Index
Francesca Comunello
(LUMSA University, Rome, Italy)
Simone Mulargia
(Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy)
Social Media in Earthquake-Related Communication
ISBN: 978-1-78714-792-8, eISBN: 978-1-78714-791-1
Publication date: 31 July 2018
This content is currently only available as a PDF
Citation
Comunello, F. and Mulargia, S. (2018), "Index", Social Media in Earthquake-Related Communication, Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. 183-196. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-78714-791-120181008
Publisher
:Emerald Publishing Limited
Copyright © 2018 Emerald Publishing Limited
INDEX
Access issues
, 53
Accuracy
, 53, 57, 139
Accurate filtering
, 50n2
Actancial model
, 32
Active content creators
, 109, 131, 158, 159
Active survivor
model
, 3, 84
paradigm
, 151
perspective
, 153
Active-audience theories
, 45
Activism
, 90, 96, 103, 112
citizen
, 159
digital
, 105
online
, 107
political
, 83
Administrative cost
, 128–129
Advisory tweet
, 9, 10
Age of population
, 30
Agency’s communication
, 32
‘Alt-Left’ movements
, 132
‘Alt-Right’ movements
, 132
Alternative media ecosystem
, 132
‘Alternative’ theories
, 133
Ambiguous attitude
, 50
American Red Cross
, 66, 100, 119, 125
Attention
, 7, 41, 105
to audiences
, 45
to dialogue
, 154
public
, 10
systematic
, 155
Attention, Interest, Desire, Action (AIDA model)
, 41
Attitude
, 67, 86, 158
broadcasting
, 127
controversial
, 16
of interviewees
, 22
positive
, 13
social
, 51
Audience demographic perspectives
, 55, 86
Audience-centric approaches
, 123–124
to crisis/disaster communication
, 85–88
Audience-oriented approach
, 83
Audiences
, 82, 86
citizens as
, 46–53
studies
, 84, 112, 155
Automated natural language processing
, 58
Automatic. See Automatico
Automatic methods
, 139
Automatic processing
, 141
Automatico
, 62
Bar-chart
, 38
Barriers
, 24–26
to collecting information through social media
, 147
to dissemination of information by social media
, 30
to gathering information from social media
, 141–149
limitations and barriers to social media adoption
, 12–14
Behaviour
, 6, 7, 45, 54, 67, 70–71, 100
citizens needs and
, 46–49
communication
, 119
user communicative
, 96
Behavioural response
, 47
Benchmarking process
, 62
Bio box
, 39, 43
Black-or-white approach
, 16
Blog
, 11
Blood pressure
, 42
Borkin’s model
, 42
Bottom-up communication practices
, 105, 108–110
Bottom-up information
, 114
activities performed through social media
, 145
automated techniques to overcome misleading content and information overload
, 138–141
barriers to collecting information through social media
, 147
barriers to gathering information from social media
, 141–149
broadcasting attitude
, 127–128
citizen-generated information
, 124–125
citizen-generated information and situational awareness
, 134–138
to digital volunteers
, 81–121
emergency services
, 125–127
networked model
, 123–124
perceived usefulness of different technological features
, 148
from social media
, 123
social media barriers for gathering information
, 128–134
See also Top-down information
Bottom-up information sharing
, 157
Bottom-up process
, 1, 2, 81
Breakout
, 39, 43
Brochures
, 21
Cause–effect nexus
, 38–39
Central-level institutions
, 156
Centro Italia’ 2016 seismic sequence
, 133
Channel effect
, 54
Citizen(s)
, 84, 161
activism
, 159
as audiences
, 1, 46
citizen-generated information
, 121, 123, 124–125, 129, 134–138
communication
, 45–46
Italian National Survey on users information-seeking practices
, 66–79
needs and behaviour
, 46–49
quali-quantitative study on user comprehension of earthquake-related tweets
, 57–66
redefinition of communication model
, 53–57
relational networks
, 45
for top-down information
, 49–53
Civic agency
, 91
Closures tweet
, 9
Co-creational framework
, 87
Co-production landscape
, 127
Collaborative reporting system
, 106
Collective coping strategies
, 87, 96, 108
Collective sensemaking
, 96
Colorado Flash Floods (2013)
, 11
Command and control model
, 3, 84, 126, 153
Common-based peer production
, 93
Common/technical language
, 61
