten, J. (2012). Regional inequality in human capital formation in Europe (1790-1880). Scandinavian Economic History Review, 60(3), 254–289.

Hoare & Smith (1972) Hoare, Q. , & Smith, G. N. (1972). Selections from the Prison Notebooks of Antonio Gramsci. New York, NY: International Publishers.

Hofstede (1980) Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture and organizations. International Studies of Management and Organization, 10(4), 15–41. Organizations and Societies (Winter 1980/1981).

Inglehart & Baker (2000) Inglehart, R. , & Baker, W. E. (2000). Modernization, cultural change, and the persistence of traditional values. American Sociological Review, 65, 1.

Isaacs (1973) Isaacs, J. (1973). The world at war. London: Thames Television.

Jenkins & Brents (1989) Jenkins, J. C. , & Brents, B. G. (1989). Social protest, hegemonic competition, and social reform: A political struggle interpretation of the origins of the American welfare state. American Sociological Review, 891–909.

Johnson (1962) Johnson, C. (1962). Peasant nationalism and Communist power: the emergence of revolutionary China 1937–1945. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

Karday (2004) Karday, V. (2004). The Jews of Europe in the modern era: A socio-historical outline. New York, NY: Central European University Press.

Kautsky (1905) Kautsky, K. (1905). To what extent is the Communist manifesto obsolete?, Social Democrat 9. Retrieved from http://www.marxists.org/archive/kautsky/1904/xx/manifesto.htm; internet. Accessed on February 10, 2005.

Kautsky (1913) Kautsky, K. (1913). The social revolution. Chicago, IL: Kerr.

Kautsky (1946) Kautsky, K. (1946). Social democracy versus communism. USA: Rand School Press.

Kemp (1985) Kemp, T. (1985). Industrialization in nineteenth century Germany (2nd ed.). Harlow: Longman Group Limited.

Kenez (1999) Kenez, P. (1999). A history of the Soviet Union from the beginning to the end. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Keylor (1996) Keylor, W. (1996). The twentieth century world: An international history. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Kolakowski (1978) Kolakowski, L. (1978). Main currents of Marxism (Vol. 3). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Kuznets (1953) Kuznets, S. (1953). Shares of upper income groups in income and savings. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.

La Porta, Lopez-de-Silanes, Shleifer, & Vishny (1997) La Porta, R. , Lopez-de-Silanes, F. , Shleifer, A. , & Vishny, R. (1997). Trust in large organizations. American Economic Review Papers and Proceedings, 87(2).

Landaner (1966) Landaner, C. (1966). Social democracy. In M. M. Drachkovitch (Ed.), The revolutionary internationals (1864-1943) (pp. 128–155). Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Publications, Stanford University Press.

Lattimore & Sh. Nachukdorji (1955) Lattimore, O. , & Sh. Nachukdorji (1955). Nationalism and revolution in Mongolia. Leiden: Brill Archive.

Lenin (1902) Lenin, V. (1902). What is to be done? Burning questions of our movement (Vol. 1, pp. 119–271). Lenin Selected Works. Retrieved from http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/download/what-itd.pdf; internet. Accessed on May 15, 2016.

Lenin (1907) Lenin, V. (1907). Preface to the Russian Translation of Letters by Johannes Becker, Joseph Dietzgen, Frederick Engels, Karl Marx, and Others to Friedrich Sorge and Others. In Letters by Johannes Becker, Joseph Dietzgen, Frederick Engels, Karl Marx, and Others to Friedrich Sorge and Others. St. Petersburg: P. G. Dauge. Retrieved from https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1907/apr/06.htm; internet. Accessed on July 25, 2016.

Lenin (1918) Lenin, V. (1918). The state and revolution (Vol. 25, pp. 381–492). Collected Works. Retrieved from http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1917/staterev/index.htm; internet. Accessed on August 30, 2009.

Lenin (1963) Lenin, V. (1963). Imperialism the highest stage of capitalism (Vol. 1, pp. 667–766). Moscow: Lenin’s Selected Works, Progress Publishers. Retrieved from https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1916/imp-hsc/index.htm; internet. Accessed September 1, 2016.

Lenin (1964) Lenin, V. (1964). Introduction to the Resolutions of the Seventh (April) All-Russia Conference of the R.S.D.L.P.(B.). Lenin Collected Works, Volume 24 (Moscow: Progress Publishers): 314-317. Retrieved from http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1917/may/03.htm; internet. Accessed on July 12, 2007.

Lever (1993) Lever, J. (1993). Joseph Stalin: from revolutionary to despot. London: Hodder & Stoughton.

Lewis (1983) Lewis, J. (1983). Red Vienna: Socialism in one city, 1918-1927. European Studies Review, 13(3), 335–352.