Communication
, 7, 20, 48–49
channels
, 20
dynamics
, 3
with personal networks
, 96
practice
, 52
process
, 124, 159
redefinition of communication model
, 53–57
research
, 151
scientific information within digital media environment
, 14–17
theory
, 45
See also Crisis communication
Communicative activation
, 73
Communicative ecosystem
, 15
of Italian Internet
, 73–74
Communicative environment
, 17, 121
Communicative processes
, 81
Community-based phenomena
, 84–85
Community-centric event
, 85
Complex social agents
, 136–137
Computational methods
, 139
Confidence gap
, 17
‘Connected action’ framework to participatory cultures
, 90–93
Consolidation
, 14
Conspiracy theories
, 132, 133
Constraint recognition
, 86
Contemporary media ecologies
, 131
Contemporary societies
, 89
Convenience
, 97
Convergence culture
, 85
Conversation-monitoring tools
, 26
Conversational microstructure elements
, 9
Conversational nature of social media
, 5
Convincing theoretical framework
, 55
Correction tweet
, 9
Crafting of effective warnings message
, 6, 14, 53, 57, 153
Crisis communication
, 3, 49, 50n1, 81, 84, 152, 155
scholars
, 84
theory
, 98
See also Communication
Crisis informatics
, 3, 81–82
Crisis/disaster communication
audience-centric approaches to
, 85–88
theories
, 83
Crowdmaps
, 103
Crowdsourcing
, 92–93, 124–125, 140–141
Cultural considerations
, 3, 129, 130
Culture
convergence
, 85
of individualism
, 89
participatory
, 92
‘Culture, value and norms perspective’
, 55, 86
Dati preliminari
, 62
Deficit model
, 15
Diagrams
, 43
Dialogic communication theory
, 87
Digital divide
, 52, 53
Digital environment
, 86, 93, 108
Digital journalism
, 37
Digital literacy
, 52, 53
Digital media
, 21, 85, 91, 92, 151
communicating scientific information within digital media environment
, 14–17
ecosystem
, 105
networks
, 92
platforms
, 105, 110
See also Social media
Digital mourning
, 108
Digital skills
, 52, 53
Digital volunteering
, 83, 90
Digital volunteers
, 87, 98, 107
activities
, 106
bottom-up information to
, 81–121
practices of
, 110
Digitalisation
, 15
Disaster
, 47, 49, 138, 139
disaster-related content
, 103
magnitude determination
, 97
management
, 47, 126
media representation of
, 50n1
reasons for not using social media in
, 52–53
research
, 152
title hashtag
, 138
types
, 101–102
See also Earthquakes
Disaster communication
, 49, 81, 92, 151–153
scholarship
, 93–94
social media platforms in
, 110–112
Discrete crisis-related-affect perspectives
, 87
Discursive/schematic format
, 61
Disinformation
, 17, 23, 131
Disinformation propagated through misinformation
, 131
Disintermediation process
, 15, 91
Disseminating effective warning messages
, 6–7
Earthquake Alert and Report System (EARS)
, 141
Earthquake operational forecasting (EOF)
, 102n1
Earthquake(s)
, 41, 47, 48, 102
early warning system
, 14n1
earthquake-related communication practices
, 14
earthquake-related domain
, 136
Italian citizens sharing practices in
, 118–121
magnitude
, 59
quali-quantitative study on user comprehension of earthquake-related tweets
, 57–66
Easiness effect
, 16
Echo chambers effect
, 17, 131
Effective warning
, 47
crafting
, 57, 66
disseminating effective warning messages
, 6–7
Effective warnings message
crafting of
, 6, 14, 53, 57, 153
Email
, 20, 105
Emergency
, 135
activities performed through social media
, 145
communication
, 152
communicators
, 130
management
, 84, 143
managers
, 22–23, 24, 130, 139
response hashtag
, 138
services
, 126
Emergency response hashtag
, 138
Emergency situations
, 137, 139, 160
analysis of institutions’ communicative practices
, 5–6
barriers to social media adoption
, 24
institutions communicative practices
, 7–11
study of people’s sense-giving processes
, 153
Emergent Norm Theory
, 53
Emilia 2012 seismic sequence, tweeting in
, 112–118
Emotional sharing to networked volunteers
, 95
bottom-up communication practices
, 108–110
information content
, 99
information producing and sharing
, 100–103
making sense of world through words
, 103–108
motivations for social media
, 96–97
review of relevant empirical studies
, 98–99