Lichtheim (1964) Lichtheim, G. (1964). Marxism: An historical and critical study. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.

Linz (1981) Linz, J. (1981). A century of politics and interests in Spain. In S. Berger (Ed.), Organizing interests in Western Europe. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

Lipset (1963) Lipset, S. M. (1963). Political man. Garden City, NY: Anchor Books.

Lipset (1977) Lipset, S. M. (1977). Why no socialism in the United States? In S. Bialer & S. Sluzar (Eds.), Sources of contemporary radicalism. Boulder, CO: Westview.

Lipset (1984) Lipset, S. M. (1984). Radicalism or reformism: The sources of working class politics. In S. M. Lipset (Ed.), Consensus and conflict: Essays in political sociology. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books.

Low (1963) Low, A. (1963). The Soviet Hungarian Republic and the Paris Peace Conference. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, New Series 53, No. 10. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society.

Luxembourg (1925) Luxembourg, R. (1925). The mass strike, the political party and the trade unions. USA: Marxist Educational Society of Detroit.

Luxembourg (1934) Luxembourg, R. (1934). Organizational questions of the Russian Social Democracy: Leninism or Marxism? USA: Integer Press.

Luxembourg (1937) Luxembourg, R. (1937). Reform or revolution. New York, NY: Three Arrows Press.

Luxembourg (1951) Luxembourg, R. (1951). The accumulation of capital. W. Dr. Stark (Ed.), London: Routledge and Kegan Paul Ltd.

Luxembourg (1961) Luxembourg, R. (1961). The Russian Revolution and Leninism or Marxism? Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.

Mackie & Rose (1974) Mackie, T. T. , & Rose, R. (1974). The International Almanac of Electoral History. London: Macmillan.

Macridis (1990) Macridis, R. C. (1990). Modern political systems: Europe (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, inc.

Maddox (1977) Maddox, R. J. (1977). The unknown war with Russia, Wilson’s Siberian intervention. San Rafael, CA: Presidio Press.

Mann (1993) Mann, M. (1993). The sources of social power Volume II: The rise of classes and nation states 1760–1914. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Mann (2012) Mann, M. (2012). The sources of social power Volume III: Global empires and revolution 1890–1945. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Marx (1867) Marx, K. (1867). Capital: A critique of political economy, volume I.Retrieved from https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/download/pdf/Capital-Volume-I.pdf. Accessed on 01.07.2017.

Marx & Engels (1969) Marx, K. , & Engels, F. (1969). Manifesto of the Communist Party. Marx/Engels Selected Works, Volume One, Progress Publishers, Moscow, USSR: 98-137. Retrieved from http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/download/manifest.pdf; internet. Accessed on August 17, 2009.

Marxists Internet Archive Marxists Internet Archive . “Luxemburg, Rosa 1871-1919”. Retrieved from http://www.marxists.org/glossary/people/l/u.htm#luxemburg-rosa; internet. Accessed on August 9, 2016.

McLellan (1979) McLellan, D. (1979). Marxism after Marx: An introduction. New York, NY: Harper & Row Publishers.

Milenkovitch, Michael (1983) Milenkovitch, M. (1983). Olga A. Narkiewicz. Marxism and the Reality of Power, 1919–1980. The American Historical Review, 88(2), 363–364.

Montevideo-Oxford Latin American Economic History Data Base Montevideo-Oxford Latin American Economic History Data Base . Retrieved from http://moxlad.fcs.edu.uy/; internet. Accessed on May 1, 2015.

Moorehead (1958) Moorehead, A. (1958). The Russian Revolution. New York, NY: Harper.

Narkiewicz (1981) Narkiewicz, O. A. (1981). Marxism and the reality of power 1919–1980. New York, NY: St. Martin’s Press.

Nohlen (1969) Nohlen, D. (1969). In Sternberger, Dolf, and Bernhard Vogel. Die Wahl der Parlamente und anderer Staatsorgane: Europa. 1.-2. Halbbd. Vol. 1. Berlin/New York: de Gruyter.

Nohlen (2005a) Nohlen, D. (2005a). Elections in the Americas: A data handbook, Volume 1 (North America, Central America, and the Caribbean). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Nohlen (2005b) Nohlen, D. (2005b). Elections in the Americas. A data handbook: South America. 2 vols. (Vol. 2), Elections Worldwide. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Nohlen & Stoever (2010) Nohlen, D. , & Stoever, P. (2010). Elections in Europe: A data handbook. Baden-Baden, Germany: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft.

Number of authors (1992) Number of authors . (1992). Al-nar wa al-galeed: Al-imbratoraya al-hamra’a min al-mahd ila al-lahd (Fire and snow: The Red Empire from birth to coffin). Dar Al-Hossam lil-Taba’a wa al-nashr wa al-tawzi’e.

Offermann (1998) Offermann, T. (1998). The Lassallean Labor Movement in Germany: Organization, social structure, and associational life in the 1860s. In D. Barclay & E. Weitz (Eds.), Between reform and revolution: German Socialism and Communism from 1840 to 1990. New York, NY: Berghahn Books.

Orwell (1937) Orwell, G. (1937). Spilling the Spanish Beans. New English Weekly, July & September. Retrieved from http://www.netcharles.com/orwell/essays/spanishbeans.htm. Accessed on July 9, 2008.

Page (2006) Page, S. (2006). Path dependence. Quarterly Journal of Political Science, 1, 87–115.

Payne (1995) Payne, S. G. (1995). A history of Fascism 1941-1945. London: UCL Press.

Perkins (1975) Perkins, D. (Ed.). (1975). China’s modern economy in historical perspective. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

Piketty (2013) Piketty, T. (2013). Capital in the twenty-first century. Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.

Pipes (1991) Pipes, R. (1991). The Russian Revolution. New York, NY: Vintage Books.

Pochoshajew (2007) Pochoshajew, I. (2007). Perspectives on the Russian Orthodox Church in Soviet times. Religion in Eastern Europe, 27(1), 20–34.

Polity IV Project: Political Regime Characteristics and Transitions, 1800-2013 Retrieved from http://www.systemicpeace.org/polity/polity4.htm; internet. Accessed on May 2, 2015.

Portes (1971a) Portes, A. (1971a). Urbanization and politics in Latin America. Social Science Quarterly, 52(3), 697.

Portes (1971b) Portes, A. (1971b). Political primitivism, differential socialization, and lower-class leftist radicalism. American Sociological Review, 36(5) 820–835.

Possony (1966) Possony, S. T. (1966). The Comintern as an instrument of Soviet strategy. In M. M. Drachkovitch (Ed.), The revolutionary internationals (1864-1943) (pp. 203–222). Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Publications, Stanford University Press.

Przeworski (1980) Przeworski, A. (1980). Social democracy as a historical phenomenon. New Left Review I/122, 27.

Putnam (1993) Putnam, R. (1993). Making democracy work: Civic traditions in modern Italy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Rauch (1957) Rauch, G. V. (1957). A history of Soviet Russia. New York, NY: F.A. Praeger.

Richards (2002) Richards, A. (2002). Explaining the appeal of Islamic Radicals. Center for Global, international and regional studies UC Santa Cruz working papers. University of California, USA.

Rokkan (1981) Rokkan, S. (1981). The growth and structuring of mass politics. In E. Allardt et al. (Ed.), Nordic Democracy. Copenhagen: Danske Selskab.

Rossabi (2005) Rossabi, M. (2005). Modern Mongolia: From Khans to Commissars to Capitalism. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

Roth (1998) Roth, R. (1998). Buerger and workers: Liberalism and the labor movement in Germany, 1848 to 1914. In D. Barclay & E. Weitz (Eds.). Between reform and revolution: German Socialism and Communism from 1840 to 1990. New York, NY: Berghahn Books.

Sabry (2009) Sabry, M. I. (2009). Al-saraa al-ideology fi al-qarn al-aashreen: al-shoyoaya fi mowagahat al-raasmalyaa (The ideological struggle in the 20th Century: Communism’s confrontation with Capitalism). Cairo: Dar Al-Ahmady.

Sandle (2007) Sandle, M. (2007). Soviet and Eastern bloc Marxism. In D. Glaser & D. M. Walker (Eds.), Twentieth century Marxism: A global introduction. London: Routledge.

Sassoon (1996) Sassoon, D. (1996). One hundred years of socialism: The West European Left in the Twentieth Century. London: I.B.Tauris Publishers.

Service (1998) Service, R. (1998). A history of twentieth century Russia. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Seton-Watson (1963) Seton-Watson, H. (1963). From Lenin to Khrushchev: The history of World Communism. New York, NY: Praeger.

Smele (2011) Smele, J. (2011). War and Revolution in Russia 1914-1921. BBC History. Retrieved from http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwone/eastern_front_01.shtml; internet. Accessed on September 1, 2016.

Soares (1964) Soares, G. (1964). The political sociology of uneven development in Brazil. In I. L. Horowitz (Ed.), Revolution in Brazil. New York, NY: Dutton.

Sperber (1998) Sperber, J. (1998). The Social Democratic electorate in Imperial Germany. In D. Barclay & E. Weitz (Eds.), Between reform and revolution: German Socialism and Communism from 1840 to 1990. New York, NY: Berghahn Books.