social media platforms in disaster communication
, 110–112
top-down communication
, 95–96
Emotional support
, 87
finding
, 96, 97
Emotions
, 107–108
emotion-driven perspective
, 87
prevailing
, 117–118
publics
, 87
Empowerment
, 91
Engagement
, 91
Enthusiasm
, 13
Esoteric community
, 16
Evacuation tweet
, 9
Event
, 43, 51
Execution
, 65
Eyewitness
information production
, 100
tweets
, 135
Face-to-face communication
, 48, 90
Facebook
, 1, 11, 20, 21, 58, 103, 112, 143, 144
Fake news
, 129
False information
, 130
Feelings
, 107–108
Fema
, 43
Filter bubbles
, 17
‘First-hand information’ tweets
, 118
Flow charts
, 41, 43
Fly-sheets
, 21
Forecasting
, 65
earthquake
, 63n5
Formal skills
, 52–53
Fragmentation
, 18
Free-source software development
, 93
Fukushima nuclear reactor crisis
, 54
Functionalistic approach
, 96
Geo-localisation services
, 26
Geographic spread
, 138
Geolocalised tweets
, 113, 114
Geophysical agencies
, 31–32, 42
Geophysics
, 45–46
Google Docs
, 103
Google Plus
, 144
Grassroots
communication
, 94
communities
, 85
information filtering activities
, 58
Gratification approach
, 45, 56
‘Greimas’ theory
, 32, 33, 36
Haiti earthquake
, 58, 105–106, 113, 132–133
Hashtags
, 138
Hazard(s)
impact tweet
, 9
paradigm
, 152
warning
, 46
Human
intelligence
, 141
as sensors
, 82
Humour
, 52, 97
Hurricane Katrina
, 107
Hurricane Sandy (2012)
, 57
Hybrid communicative subjects
, 15
Hybrid crowdsensing
, 141
ICT
in emergency response
, 154
supported public participation
, 154
Inaccurate information
, 130
Incident Management Team (IMT)
, 11
Individual coping strategies
, 96
Individualism
culture
, 89
networked
, 88
Individualized collective actions
, 90
Influential social media creators
, 109
Infographics
, 37
formal definition and models
, 37–40
lack of interactivity
, 44
and pragmatic information
, 42–44
and scientific information
, 40–42
See also Social media; Twitter
Information
, 111
credibility
, 140
creator and propagator
, 130–131
forms
, 54
information-related citizen activities
, 83
information-seeking activities
, 45, 48–49
producing and sharing
, 100–103
seeking and sharing
, 96
sharing
, 2
skills
, 52, 53
tweet
, 9
Information gathering
, 2
practices
, 144
processes
, 100
and sharing
, 96
Information overload, automated techniques to overcome misleading content and
, 138–141
‘Informative’ messages
, 99
Instagram
, 20
Institutional communication
, 21
attention to behaviour and strategies
, 7
initiatives
, 46
practices
, 5
on social media
, 18–19
strategy
, 6, 32
Institutional messages
, 66
Institutionalisation
, 14
Institutions
, 21–22, 26, 130
communication objectives
, 56
communicative practices in emergency situations
, 7–11
European
, 10–11
Italian
, 19
scientific
, 15, 17
social media by
, 6
Instrumental approach
, 9
Integrated social media strategy
, 11
Interactivity, lack of
, 44
International time format (UTC)
, 64
Internet
, 131
revolution
, 88
studies
, 84, 93
Interpersonal communication channels
, 110
Interpersonal communication-related skills
, 52–53
Interpretations
, 86
Interviewees
, 20, 25
Involvement level
, 86
Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
, 15, 58, 133
geophysical agencies
, 31–32
presentation on website
, 32–34
quali-quantitative study on user comprehension of earthquake-related tweets
, 57–66
and USGS communication strategies on web
, 31
USGS presentation on website
, 34–36
Italian citizens sharing practices in earthquake
, 118–121
Italian civil protection system
, 19, 142
Italian Geophysical Agency. See Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
Italian local-level institutions social media
qualitative study
, 18–20
quantitative study
, 26–31
Italian National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology. See Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
Italian National Statistics Institution
, 141
Italian National Survey on users information-seeking practices
, 66–79
Italy, local-level emergency managers in
, 141–149
Japanese Meteorological Agency (JMA)
, 15, 33
Joint effects
, 55–56, 157
Knowledge
, 33
black-or-white approach to
, 16
communication of scientific
, 15
deficiencies
, 53
pragmatic
, 42
L’Aquila seismic sequence case
, 104
Language
, 20
common/technical
, 61
figurative
, 38
verbal
, 38
Large scale emergency response
, 154–155
Laypeople
, 16, 153
Legislative barriers
, 25
Levity
, 52, 97
Line-chart
, 38
Linear communication model
, 5, 151
Linear process
, 151
Local representatives for emergency management
, 23
Local-level emergency management
, 3
Local-level institutions
, 18, 21, 156
London Metropolitan Police Twitter communication
, 9
Macroseismic intensity data, earthquake-related domain
, 136
Mainstream platforms
, 68–69
Man-made disasters
, 15
Mass media system
, 129
Mayor
, 142
Media
ecological approach
, 94
organisations
, 58
representation of disasters
, 50n1
scholars
, 56
studies
, 83
Media ideologies
, 56, 111
from ‘connected action’ framework to
, 90–93
relating to idioms of practice
, 95
Mercedes crisis
, 54
Message
, 55–56
comprehension of institutional
, 56
encoding and decoding mass media
, 56
parsing brief and informal
, 136
text
, 72
warning
, 6
Meteorological Service Act
, 34
Military management processes
, 153
Milling
, 53, 101
e-milling
, 66, 153
process
, 153
Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (Mlit)
, 34
Misinformation
, 17, 130–134
propagated through disinformation
, 131
Misleading content, automated techniques to overcome
, 138–141
Misleading information
, 130–131
Monochromatic model
, 42
Multi-platform approach
, 103, 156
Narration
aspect
, 34
style
, 20, 23
Narrative Program
, 32–33, 36
‘Research’
, 35
Narratological model
, 32
Natural disaster(s)
, 15, 46, 81
infographics and
, 37–44
social media activity
, 95–112
Network society
, 90
Networked Crisis Communication Model (NCCM)
, 55, 86, 88
Networked environment
, 93
Networked individualism
, 88, 90
operating system
, 2, 89, 90, 155
Networked model
, 1, 2, 81–85, 123–124
activities performed through social media
, 145
audience-centric approaches to crisis/disaster communication
, 85–88
automated techniques
, 138–141
barriers to collecting information through social media
, 147
barriers to gathering information from social media
, 141–149
citizen-generated information and situational awareness
, 134–138
from ‘connected action’ framework to participatory cultures and ‘media ideologies’
, 90–93
from emotional sharing to networked volunteers
, 95–112
exploring affordances and constraints of social media platforms
, 93–95
Italian citizens sharing practices in earthquake
, 118–121
new social operating system
, 88–90
perceived usefulness of different technological features
, 148
social media barriers for gathering information
, 128–134
tweeting in Emilia 2012 seismic sequence
, 112–118
Networked sociability model
, 88
Networked volunteers, emotional sharing to
, 95–112
New social operating system
, 88–90
Nixle
, 11
Non-emergency information
, 138
‘Non-Firehose’ assessment
, 114n3
Non-informative phenomenon
, 139
Non-profit organisations
, 58
‘Not informative’ messages
, 99
Numeric code
, 65
Off-topic tweet
, 9, 10, 98, 99
‘On-topic’ tweets
, 98, 99
One-way information
, 83
Online communication networks
, 5
Online filtering algorithms
, 131
Online information sources
, 68
Open-peer production communities
, 92
Open-source software development
, 93
Operational skills
, 52, 53
Operators’ desiderata
, 26
Optimistic approach
, 16
Ordinary users
, 115
Organisation-based adverse events
, 85
Organisational barriers
, 25
‘Original tweet/retweet’ ratio
, 157–158
Participatory cultures
from ‘connected action’ framework to
, 90–93
literature on
, 108–109, 158
Passive audience
, 83, 151
People’s relational network
, 48
Personal interaction
, 131
Personal recommendations
, 97
Personal social networks
, 53
Personal/political communication
, 21
Physical proximity
, 48, 103
Polymedia
, 56, 95
Popularisation of science
, 16
Posters
, 21
Practical-professional
approach
, 25
attitude
, 22, 23, 24
narration style
, 20
Practices-sharing information
, 100
Pragmatic approach
, 36
Pragmatic information
, 42–44
Preliminare
, 62
Preliminary. See Preliminare