Strakhovsky (1944) Strakhovsky, L. (1944). Intervention in Archangel: The story of Allied intervention and Russian Counter-Revolution in North Russia 1918-1920. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Tannahill (1978) Tannahill, R. N. (1978). The Communist parties of Western Europe: A comparative study. London: Greenwood Press.

Thatcher (2007) Thatcher, I. D. (2007). Left Communism, Rosa Luxembourg and Leon Trotsky compared. In D. Glaser & D. M. Walker (Eds.), Twentieth century Marxism: A global introduction. London: Routledge.

The Maddison-Project (2013) The Maddison-Project . http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/home.htm; internet, 2013 version.

Tingsten (1973) Tingsten, H. (1973). The Swedish Social Democrats: Their ideological development. Totowa, NJ: Bedminister Press.

Tipton (2003) Tipton, F. B. (2003). A history of Modern Germany since 1815. London: Continuum.

Toma (1958) Toma, P. (1958). The Slovak Soviet Republic of 1919. American Slavic and East European Review 17(2), 203–215.

Townshend (2007) Townshend, J. (2007). Right-Wing Marxism. In D. Glaser & D. M. Walker (Eds.), Twentieth century Marxism: A global introduction. London: Routledge.

Trotsky (1904) Trotsky, L. (1904). Our political tasks. London: New Park Publications.

Trotsky (1931) Trotsky, L. (1931). Permanent revolution& results and prospects. Retrieved from www.marxists.org/archive/Trotsky/index.htm; internet. Accessed on February 10, 2005.

Trotsky (1937) Trotsky, L. (1937). The Revolution betrayed: What is the Soviet Union and where is it going? Retrieved from https://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1936/revbet/; internet. Accessed on July 28, 2016.

Trotsky (1959) Trotsky, L. (1959). The Russian Revolution: The overthrow of Tzarism and the triumph of the soviets. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.

Tung (1937) Tung, M. T. (1937). On Guerrilla Warfare. Selected works of Mao Tse Tung, vol. IX. Retrieved from http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/works/1937/guerrilla-warfare/index.htm; internet. Accessed on March 27, 2008.

Urdal (2006) Urdal, H. (2006). A clash of generations? Youth bulges and political violence. International Studies Quarterly, 50(3), 607–629.

Vasilyev (1993) Vasilyev, A. (1993). Russia in the Near and Middle East: From Messianism to Pragmatism. Ithaca: Ithaca Press.

Vera Bustillos & Barrios (1996) Vera Bustillos, J. , & C. P. Barrios (1996). Hechos y registros de la Revolución Nacional (1939-1946). La Paz, Bolivia: La Palabra.

Villegas et al. (1985) Villegas, D. , Bernal, I. , Toscano, A. , Gonzalez, L. , Blanquel, E. , & Meyer, L. (1985). A compact history of Mexico (Second edition (in English)). El-Colegio de Mexico.

Wade (2000) Wade, R. A. (2000). The Russian Revolution, 1917. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Walker & Gray (2007) Walker, D. , & Gray, D. (2007). Historical dictionary of Marxism. Lanham: The Scarecrow Press, Inc.

Walsh (1958) Walsh, W. B. (1958). Russia and the Soviet Union: A modern history. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press.

Weber (1946) Weber, M. (1946). In H. H. Gerth & C. Wright Mills (Eds.), Essays in sociology. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Weber (1994) Weber, M. (1994). The Jewish Role in the Bolshevik Revolution and Russia’s Early Soviet Regime. The Journal for Historical Review, 14(1), 4. January/February. Retrieved from http://www.ihr.org/jhr/v14/v14n1p-4_Weber.html; internet. Accessed on June 3, 2007.

Weitz (1998) Weitz, E. (1998). Communism and the public spheres of Weimar Germany. In D. Barclay & E. Weitz (Eds.), Between reform and revolution: German Socialism and Communism from 1840 to 1990. New York, NY: Berghahn Books.

Wende (2005) Wende, P. (2005). A history of Germany. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.

Westwood (1993) Westwood, J. N. (1993). Endurance and endeavour: Russian history 1812-1992. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Wheen (2007) Wheen, F. (2007). Marx’s Das Kapital: A Biography (translated to Arabic by: Tha’er Dib). Saudia Arabia: Al-Ubaikan.

Wolfe (1955) Wolfe, D. (1955). Three who made a revolution: A biographical history. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.

Yaney (1992) Yaney, G. (1992). The context of the Stolypin Land Reform. In D. Orlovsky (Ed.), Social and economic history of prerevolutionary Russia. New York, NY: Garland Publishing, Inc.