Preliminary data. See Dati preliminary
Preliminary estimate. See Stima preliminare
Privacy and security fears
, 53
Problem recognition
, 86
Process diagrams
, 41
Propagator
, 131
Provisional estimate. See Stima provvisoria
Pseudo-science
, 133
Public administrations
, 127
Public attention
, 10
Public communication
, 127, 128, 158
domain
, 158
literature
, 123, 124–125, 126
Public debate
, 6, 16, 17
Public Information Officers (PIO)
, 12
Public institutions
, 26, 33, 101, 104, 126, 127, 141–142, 163
Public participation
, 127
Public reporting hashtag
, 138
Public(s) coping strategy
, 87
Publics’ emotions and coping
, 87
Pure disinformation
, 131
Pure misinformation
, 131
Quali-quantitative approach
, 10
study on user comprehension of earthquake-related tweets
, 57–66
Qualitative study of Italian local-level institutions social media
, 18–20
Quantitative study of Italian local-level institutions social media
, 26–31
Quasi-Twitter celebrity
, 116
Queensland floods
, 98, 101
Rainbow scheme
, 42
Rational-Adaptive Model
, 47–48
Real-time nature of social media
, 49
‘Real’ world
, 106
Reception studies approach
, 56
Resilience
, 35, 108
Respondents
age
, 28
evaluation of information sources speed
, 76–77
geographical origins
, 29
level of education
, 28
perceptions
, 146
year of service
, 29
Retweet
, 9, 10, 117–118
Retweeters
, 110
Rhetorical device
, 46
Rumours
, 130–134
Saturation
, 42
‘Savoir-faire’
, 42
‘Savoir’
, 40, 42
Scholars
, 1, 48, 101, 129, 131, 135, 139–141
barriers to extensive social media usage
, 124
classifications for users
, 109–110
crisis communication
, 84–85
crisis informatics
, 82
disaster communication
, 82, 85, 93–94
experimented with social-sensing processes
, 135
extracting relevant information from social media
, 139
importance of sharing feelings and emotions
, 107
institutions and emergency managers rely on social media
, 125
Internet
, 82
internet
, 82–83, 155
media
, 56
role of citizen-generated information
, 136
role or potential of social media in enhancing situational awareness
, 134
social media
, 82–83
taxonomies
, 98
Scholarship
on disaster communication
, 151
growing body of
, 96
social media disaster-related scholarship
, 110
social media scholarship
, 111
Science
communication
, 3, 15
confidence gap
, 17
relationship with society and
, 17
Scientific information, infographics and
, 40–42
Scientific institutions
, 17
Scientific popularisations
, 15–16
Second-hand reporting
, 8–9
Seismic
Italian National Survey on users information-seeking practices in seismic event
, 66–79
networks
, 114, 136
risk
, 41
Self-mobilising tool
, 51
Self-reliant stakeholders
, 46
Sense of community
, 97
Sense-making
processes
, 87
of world through words
, 103–108
Sentiment
, 135
ShakeAlert
, 14n1
Situational awareness
, 134–138
Situational Crisis Communication Theory (SCCT)
, 86
Situational Theory of Publics
, 86
Skype
, 105
Social attitude
, 51
Social Breakdown Model
, 48
Social media
, 1, 3, 5, 7, 8, 10–11, 17, 53, 54, 85, 131, 134, 146, 160
activities
, 90, 145
barriers
, 24–26, 128–134
classification in emergency situation
, 51
communication practices
, 49
credibility
, 140
in disaster communication
, 110–112
emergency communication
, 142
emergency managers
, 22–23
exploring affordances and constraints of
, 93–95
followers
, 110
inactives
, 110
information
, 46
limitations and barriers to adoption
, 12–14
at local level
, 22
in natural disaster
, 95–112
news feeds
, 131
operators desiderata
, 26
platforms
, 110, 143, 144
potential risk
, 50–51
scholarship
, 111
screening practices
, 135
of user
, 81
See also Infographics
Social mediated crisis communication model
, 87
Social network
, 88–89
analysis approach
, 160
revolution
, 88
Social norms
, 97
Social support
, 87
Social vulnerability
, 152
Social-Mediated Crisis Communication Model (SMCC)
, 54
Social-sensing processes
, 135
Society
, 17, 88–89
Socio-behavioural phenomena
, 151
Socio-political ecology perspective
, 152
Sociological approach
, 47
Sociology of disaster
, 3, 84
Spectacular style
, 61
Spontaneism
, 31
Stakeholders
, 31–32
Stealing thunder effect
, 50, 54
Stima preliminare
, 62, 65
Stima provvisoria
, 62, 65
Strategic skills
, 52
Subscriber-based notification service
, 11
Sympathy and emotional support
, 99
Syncretic texts
, 39
System theory approach
, 7, 47
Systematic analysis
, 9
‘Task-oriented’ approach
, 90
Technical resources, lack of
, 24
Technological barriers
, 146
Technological determinism
, 83–84
Technology-oriented dimensions
, 52
Terse messages
, 10
Text messages
, 20
Text-oriented risk
, 45
Therapeutic sharing
, 108
Timely information
, 49, 50, 116
Top-down communication
, 26, 95–96
Top-down information
, 45, 156
citizens as audiences for
, 49, 56
information seeking
, 49–50
potential risk of social media
, 50–51
reasons for not using social media in disasters
, 52–53
sharing
, 1, 156
social media in emergency situation
, 51–52
Top-down information dissemination strategies
, 5, 12
communicating scientific information within digital media environment
, 14–17
communication channels
, 20
disseminating effective warning messages
, 6–7
disseminating top-down information at local level
, 21–22
infographics and natural disasters
, 37–44
INGV and USGS communication strategies on web
, 31–37
institutional communication practices
, 5–6
institutions communicative practices in emergency situations
, 7–11
limitations and barriers to social media adoption
, 12–14
policies type for
, 31
qualitative study of Italian local-level institutions social media
, 18–20
quantitative study of Italian local-level institutions social media
, 26–31
social media at local level
, 22–26
two different and alternative strategies
, 36–37
Top-down process
, 1, 2, 81
Top-down social media information
, 55
Traditional command and control model
, 153, 154–155
Traditional communication channels
, 21
Traditional media
, 54
Traditional model
, 1–2, 88, 100
Traditional rainbow scheme
, 42
Transformation rule
, 38
Tweet
, 63n5
content
, 116
syntax
, 60, 63, 64
types
, 9
Tweet/retweet ratio
, 100–101
Tweeting in Emilia 2012 seismic sequence
, 112–118
Twitter
, 11, 20, 58, 98, 103, 105, 112, 139
celebrities
, 121
datasets
, 109, 135
metrics
, 100
twitter-based earthquake detector
, 136
user activity
, 81
See also Social media
Twitter celebrities
, 116
Twitter Streaming API
, 114
Two-way cocreational approaches
, 87
Two-way communication
, 8
environment
, 82, 83
Two-way flow of communication
, 48
Unfiltered information
, 97
Unique information
, 49, 97
United Nations Office for Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UNOCHA)
, 137–138
US USGS
, 15
Use experiences
, 86
User communication processes
, 96
User-centric approach
, 100
Users information-seeking practices
behaviour
, 67–68, 70–71
channels trustworthiness
, 75–76
communication
, 78–79
communicative ecosystem of Italian Internet
, 73–74
earthquake
, 69
Italian Internet
, 72–73
Italian National Survey on
, 66
respondents evaluation of information sources speed
, 76–77
seismic event
, 68–69
sharing information
, 71–72
trustworthiness
, 74–75
user experience
, 66–67
‘Uses and Gratification’ approach
, 8
USGS communication strategies on web
, 31
geophysical agencies
, 31–32
INGV presentation on website
, 32–34
USGS presentation on website
, 34–36
Ushahidi platform
, 106, 139
Verbal text
, 43
Virtual operations support teams (VOSTs)
, 106, 146–147
‘Virtual’ world
, 106
Volcanology
, 33, 45–46, 56, 58–59
Warning messages, disseminating effective
, 6–7
Warning system
, 47
Web, INGV and USGS communication strategies on
, 31
geophysical agencies
, 31–32
INGV presentation on website
, 32–34
USGS presentation on website
, 34–36
WhatsApp
, 20, 120
See also Social media
Witnessing function
, 118, 121
Word-of-mouth communication
, 54
- Prelims
- Introduction
- Chapter 1 Top-down Information Dissemination during Natural Disasters
- Chapter 2 Citizens as Audiences for Top-down Information
- Chapter 3 The ‘Networked Model’: From Bottom-up Information Sharing to Digital Volunteers
- Chapter 4 The ‘Networked Model’: How Institutions Gather ‘Bottom-up’ Information from Social Media
- Conclusion
- Afterword
- References
- Index